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Chapters 11, 12 & 13
Chapter 11 – Lessons 1-4 – Page 303 – Rome: Republic to Empire
Chapter 12 – Lessons 1-2 – Page 337 – Roman Civilization
Chapter 13 – Lessons 1-2 – Page 363 – The Rise of Christianity
Founding of Rome
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Rome as a Republic
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Italy attracted settles for many reasons: sunny, mild climate
and fertile lands
Italy looks like a high-heeled boot, the boot’s hell points to
Greece, the toe points to Sicily and the Alps are like shoelaces
that are strung across the top of the boot
Southern Italy was full of volcanoes, including Mount
Vesuvius, which erupted around 79 BC covering the Roman
city of Pompeii
Rome was founded around an important river in the Italian
peninsula, the Tiber
There are 2 different, popular legends about how Rome was
founded, one was in the Aeneid, and the other the story of
twin brothers Romulus and Remus
The Aeneid by Virgil: says that Rome was founded by
descendants of the Trojans (from Homer’s The Iliad)
The 2nd legend talks about two twin brothers Romulus and
Remus who were left by the Tiber River and were raised by a
female wolf and then built a city along the Tiber
Archeologists believe that Neolithic people first settled in Italy
as early as 5,000 BC
Early Romans were influenced by Greek culture in many ways,
including the farming of olives and grapes
Another civilization that greatly influenced the Romans were
the Etruscans, which come from an area north of Rome which
was known as Etruria
Roman men adopted Etruscan fashion of wearing togas
According to Roman history, the Romans overthrew Tarquin
the Proud, an Etruscan king in 509 BC and established a
republic
A republic is a form of government in which citizens elect their
leaders, like a representative democracy
By 267 BC, Rome controlled all of Italy
The Roman republic stressed the need to treat all conquered
people fairly
Every citizen of Rome had to swear loyalty to Rome, had to
serve in the army and pay taxes
Early Roman soldiers were its own citizen volunteers
Early Romans divided their society between 2 classes,
patricians and plebeians
Patricians were from wealthy families and the formed Rome’s
ruling class
Plebeians, however, not as wealthy and most were very poor,
they had very little power in government
At first, the two class system reflected the Indian caste system,
were members of 1 class were legally prohibited to marry
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The Punic Wars
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members from another
With time, and much fighting from the Plebeians, the classes
merged a bit more, although Patricians kept most of the
power
With time, the plebeians grew frustrated because they had to
serve in the army and pay taxes, but they had no power in
government
The patricians feared the republic would fall because of the
conflict between the patricians and plebeians, and allowed the
plebeians to have their own government council, the Council
of the Plebs
The republic government was organized into 3 branches, one
that made laws, another that ran daily affairs and a third that
acted as judges
They had a system of checks and balances, where each branch
limited the powers of the others
Two patricians headed the government, they were called
consuls
Each consul could veto, or reject, the decisions of the other
Veto is the Latin word for “ I forbid”
In times of crisis, Romans allowed for the rule of a Dictator,
someone who rules with absolute power
One of the most famous dictators was Cincinnatus, who
accepted rule and after the crisis, handed back power to the
Roman government
In 451 BC, Rome adopted their first written code of laws, to
make laws equal for all citizens, they were known as the
Twelve Tablets
The idea of the rule of law, meaning that all laws apply to all
Romans equally, was later adopted by the founder of the US
Carthage was a power trading city in North Africa, which was
originally founded by the Phoenicians, who were expert sailors
Carthage was Rome’s main rival
War erupted between Rome and Carthage in 264 BC, which
was known as the first Punic War
At that point, Rome didn’t have a navy, so they built a fleet of
ships
Rome gained control of Sicily during this conflict
Carthage then expanded their kingdom to Spain, where the
Romans encouraged the Spanish to rebel against Carthage
As a result, Carthage sent their greatest general, Hannibal to
attach Rome, this was the 2d Punic war
Hannibal sailed from Carthage to Spain and planned to attack
Rome from the North
But Hannibal and his soldiers underestimated the harsh cold
through the Alps and lost many soldiers
Even after losing soldiers, Hannibal defeated Rome in the
battle of Cannae
Rome then defeated Carthage at the battle of Zama while led
by Scipio
During the 3rd Punic War, Rome wanted to fully defeat
Carthage and eliminate the threat, so they destroyed it during
End of Roman Republic
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The Roman Empire
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the 3rd Punic War
The fight between the rich and the poor grew stronger and
with more conflict
Patricians who owned large amounts of farming land, called
latifundia, began using slaves from conquered countries as
labor
As a result, smaller farmers kept losing their farms and
couldn’t find paid work so they could feed their families
With more and more desperate families, Roman authorities
feared revolt so they started to entertain the people with
“bread and circuses,” this is the time when spectacles like
gladiator fights began to occur in arenas like the Coliseum
Two Roman brothers who were government officials, Tiberius
and Gaius Gracchus, urged the Senate to take some land from
the rich and give it to the poor to improve the economy
However, since more of the Senate was rich, they didn’t want
to give up their power and both brothers were murdered
Sulla marched with an army on Rome to take power and made
some reforms he hoped would improve the situation
After he made reforms he returned power to the republic
hoping that it could rebuild the country, however, after he left,
a series of conflicts overtook the country and that would mark
the end of the Republic
By 60 BC, 3 people were ruling Rome, called a triumvirate:
Crassus, Pompey and Julius Cesar
By 50 BC, however, Crassus had died in battle and Pompey
became Cesar’s rival
The Roman senate gave his support to Pompey
As a result, in a famous move, Caesar gathered his troops and
crossed the Rubicon river and marched towards Rome to take
it by force
Cesar and his army conquered all of Italy and declared himself
dictator for life
In 44 BC, Caesar was stabbed to death by his enemies in the
senate
After Caesar died, his grandson Octavian joined forces with
Mark Antony and Marcus Lepidus to defeat Caesar’s enemies
The three leaders defeated those who had killed Caesar and
formed Rome’s third triumvirate
After Lepidus retired from politics Octavian and Antony
became rivals
Antony became allied with Cleopatra, the daughter of an
Egyptian king and he died fighting Octavian forces
After that, Octavian captured the city of Alexandria and made
Egypt Roman territory
Octavian took the title of Caesar Augustus, or majestic one,
and so became Rome’s first emperor, or all powerful ruler
The rule of Caesar Augustus marked an era of prosperity for
the Roman empire of 200 years, this became known as the Pax
Romana, or Roman Peace
He made many changes, such as creating a full time,
permanent army for Rome and change the way in which taxes
were collected, he also built many temple and made the city of
Rome a majestic one
The good emperors of the Pax Romana:
Nerva
AD 96-98
Revised taxes, land reforms to help
poor
Trajan
AD 98-117
Expanded empire, gave $ for
education
Hadrian
AD 117-138
Made Roman law easier to understand
and apply
Antoninus AD 138-161
Enacted laws that helped orphans
Pius
Marcus
AD 161-180
Reformed Roman law, helped in
Aurelius
uniting the empire’s economy
Last emperor of the Pax Romana
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Roman life and culture
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Fall of the Roman Empire
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There were 2 well known, very bad emperors: Nero and
Caligula
Caligula was thought to be crazy, he murdered many people
and spent money recklessly, he appointed his horse as consul
Nero was also brutal and killed many people, including his
mother and 2 wives, Nero committed suicide at the end
By AD 100s, Rome was one of the largest empires in history
By AD 212, every free person within the empire was
considered a Roman citizen
Women in Rome had very little rights and were mostly
confined to doing work in the home, they usually married at
14
Wealthy boys in Rome received an education and were
considered adults at 15
Rome had many slaves since most people they conquered
were taken and traded as slaves
In 73 BC, a gladiator named Spartacus rebelled against Rome,
Spartacus was killed in battle and 6000 of his soldiers were
crucified
Romans believed that gods controlled all parts of life, they had
many gods just like the Greeks
In Rome, greek gods became known by different names, like
Zeus, who became known as Jupiter and Aphrodite as Venus
Romans made many advancements in science, art, politics and
many other areas
They mastered the art of building aqueducts, or long troughs
supported by rows of high arches which brought water from
the mountains to the cities
There is still a working aqueduct today in Segovia, Spain
Rome grew too large and conflictive to be easily managed and
after Marcus Aurelius, Rome fell into conflict
Roman emperors would have to pay their armies more and
more money so they would stay loyal to them, and many were
murdered by their own bodyguards if they were not paid
enough
Rome was also under threat by Germanic tribes such as the
Visigoths and the Vandals
The word vandalism today, which means the intentional
destruction of property, was adopted from the Germanic tribe
the Vandals, who invaded and looted Rome for over 2 weeks
• In 330 AD, Constantine moved the capital from Rome to a new
city in the east, Byzantium in Turkey, this city became known
as Constantinople
• After Constantine, Theodosius gained power and realized that
Rome was too large to control from one seat of power and he
divided the empire into 2 with Rome being the capital of the
Western Roman Empire and Constantinople being the capital
of the Eastern Roman Empire
• Odoacer was the last emperor of Rome and some historians
mark this as the end of the Western Roman empire
• Germanic tribes all over Europe rose to power
***Copy chart, page 355
• Judea was part of the Roman empire, but the Jews didn’t like
Roman rule because they worshipped only one god and didn’t
want to worship the Roman emperor as a god, as was required
of Romans
• A group of Jews called Zealots rebelled from Roman rule, but
the Romans crushed their rebellion and exiled the Jews from
Jerusalem, so they ended up all over the Roman Empire,
including Europe
• A few decades before the first Jewish revolt, a Jew named
Jesus grew up in a town called Nazareth
• In about 30 AD, Jesus began to travel Galilee and Judaea
preaching to people about his ideas
• He had a group of 12 follows called disciples
• Jesus spoke in parables, or stories about things his listeners
could understand
• In 33 AD, Jesus traveled to Jerusalem with his 12 disciples to
celebrate the Jewish holy days of Passover in an event known
as the Last Supper
• After the meal, however, Jesus was betrayed by Judas and
Roman leaders arrested him to prevent trouble from erupting
in the city, he was sentenced to death
• Mary Magdalene, one of the Jesus’ followers, claimed that he
resurrected from the cross and this marked the birth of
Christianity
• His 12 disciples became the apostles and spread Jesus’ ideas
• People who followed his ideas became known as Christians,
from his name Jesus Christ
• Christ comes from the greek word Christos, which means the
anointed one
• Christianity spread through the empire and gave people hope
because they believed that no matter how hard this life is, if
they repent, they would earn salvation and go to heaven
• Since Christians grew large in numbers, Romans believed they
were dangerous and mistreated them
• Constantine, a Roman emperor, had a dream with a cross and
believed that it helped in win a battle
• After that, he accepted Christianity and in 313 AD issued the
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The Rise of Christianity
Edict of Mila, which allowed all religious groups to practice
religions freely
• In AD 392, Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of
the empire and became known as the Roman Catholic Church
• The Catholic church was organized much like the Roman
government, in a hierarchy, or an organization with different
levels of authority
*** Copy chart – page 378
• In time, the Bishop of Rome claimed power over other Bishops
and became the Pope, or the highest authority on earth for
god
Vocabulary Words:
Chapter 11: republic, legion, patrician, plebeian, consul, veto, tribune, dictator, civic duty, latifundia, triumvirate, Pax
Romana
Chapter 12: gladiator, anatomy, vault, satire,
Chapter 13: parables, resurrection, apostle, salvation, martyr, hierarchy, clergy, laity, doctrine, gospel, pope