Download Biomolecules discussion

Biology Unit 03
Biomolecules
discussion
What is a Biomolecule?

Organic molecule
made by living
organisms

Consists mostly of
carbon (C),
hydrogen (H), and
oxygen (O)
But wait…What is an Organic
Molecule?

Organic Molecules:
Contain carbon
Considered the “chemicals of life”

Inorganic Molecules:
Do not contain carbon
Monomers vs. Polymers

Monomers:
Molecules that may react with similar molecules
to form a chain

Polymers:
A chain of many monomers that are chemically
bonded together
Animation of Condensation
Formation of Polymers

How are polymers formed?
Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation): Two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom are
removed from the monomers to form water,
and the two monomers are joined together.
Animation showing Hydrolysis
Breakdown of Polymers

How are polymers broken down?
Hydrolysis—the reverse of dehydration
synthesis (condensation)
Water added to the polymer, un-linking the chain
and breaking it back down to its original
monomer units
Carbohydrates

What are carbohydrates?
Group of organic molecules that includes sugars,
starches, and cellulose
Carbohydrates

Structure:
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
(CH2O)n – n is an integer such as 5 (C5H10O5)
Subunits: monosaccharides, such as glucose or
fructose
Most often in a ring shape
Subunits are connected with covalent bonds.
Monosaccharide Example

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Second level
Third level
○ Fourth level
 Fifth level
Disaccharide Example

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Second level
Third level
○ Fourth level
 Fifth level
Polysaccharide Example

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Second level
Third level
○ Fourth level
 Fifth level
Carbohydrates

Function:
Energy
Structural support
Cell wall
Cell membrane marker
Lipids

What are they?
Organic molecule group including fats and
phospholipids
Lipids

Structure:
Subunits:
Glycerol and fatty acids
Glycerol and fatty acids plus phosphate group
Insoluble in water
Do not form large polymers (2 or 3 fatty acids
with glycerol)
Examples: diglyceride and triglyceride
Triglyceride Example

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Second level
Third level
○ Fourth level
 Fifth level
Phospholipid Example

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Second level
Third level
○ Fourth level
 Fifth level
Lipids

Function:
Energy storage
Insulation
Part of cell membrane (phospholipids)
Hormones
Proteins

What are proteins?
Group of organic molecules that provides structure
and facilitates chemical reactions.
Proteins

Structure:
Subunits: Amino acids
Amino acids connect via peptide bonds
Very large molecules
Globular or structural
Amino Acid

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Second level
Third level
○ Fourth level
 Fifth level
Proteins

Function:
Lots of functions!
Enzymes (speed rate of chemical reactions)
Structural components in cells
Mechanical functions in muscles and
cytoskeleton (internal cell framework)
Cell signaling
Immune response
Nucleic Acids

What are nucleic
acids?
Group of organic
molecules
including DNA
and RNA
Nucleic Acids

Structure:
Subunits are nucleotides—5-Carbon sugar,
Nitrogen base, and one or more Phosphate
groups.
Nucleic Acids

Function:
Storage and retrieval of information:
Encode genes
Gene expression
Information Sources for Diagrams
Capri, A. (2003). Carbohydrates. Retrieved from
http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=61
Capri, A. (2003). Fats and proteins. Retrieved from
http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=62
Indiana University. (2013). Fat and why it matters to you. Retrieved from
http://www.indiana.edu/~oso/Fat/SolidNLiquid.html
Cronk, J. (2012). Biochemistry dictionary. Retrieved from
http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/cronk/biochem/H-index.cfm?
definition=hydrogen_bond
Chemical Education Digital Library Admin. (2011, January 20). Nucleic acid
structure. Retrieved from Cronk, J. (2012). Biochemistry dictionary. Retrieved from
http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/cronk/biochem/H-index.cfm?
definition=hydrogen_bond
Dna structure. (2010, September 28). Retrieved from
http://www.pc.maricopa.edu/Biology/rcotter/BIO 205/LessonBuilders/Chapter 9
LB/Ch9b3.html
Information Sources for this PPT
Shmoop Editorial Team. (November 11, 2008).Biomolecules and the Chemistry of Life. Retrieved April 6, 2013,
from http://www.shmoop.com/biomolecules/
Shmoop Editorial Team. (November 11, 2008).Organic vs. Inorganic Molecules - Shmoop Biology. Retrieved April
6, 2013, from http://www.shmoop.com/biomolecules/organic-inorganic-molecules.html
Shmoop Editorial Team. (November 11, 2008).Monomers, Polymers, and Dehydration Synthesis - Shmoop Biology.
Retrieved April 6, 2013, from http://www.shmoop.com/biomolecules/monomers-polymers-dehydrationsynthesis.html
Shmoop Editorial Team. (November 11, 2008).Lipids - Shmoop Biology. Retrieved April 6, 2013, from
http://www.shmoop.com/biomolecules/lipids.html
Shmoop Editorial Team. (November 11, 2008).Carbohydrates - Shmoop Biology. Retrieved April 6, 2013, from
http://www.shmoop.com/biomolecules/carbohydrates.html
Shmoop Editorial Team. (November 11, 2008).Proteins - Shmoop Biology. Retrieved April 6, 2013, from
http://www.shmoop.com/biomolecules/proteins.html
Shmoop Editorial Team. (November 11, 2008).Nucleic Acids - Shmoop Biology. Retrieved April 6, 2013, from
http://www.shmoop.com/biomolecules/nucleic-acids.html