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Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Style, Structure, Grammar > Sentence Style Sentence Style • Using Varied Sentence Lengths and Styles • Writing in Active Voice and Uses of Passive Voice • Using Subordination and Coordination • Using Parallelism • Avoiding Sexist Language • Managing Mood Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/writing Style, Structure, Grammar > Sentence Style Using Varied Sentence Lengths and Styles • Sentences can be classified by the number and types of clauses which they incorporate.A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause with no dependent clauses.A compound sentence consists of multiple independent clauses with no dependent clauses. • The clauses of a compound sentence are joined together using conjunctions, punctuation, or both. • A complex sentence consists of at least one independent clause and one dependent clause.A complex-compound sentence consists of multiple independent clauses, at least one of which has at least one dependent clause. • Sentences can be classified by their purpose.A declarative sentence makes a Like Knots, Good Writing Requires Different Lengths and Styles View on Boundless.com statement.An interrogative sentence or question is used to request information.An exclamatory sentence is a more emphatic statement expressing emotion.An imperative sentence tells someone to do something. • Sentence complexity generally increases as length increases.The length of a sentence can factor into its comprehensibility. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/writing/style-structure-grammar/sentence-style/using-varied-sentence-lengths-and-styles Style, Structure, Grammar > Sentence Style Writing in Active Voice and Uses of Passive Voice • In an active-voice grammatical construction, the subject performs the action of the verb.The subject in this construction is known as an "agent." A clause with an active, transitive verb will be in the form of subject-verb-object. • Most sentences are ultimately about action, yet many writers bury the action of their sentences in nouns, adjectives and other parts of speech.Try to use active voice unless there is a reason to use passive voice. • Converting a clause from one grammatical voice to another does not necessarily change meaning of the clause, but it can alter its tone, emphasis and/or readability. Knowing how the different uses of voice is as important in writing as in singing! View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/writing/style-structure-grammar/sentence-style/writing-in-active-voice-and-uses-of-passive-voice Style, Structure, Grammar > Sentence Style Using Subordination and Coordination • The presence of coordination is often signaled by the appearance of a coordinator (coordinating conjunction), e.g. and; or; but (in English). • The words "and" and "or" are the most frequently occurring coordinators in English. Coordinators, like "but," "as well as," and "then," occur less frequently, and have unique properties. • Coordination is not limited to coordinating just constituents, but rather it is quite capable of coordinating non-constituent strings. • There is a limitation on material that precedes the conjuncts of a coordinate structure that restricts the ensuing material. • The dependent clause is called a "subordinate clause," and the independent Not only is the Sphinx in the picture, but the Pyramids are also in the picture. View on Boundless.com clause is called the "main clause" or matrix clause. • Subordinate clauses are usually introduced by subordinators (subordinate conjunctions) such as: after; because; before; if; so that; that; when; while. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/writing/style-structure-grammar/sentence-style/using-subordination-and-coordination Style, Structure, Grammar > Sentence Style Using Parallelism • Parallelism is a balance of two or more similar words, phrases, or clauses. • Parallelism may also be known as parallel structure or parallel construction. • Parallel markers are words that link or contrast items and that force those items to be parallel.The most important parallel markers are the three common conjunctions: and, but, and or. • Parallel clauses should start with the same word. • Correlative expressions (both, and; not, but; not only, but also; either, or; first, second, third; and the like) should be followed by the same grammatical construction. • When making comparisons, the things you compare should be couched in parallel structures whenever that is possible and appropriate. Students spend their time going to classes, studying, working, and they wish they had time for a social life. View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/writing/style-structure-grammar/sentence-style/using-parallelism Style, Structure, Grammar > Sentence Style Avoiding Sexist Language • Gender neutrality in English aims to minimize assumptions about the gender or biological sex of people referred to in speech. • Proponents of gender-neutral language argue that the use of gender-specific language often implies male superiority or reflects an unequal state of society. • Proponents of gender-neutral language claim that linguistic clarity, as well as equality, would be better served by having "man" refer unambiguously to males, and "human" to all persons. • Proposed alternatives to the generic "he" include "he or she," "s/he" or the use of "they" in the singular. • In some cases, when writing or speaking about a person whose gender is View on Boundless.com unknown, ambiguous or unimportant, gender-neutral language may be achieved by using gender-inclusive, gender-neutral or epicene words in place of genderspecific ones. • Gender-neutral language may also be achieved by parallel usage of existing gender-specific terms. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/writing/style-structure-grammar/sentence-style/avoiding-sexist-language Style, Structure, Grammar > Sentence Style Managing Mood • Grammatical mood is a verb feature that allows speakers to express their attitude toward what they are saying. • In English, the indicative mood, or evidential mood, is used for factual statements, positive beliefs, and questions. • The subjunctive mood discusses imaginary or hypothetical events and situations, expresses opinions or emotions, or makes polite requests. • The conditional mood is used to speak of an event whose realization is dependent upon another condition, particularly, but not exclusively, in conditional sentences. • The imperative mood expresses direct commands, prohibitions, and requests. Let's go. View on Boundless.com • English has five moods: indicative, imperative, subjunctive, infinitive, and potential. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/writing/style-structure-grammar/sentence-style/managing-mood Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Style, Structure, Grammar Key terms • active voice The form in which the subject of a verb carries out some action (CC BY-SA 3.0) • complex sentence In grammar, a complex sentence is a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.A complex sentence is often used to make clear which ideas are most important, and which ideas are subordinate. (CC BYSA 3.0) • complex-compound sentence A complex-compound sentence or compound-complex sentence is a sentence with at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses (also known as subordinate clauses). (CC BY-SA 3.0) • compound sentence A compound sentence is composed of at least two independent clauses. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • coordinating conjunction Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join two or more items of equal syntactic importance, such as words, main clauses, or sentences. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • coordinator In grammar, a coordinator is a part of speech that connects two words, sentences, phrases or clauses together. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • Epicene Epicene is an adjective (sometimes substantive) for loss of gender distinction, often specifically loss of masculinity. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • Gender-inclusive language Gender-neutral language, gender-inclusive language, inclusive language, or gender neutrality is linguistic prescriptivism that aims to eliminate (or neutralize) reference to gender in terms that describe people. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • grammatical mood In linguistics, grammatical mood is a grammatical (and specifically, morphological) feature of verbs, used to signal modality. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • Parallelism In grammar, parallelism is a balance of two or more similar words, phrases, or clauses.The application of parallelism in sentence construction can sometimes improve writing style, clearness, and readability.Parallelism may also be known as parallel structure or parallel construction. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • passive voice The form of a transitive verb in which its subject receives the action. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • Subordinate conjunction Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that conjoin an independent clause and a dependent clause.The most common subordinating conjunctions in the English language include after, although, as, as far as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, if, in order that, since, so, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, and while. (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Style, Structure, Grammar • voice Language; words; speech; expression; signification of feeling or opinion (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Style, Structure, Grammar Like Knots, Good Writing Requires Different Lengths and Styles Good writing should deploy a combination of different sentence lengths and styles.Familiarizing yourself with the various styles of sentences is a good way to add variation that will improve the flow and readability of your writing. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Project Gutenberg. Public domain http://www.gutenberg.org/files/30983/30983-h/30983-h.htm View on Boundless.com Style, Structure, Grammar Do I have to go to work? Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Project Gutenberg. Public domain http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39691/39691-h/39691-h.htm View on Boundless.com Style, Structure, Grammar The boy was thrown into the air by the villagers. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Project Gutenberg. Public domain http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39691/39691-h/39691-h.htm View on Boundless.com Style, Structure, Grammar Knowing how the different uses of voice is as important in writing as in singing! The majority of your sentences should have an active voice construction.However, there are also effective uses of the passive voice. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Flickr. "All sizes | [Portrait of June Christy and Red Rodney, Club Troubadour, New York, N.Y., ca. Sept. 1947] (LOC) | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." Public domain http://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/4888673630/sizes/l/in/photostream/ View on Boundless.com Style, Structure, Grammar Not only is the Sphinx in the picture, but the Pyramids are also in the picture. The title contains an example of a correlative conjunction: "not only...but also." A correlative conjunction is just one type of conjunction, which is a part of speech that connects two words, sentences, phrases or clauses.Conjunctions can assist in creating sentences of various styles and emphases. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Project Gutenberg. Public domain http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29507/29507-h/29507-h.htm View on Boundless.com Style, Structure, Grammar Students spend their time going to classes, studying, working, and they wish they had time for a social life. The title sentence is a non-parallel statement.Parallelism in a sentence requires that similar ideas and elements be presented in similar forms.Therefore, the parallel form of the title would be: "Students spend their time going to classes, studying, working, and wishing for a social life." Parallelism helps promote balance, emphasis, clarity, and readability. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Project Gutenberg. Public domain http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28501/28501-h/28501-h.htm View on Boundless.com Style, Structure, Grammar Parallelism is as important in writing as in hanging wires! Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Flickr. "All sizes | [Men working on telephone lines, probably near a TVA dam hydroelectric plant] (LOC) | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." Public domain http://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/2179061201/sizes/o/in/photostream/ View on Boundless.com Style, Structure, Grammar Manage your mood Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Flickr. "All sizes | Man of the Fort Story, Va. coastal defense (LOC) | Flickr - Photo Sharing!." Public domain http://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/2179841134/sizes/o/in/photostream/ View on Boundless.com Style, Structure, Grammar Let's go. The title is an example of the imperative mood, which expresses direct commands, prohibitions, and requests.The imperative mood is one type of grammatical mood. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Project Gutenberg. Public domain http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39329/39329-h/39329-h.htm View on Boundless.com