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Transcript
COLEGIO SAN PATRICIO CUMBRES SOCIALS STUDIES 8TH GRADE CHAPTER 17 SECTION 1 NOTES Italy’s Advantages Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy? The years 1300 to 1600 saw a rebirth of learning and culture in Europe called the Renaissance. This rebirth spread north from Italy. It began there for three reasons. First, Italy had several important cities. Cities were places where people exchanged ideas. Second, these cities included a class of merchants and bankers who were becoming wealthy and powerful. This class strongly believed in the idea of individual achievement. Third, Italian artists and scholars were inspired by the ruined buildings and other reminders of classical Rome. Classical and Worldly Values What new values did people hold? The new interest in the classical past led to an important value in Renaissance culture—humanism. This was a deep interest in what people have already achieved as well as what they could achieve in the future. Scholars did not try to connect classical writings to Christian teaching. Instead, they tried to understand them on their own terms. In the Middle Ages, the emphasis had been mostly on spiritual values. Renaissance thinkers stressed secular ideas. These ideas centered on the things of the world. One way that powerful or wealthy people showed this interest in worldly things was by paying artists, writers, and musicians to create beautiful works of art. Wealthy people who supported artists were known as patrons. People tried to show that they could master many fields of study or work. Someone who succeeded in many fields was admired greatly. The artist Leonardo da Vinci was an example of this ideal. He was a painter, a scientist, and an inventor. Men were expected to be charming, witty, well educated, well mannered, athletic, and self-controlled. Women were expected to have many accomplishments, too. But women were not to show them in public. The Renaissance Revolutionizes Art How did art change during the Renaissance? Renaissance artists sometimes used new methods. Sculptors made figures more realistic than those from the Middle Ages. Painters used perspective to create the illusion that their paintings were three-dimensional. The subject of artwork changed also. Art in the Middle Ages was mostly religious. Renaissance artists reproduced other views of life. Michelangelo showed great skill as an architect, a sculptor, and a painter. Renaissance Writers Change Literature How did literature change during the Renaissance? Renaissance writers also achieved greatness. Several wrote in the vernacular. This means they wrote in their native languages. It was a change from the Middle Ages, when most writing was done in Latin. Writers also changed their subject matter. They began to express their own thoughts and feelings. Sometimes they gave a detailed look at an individual. Dante and others wrote poetry, letters, and stories that were more realistic. Niccoló Machiavelli took a new approach to understanding government. He focused on telling rulers how to expand their power. He believed rulers should do what was politically effective, even if it was not morally right. TERMS AND NAMES Renaissance Period of rebirth of art and learning in Europe lasting from about 1300 to 1600 humanism Focus on human potential and achievements secular Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters patrons People who financially supported artists perspective Art technique that recreates three dimensions vernacular Use of native languge instead of classical Latin European Renaissance and Reformation, 1300–1600 Two movements, the Renaissance and the Reformation, usher in dramatic social and cultural changes in Europe. Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance The Italian Renaissance is a rebirth of learning that produces many great works of art and literature. Italy’s Advantages The Renaissance Renaissance—an explosion of creativity in art, writing, and thought Started in northern Italy Lasted from 1300-1600 City-States Crusades spur trade Growth of city-states in northern Italy In 1300s bubonic plague killed 60% of population, disrupts economy Merchants and the Medici A wealthy merchant class develops More emphasis on individual achievement Banking family, the Medici, controls Florence Looking to Greece and Rome Artists, scholars study ruins of Rome and Latin, Greek manuscripts Scholars move to Rome after fall of Constantinople in 1453 Classical and Worldly Values Classics Lead to Humanism Humanism—intellectual movement focused on human achievements Humanists studied classical texts, history, literature, philosophy Worldly Pleasures Renaissance society was secular—worldly Wealthy enjoyed fine food, homes, clothes Patrons of the Arts Patron—a financial supporter of artists Church leaders spend money on artworks to beautify cities Wealthy merchants also patrons of the arts The Renaissance Man Excels in many fields: the classics, art, politics, combat Baldassare Castiglione’s The Courtier (1528 The book teaches how to become a “universal” person The Renaissance Woman Upper-class, educated in classics, charming Expected to inspire art but not create it Isabella d’Este, patron of artists, wields power in Mantua The Renaissance Revolutionizes Art Artistic Styles Change Artists use realistic style copied from classical art, often to portray religious subjects Painters use perspective—a way to show three dimensions on a canvas Realistic Painting and Sculpture Realistic portraits of prominent citizens Sculpture shows natural postures and expressions The biblical David is a favorite subject among sculptors Leonardo, Renaissance Man Leonardo da Vinci—painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist Paints one of the best-known portraits in the world: the Mona Lisa Famous religious painting: The Last Supper Raphael Advances Realism Raphael Sanzio, famous for his use of perspective Favorite subject: the Madonna and child Famous painting: School of Athens Anguissola and Gentileschi Sofonisba Anguissola: first woman artist to gain world renown Artemisia Gentileschi paints strong, heroic women Renaissance Writers Change Literature New Trends in Writing Writers use the vernacular—their native language Self-expression or to portray individuality of the subject Petrarch and Boccaccio Francesco Petrarch, humanist and poet; woman named Laura is his muse Boccaccio is best known for the Decameron, a series of stories Machievelli Advises Rulers Niccolò Machievelli, author of political guidebook, The Prince The Prince examines how rulers can gain and keep power Vittoria Colonna Woman writer with great influence Poems express personal emotions