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Lecture 15 English 3318: Studies in English Grammar Five Basic Sentence Types Type V Dr. Svetlana Nuernberg Objectives ● ● ● ● Distinguish among be, intransitive, linking and transitive verbs Recognize the five basic sentence types on the basis of the verb and its complements Distinguish among direct object, indirect object and object complements Draw phrase structure trees for each of the five sentence types Type V – the Transitive Type ● Verbs in Type V sentences require a noun phrase complement that refers to something or someone other than that to which the subject noun phrase refers – ● ● none of the other sentence types have this characteristic The second noun phrase (NP2) functions as a direct object Verbs are followed by noun phrases functioning as direct objects are called – transitive verbs Type V ● ● SV = NP1 + MVtr +NP2 Cherry pie + enlivens + any meal SV NP1 VP MVP NP2 MVtr Three minnows nibbled her toes Test for Type V Sentences ● Transitive Verbs 1. Are the subject NP the actor, the verb an action, and the object NP the “receiver” of the action? If yes, (as John hits Bill, where hitting is an action, John perform the action, and Bill receives the action) then the sentence is probably Type V 2. To find the direct object, ask who? or what? after the subject noun phrase and verb: John saw who/what? If the answer does not rename the subject, it should be the direct object Transitive Verbs with Reflexive and Reciprocal Direct Objects ● The reflexive pronoun (himself) signals that this is an exceptional instance of a direct object that refers back to the subject – – ● Elmer cut himself with a Swiss Army knife other reflexive pronouns that can function as direct objects: myself, yourself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves The reciprocal pronouns (each other, one another) function much like reflexive pronouns – – to signal a direct object relationship to the verb, reflecting back to plural subjects that have the same reference My friends and I phone one another regularly. Transitive Verbs with Object Compliments ● A few transitive verbs allow their direct object to be followed by an object compliment – The students elected Mary (direct object) president (object compliment) – Wool socks will keep your feet (direct object) very warm (object compliment) – ● When the object compliment occur the pattern of a predicate is one of those: MVtr + NP2 + NP2 They left the house a complete mess MVtr + NP2 + ADJP – They left the house messy – ● object compliments can be nominal (president) or adjectival (very warm) Distinguishing Between Transitive and Linking Verb Sentence Types 1. Is the verb followed by a nominal subject complement (that is, a noun phrase that refers to the same person, place or thing as the subject noun phrase)? If so, then the sentence is Type IV – That house looks a wreck 2. Is the verb followed by a direct object, a noun phrase that has a referent different from that of the subject noun phrase? If so, the sentence is type V – Sam prefers popcorn Verbs That Function in More Than One Sentence Type ● Many English verbs can function in the predicate of more than a single sentence type – – – Tomatoes grow well here (type I – intransitive) Will grows restless during speeches (type III – linking) Our neighbor grows tomatoes (transitive type V) ● – – – Josh goes to Paris in June (type I – intransitive) Josh goes slightly crazy in July (type III – linking) Then Lucy goes, “I don't think so” (type V - transitive) ● – – transitive/intransitive draw the literal meaning of the verb, as a linking verb, it is used figuratively refers to an act of traveling, metaphorically means “to become” and “say” The ball rolled slowly away (type I intransitive) The child rolled the ball away (type V - transitive)