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2/27/2013 OH Grade 6-8, Science Standard Life Environmental Changes and Extinction Pt. 2 Mr. Gluckin’s Science class 2/27/13 Study Island Lesson 3h OH Grade 6-8, Science Standard Life Sciences D how extinction of a species occurs when the environment changes and its adaptive characteristics are insufficient to allow survival (as seen in evidence of the fossil record). Covered by topics: Adaptation & Natural Selection Ecosystems: Energy Transfer & Population Dynamics Environmental Changes & Extinction Explain Sciences C how energy entering the ecosystems as sunlight supports the life of organisms through photosynthesis and the transfer of energy through the interactions of organisms and the environment. Covered by topics: Ecosystems: Energy Transfer & Population Dynamics Environmental Changes & Extinction Organism Interactions Explain Learning Goals: I will know what ecological succession is and the effects on the environment I will be able to explain evolution and extinction and adaptations and how these help populations to survive and thrive Before we begin … Ecological Succession Get a piece of paper and something to write with. Put up a when you have done this, please! Ecological succession is the process by which an ecosystem undergoes a series of changes as communities of organisms change their environment and new communities of organisms move into the ecosystem. 1 2/27/2013 Ecological Succession 2 Types: Primary and Secondary If A drastic ecological disturbance, such as a forest fire, could cause ecological succession, as new species move in where old species once were. succession begins in a new, unoccupied habitat where there is no soil present, it is called primary succession Primary succession can occur after severe landslides or volcanic eruptions Development of an ecosystem in an area where life did not exist before Primary Succession Stages Primary Succession Stages During As succession, producers typically enter the developing ecosystem before consumers. Succession begins when the first organisms, usually lichens or mosses, colonize a bare rock. Acids from the lichens and mosses weather the rock. Eroded sediments combine with bacteria and dead lichens and mosses to form a thin layer of soil. soil forms, more and more plants are able to grow in the area. Grasses usually grow in this thin layer of soil first, followed by shrubs and, eventually, trees. This attracts insects and other animal species. Over time, the soil layer thickens and the biodiversity of the community increases. Primary Succession Stages After many years, a stable ecosystem develops. Often, this is a forest ecosystem. Depending on the ecosystem’s abiotic factors, however, a stable ecosystem may be a mature desert community, a coral reef, or any other kind of ecosystem on Earth. The final stage of ecological succession is called the climax community and the species in this community are in relative equilibrium. 2 2/27/2013 A brand new island! Google Earth http://www.vulkaner.no/n/surtsey/esurtplant.html http://www.surtsey.is/index_eng.htm Kasatochi Volcano: Eruption and Recolonization Google Earth Aug. 6, 2008 Oct. 23, 2008 http://alaska.usgs.gov/science/kasatochi/field_work/field_work.php http://geology.com/usgs/kasatochi-volcano/ Succession Takes Time! Ecological Succession If there is a disturbance in an area but soil is still present after the disturbance, this change in species structure is known as secondary succession. Evolution Adaptation vs. Extinction Adaptations are what organisms use to cope with and survive environmental pressures. Populations that have diverse trait variations have a better chance of adapting to changes in their environment. These populations that can adapt will survive, reproduce, and pass on their strong genes. Those that cannot will eventually die-off, and become extinct. This process is also known as natural selection, or “survival of the fittest.” As natural selection takes place, a species will gradually change from generation to generation; this process is also known as evolution. Again, these adaptations usually take place in response to an environmental factor. 3 2/27/2013 Evolution Example If birds migrate to an area where it is easier to catch food with a longer beak, those with shorter beaks are less likely to survive. Those with the longer beaks will continue to prosper and pass along their "long beak genes." The shorter-beaked birds might eventually die-off completely. The birds of that area have now evolved to having longer beaks. Two types of evidence for evolution fossils are found, scientists examine the bones and try to determine as much as they can about the past animal in order to compare it to present day animals. This allows them to determine what modern animals might have evolved from the fossilized creature. Anatomical and Physiological Similarities—We can tell that two types of fish are related based on their anatomy and physiology. We can see whether they have similar shapes of fins, or whether they have similar eating habits. Evidence of Evolution When talking about evolution, biologists often refer to one species of organisms being related to another species. This is similar to the way you are related to your family because there is a genetic connection, but it is also different in some very important ways. Evolutionary relationships are relationships between species, not individuals. They are also very distant relationships compared to a family. FILE TRANSFER – Today’s Slides 1. Fossils—When 3. 2. Questions? (If you don’t have a questions, you are free to go!) Raise your hand and use the mic when I call on you OR Write it in the chat and hit enter when I call on you Thanks for coming today Do a pathway in Math and Reading everyday! 4