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Physics 0871 Learning Centre Nuclear Physics For nuclei and particles, we use this notation: A ZX , where X is either the symbol for the element or for the particle A = the mass number (sum of protons and neutrons) Z = atomic number (number of protons) For atomic nuclei, such a symbol can be pronounced and written using the name of the element and its mass number, so C, which is used in carbon dating, is “carbon-14”. For other particles, we use the names listed in the table below (even those whose symbols look like atomic nuclei, such as the deuteron). PARTICLES INVOLVED IN NUCLEAR REACTIONS MASS CHARGE PARTICLE NUMBER (Atomic Number) alpha particle 4 2+ beta particle 0 1− deuteron 2 1+ gamma ray 0 0 neutron 1 0 positron 0 1+ proton 1 1+ SYMBOL He or α e or β H γ or γ n e H or p BALANCING NUCLEAR EQUATIONS In balancing nuclear equations, both the total charge (the subscript) and the total mass (the superscript) must be the same on both sides. EXERCISES A. Fill in the missing nucleus or particle in the following nuclear equations: 1) Cd Ag _____ 6) Co _____ 2) _____ 3) 4) 5) e Cr 7) Mo n e Sc _____ 8) Mg H Mg Ca Rn Fe Po n H _____ _____ 9) 10) © 2013 Vancouver Community College Learning Centre. Student review only. May not be reproduced for classes. Be U He C C Cf _____ _____ _____ _____ Authoredby byEmily Gordon Wong Simpson B. Write balanced equations for the following nuclear decay reactions: 1) alpha emission by B 5) electron absorption by antimony-116 2) beta emission by Sr 6) positron emission by arsenic-70 Ag 3) neutron absorption by 4) neutron emission by Br 7) proton emission by potassium-41 8) beta decay by iodine-131 C. Lead-214 decays to bismuth-214. By what type of radiation is this accomplished? D. Neptunium-237 alpha-decays to form what nucleus? E. In 2005, Russian researchers produced two atoms of the heaviest noble gas (and the heaviest atom of any kind) known to man, ununoctium. 1) The atoms were created by bombarding californium-249 with the nucleus of a Uuo and three neutrons. Write the different element, producing ununoctium equation. 2) Over the next 0.16 s, the ununoctium underwent alpha decay three times. What was the nucleus that remained? SOLUTIONS A. (1) e (2) Mn (3) e or β (4) He or α (5) Mn (6) (8) H or p (9) n (10) 4 n B. (1) B α Li (2) Sr β Y (3) Ag n n Br (5) Sb e Sn (6) As (4) Br (7) K p Ar (8) I e Xe Pa E.(1) Cf C. beta radiation D. protactinium-233 Ca Uub or copernicium-282 (2) ununbium-282 Cn © 2013 Vancouver Community College Learning Centre. Student review only. May not be reproduced for classes. Co (7) Tc Ag e Ge Uuo 2 3 n