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Transcript
Famous Sociologist The Most Influential Early European Sociologists • Auguste Comte • Harriet Martineau • Herbert Spencer • Karl Marx • Emile Durkheim • Max Weber Sociology in America • Although the early development of sociology occurred in Europe the greatest developments happened in the United States • 1892 – first department of sociology at University of Chicago (later: Harvard, Columbia, Stanford, Berkley) Notable American Sociologists • Jane Addams • W.E.B. Du Bois • Booker T. Washington • Robert Ezra Park • George Herbert Mead • Julian Samora Auguste Comte 1798 – 1857 • • • • • “Father of sociology” Improve society Scientifically study social behavior “Sociology” Positivism – sociology shoud be based on knowledge in which we are positive is true • Social Statics – social stability and order • Social dynamics – social change • Positive Philosophy Social Statics – What keeps society at equilibrium - Language binds people and allows for consensus - Common religious beliefs bind people and is the root of social order - Men are bound together by the need for the labor others provide Social Dynamics • Dynamics begin when the functions of the social institutions are altered or changed. • Change is necessary and inevitable. • social dynamics describe the successive and necessary stages in the development in the human mind and the society. Harriet Martineau • Translated Comte’s Positive Philosophy into English • Feminist theorist – wrote about the link between slavery and the oppression of women Herbert Spencer 1820 - 1903 • Compared society to a human body • “Social Darwinism” – the theory that society benefit when each individual finds their own socialclass level without outside interference • Opposed social reform Karl Marx 1818 - 1883 • Structure of society is influenced by the economy • 2 classes – Bourgeoisie/capitalist – own the means of production – Proletariat/workers – provide the labor needed to produce goods and services • Class conflict – bourgeoisie vs. proletariat • Proletariat would eventually win resulting in a classless society Emile Durkheim 1858 – 1917 • Developed France’s first sociology course • Believed society existed because of broad consensus or agreement among members • Mechanical solidarity – consensus of values, beliefs, strong social pressures for conformity • Organic solidarity – interdependency based on a web of highly specialized roles • One of the first sociologist to systematically apply the methods of science to the study of society – Suicide Max Weber 1864 - 1920 • Interested in separate groups within society rather than society as a whole • Believed people act on the basis of their own understanding of a situation • Verstehen (fehr-SHTAY-en) – see situations through others eyes • Ideal type – a description comprised of the essential characteristics of a feature of society. • Rationalization – the mind-set emphasizing knowledge, reason, and planning Jane Addams 1860-1935 • Early female social reformer in U.S. • Cofounded Hull House in Chicago’s Slums • Focuses on imbalances of power among the social classes – especially focused on the exploitation of the lower class • Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 for her work in social reform – first sociologist to receive this honor • Was discriminated against herself W. E. B. Du Bois 1868-1963 • Focused on the problems facing African American communities • Active in the Pan-African movement – concerned with the rights of all African descendants, no matter where they lived. Booker T. Washington 1956-1915 • Founded the Tuskegee Institute • Believed that African Americans should accept segregation in return for promises of economic gains. Robert Ezra Park 1864-1944 • Interested in how populations grow and change • “superreporters” George Herbert Mead 1863-1931 • Explored how our sense of self develops • His work laid the foundation for symbolic interactionism Julian Samora 1920-1996 • First Mexican American to earn a doctorate in sociology. • Focused on civil rights sand discrimination, poverty, public health, and the movement of people along the MexicanAmerican border Quiz • Know the major contribution and terms associated with the following: • • • • • • • • • • • • Auguste Comte (Positivism, Social Statics, Social Dynamics) Harriet Martineau Herbert Spencer (Social Darwinism) Karl Marx (Bourgeoisie, Proletariat, Capitalist, Class Conflict) Emile Durkheim (Mechanical Solidarity, Organic Solidarity, Consensus) Max Weber (Verstehen, Rationalization) Jane Addams (Chicago Hull House) W.E.B. Du Bois (Pan-African Movement) Booker T. Washinton Robert Ezra Park George Herbert Mead Julian Samora