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Chapters 11, 12 & 13 Chapter 11 – Lessons 1-4 – Page 303 – Rome: Republic to Empire Chapter 12 – Lessons 1-2 – Page 337 – Roman Civilization Chapter 13 – Lessons 1-2 – Page 363 – The Rise of Christianity Founding of Rome • • • • • • • • • • Rome as a Republic • • • • • • • • • • • Italy attracted settles for many reasons: sunny, mild climate and fertile lands Italy looks like a high-heeled boot, the boot’s hell points to Greece, the toe points to Sicily and the Alps are like shoelaces that are strung across the top of the boot Southern Italy was full of volcanoes, including Mount Vesuvius, which erupted around 79 BC covering the Roman city of Pompeii Rome was founded around an important river in the Italian peninsula, the Tiber There are 2 different, popular legends about how Rome was founded, one was in the Aeneid, and the other the story of twin brothers Romulus and Remus The Aeneid by Virgil: says that Rome was founded by descendants of the Trojans (from Homer’s The Iliad) The 2nd legend talks about two twin brothers Romulus and Remus who were left by the Tiber River and were raised by a female wolf and then built a city along the Tiber Archeologists believe that Neolithic people first settled in Italy as early as 5,000 BC Early Romans were influenced by Greek culture in many ways, including the farming of olives and grapes Another civilization that greatly influenced the Romans were the Etruscans, which come from an area north of Rome which was known as Etruria Roman men adopted Etruscan fashion of wearing togas According to Roman history, the Romans overthrew Tarquin the Proud, an Etruscan king in 509 BC and established a republic A republic is a form of government in which citizens elect their leaders, like a representative democracy By 267 BC, Rome controlled all of Italy The Roman republic stressed the need to treat all conquered people fairly Every citizen of Rome had to swear loyalty to Rome, had to serve in the army and pay taxes Early Roman soldiers were its own citizen volunteers Early Romans divided their society between 2 classes, patricians and plebeians Patricians were from wealthy families and the formed Rome’s ruling class Plebeians, however, not as wealthy and most were very poor, they had very little power in government At first, the two class system reflected the Indian caste system, were members of 1 class were legally prohibited to marry • • • • • • • • • • • • The Punic Wars • • • • • • • • • • • • members from another With time, and much fighting from the Plebeians, the classes merged a bit more, although Patricians kept most of the power With time, the plebeians grew frustrated because they had to serve in the army and pay taxes, but they had no power in government The patricians feared the republic would fall because of the conflict between the patricians and plebeians, and allowed the plebeians to have their own government council, the Council of the Plebs The republic government was organized into 3 branches, one that made laws, another that ran daily affairs and a third that acted as judges They had a system of checks and balances, where each branch limited the powers of the others Two patricians headed the government, they were called consuls Each consul could veto, or reject, the decisions of the other Veto is the Latin word for “ I forbid” In times of crisis, Romans allowed for the rule of a Dictator, someone who rules with absolute power One of the most famous dictators was Cincinnatus, who accepted rule and after the crisis, handed back power to the Roman government In 451 BC, Rome adopted their first written code of laws, to make laws equal for all citizens, they were known as the Twelve Tablets The idea of the rule of law, meaning that all laws apply to all Romans equally, was later adopted by the founder of the US Carthage was a power trading city in North Africa, which was originally founded by the Phoenicians, who were expert sailors Carthage was Rome’s main rival War erupted between Rome and Carthage in 264 BC, which was known as the first Punic War At that point, Rome didn’t have a navy, so they built a fleet of ships Rome gained control of Sicily during this conflict Carthage then expanded their kingdom to Spain, where the Romans encouraged the Spanish to rebel against Carthage As a result, Carthage sent their greatest general, Hannibal to attach Rome, this was the 2d Punic war Hannibal sailed from Carthage to Spain and planned to attack Rome from the North But Hannibal and his soldiers underestimated the harsh cold through the Alps and lost many soldiers Even after losing soldiers, Hannibal defeated Rome in the battle of Cannae Rome then defeated Carthage at the battle of Zama while led by Scipio During the 3rd Punic War, Rome wanted to fully defeat Carthage and eliminate the threat, so they destroyed it during End of Roman Republic • • • • • • • • The Roman Empire • • • • • • • • • • • • • • the 3rd Punic War The fight between the rich and the poor grew stronger and with more conflict Patricians who owned large amounts of farming land, called latifundia, began using slaves from conquered countries as labor As a result, smaller farmers kept losing their farms and couldn’t find paid work so they could feed their families With more and more desperate families, Roman authorities feared revolt so they started to entertain the people with “bread and circuses,” this is the time when spectacles like gladiator fights began to occur in arenas like the Coliseum Two Roman brothers who were government officials, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, urged the Senate to take some land from the rich and give it to the poor to improve the economy However, since more of the Senate was rich, they didn’t want to give up their power and both brothers were murdered Sulla marched with an army on Rome to take power and made some reforms he hoped would improve the situation After he made reforms he returned power to the republic hoping that it could rebuild the country, however, after he left, a series of conflicts overtook the country and that would mark the end of the Republic By 60 BC, 3 people were ruling Rome, called a triumvirate: Crassus, Pompey and Julius Cesar By 50 BC, however, Crassus had died in battle and Pompey became Cesar’s rival The Roman senate gave his support to Pompey As a result, in a famous move, Caesar gathered his troops and crossed the Rubicon river and marched towards Rome to take it by force Cesar and his army conquered all of Italy and declared himself dictator for life In 44 BC, Caesar was stabbed to death by his enemies in the senate After Caesar died, his grandson Octavian joined forces with Mark Antony and Marcus Lepidus to defeat Caesar’s enemies The three leaders defeated those who had killed Caesar and formed Rome’s third triumvirate After Lepidus retired from politics Octavian and Antony became rivals Antony became allied with Cleopatra, the daughter of an Egyptian king and he died fighting Octavian forces After that, Octavian captured the city of Alexandria and made Egypt Roman territory Octavian took the title of Caesar Augustus, or majestic one, and so became Rome’s first emperor, or all powerful ruler The rule of Caesar Augustus marked an era of prosperity for the Roman empire of 200 years, this became known as the Pax Romana, or Roman Peace He made many changes, such as creating a full time, permanent army for Rome and change the way in which taxes were collected, he also built many temple and made the city of Rome a majestic one The good emperors of the Pax Romana: Nerva AD 96-98 Revised taxes, land reforms to help poor Trajan AD 98-117 Expanded empire, gave $ for education Hadrian AD 117-138 Made Roman law easier to understand and apply Antoninus AD 138-161 Enacted laws that helped orphans Pius Marcus AD 161-180 Reformed Roman law, helped in Aurelius uniting the empire’s economy Last emperor of the Pax Romana • • • • • Roman life and culture • • • • • • • • Fall of the Roman Empire • • • • There were 2 well known, very bad emperors: Nero and Caligula Caligula was thought to be crazy, he murdered many people and spent money recklessly, he appointed his horse as consul Nero was also brutal and killed many people, including his mother and 2 wives, Nero committed suicide at the end By AD 100s, Rome was one of the largest empires in history By AD 212, every free person within the empire was considered a Roman citizen Women in Rome had very little rights and were mostly confined to doing work in the home, they usually married at 14 Wealthy boys in Rome received an education and were considered adults at 15 Rome had many slaves since most people they conquered were taken and traded as slaves In 73 BC, a gladiator named Spartacus rebelled against Rome, Spartacus was killed in battle and 6000 of his soldiers were crucified Romans believed that gods controlled all parts of life, they had many gods just like the Greeks In Rome, greek gods became known by different names, like Zeus, who became known as Jupiter and Aphrodite as Venus Romans made many advancements in science, art, politics and many other areas They mastered the art of building aqueducts, or long troughs supported by rows of high arches which brought water from the mountains to the cities There is still a working aqueduct today in Segovia, Spain Rome grew too large and conflictive to be easily managed and after Marcus Aurelius, Rome fell into conflict Roman emperors would have to pay their armies more and more money so they would stay loyal to them, and many were murdered by their own bodyguards if they were not paid enough Rome was also under threat by Germanic tribes such as the Visigoths and the Vandals The word vandalism today, which means the intentional destruction of property, was adopted from the Germanic tribe the Vandals, who invaded and looted Rome for over 2 weeks • In 330 AD, Constantine moved the capital from Rome to a new city in the east, Byzantium in Turkey, this city became known as Constantinople • After Constantine, Theodosius gained power and realized that Rome was too large to control from one seat of power and he divided the empire into 2 with Rome being the capital of the Western Roman Empire and Constantinople being the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire • Odoacer was the last emperor of Rome and some historians mark this as the end of the Western Roman empire • Germanic tribes all over Europe rose to power ***Copy chart, page 355 • Judea was part of the Roman empire, but the Jews didn’t like Roman rule because they worshipped only one god and didn’t want to worship the Roman emperor as a god, as was required of Romans • A group of Jews called Zealots rebelled from Roman rule, but the Romans crushed their rebellion and exiled the Jews from Jerusalem, so they ended up all over the Roman Empire, including Europe • A few decades before the first Jewish revolt, a Jew named Jesus grew up in a town called Nazareth • In about 30 AD, Jesus began to travel Galilee and Judaea preaching to people about his ideas • He had a group of 12 follows called disciples • Jesus spoke in parables, or stories about things his listeners could understand • In 33 AD, Jesus traveled to Jerusalem with his 12 disciples to celebrate the Jewish holy days of Passover in an event known as the Last Supper • After the meal, however, Jesus was betrayed by Judas and Roman leaders arrested him to prevent trouble from erupting in the city, he was sentenced to death • Mary Magdalene, one of the Jesus’ followers, claimed that he resurrected from the cross and this marked the birth of Christianity • His 12 disciples became the apostles and spread Jesus’ ideas • People who followed his ideas became known as Christians, from his name Jesus Christ • Christ comes from the greek word Christos, which means the anointed one • Christianity spread through the empire and gave people hope because they believed that no matter how hard this life is, if they repent, they would earn salvation and go to heaven • Since Christians grew large in numbers, Romans believed they were dangerous and mistreated them • Constantine, a Roman emperor, had a dream with a cross and believed that it helped in win a battle • After that, he accepted Christianity and in 313 AD issued the • The Rise of Christianity Edict of Mila, which allowed all religious groups to practice religions freely • In AD 392, Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire and became known as the Roman Catholic Church • The Catholic church was organized much like the Roman government, in a hierarchy, or an organization with different levels of authority *** Copy chart – page 378 • In time, the Bishop of Rome claimed power over other Bishops and became the Pope, or the highest authority on earth for god Vocabulary Words: Chapter 11: republic, legion, patrician, plebeian, consul, veto, tribune, dictator, civic duty, latifundia, triumvirate, Pax Romana Chapter 12: gladiator, anatomy, vault, satire, Chapter 13: parables, resurrection, apostle, salvation, martyr, hierarchy, clergy, laity, doctrine, gospel, pope