Download Name: Class Period: ______ Date: ______ Guided Notes Roman

Name: ________________________________________ Class Period: _______ Date: _____________
Guided Notes
Roman Empire
From Republic to Empire
I.
By the 2nd century BC, the Senate had become the real governing power of the Roman state.
II.
The Senate and government offices were increasingly controlled by ______________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
III.
Over time, _________________ had found that they were unable to compete with ___________
________________ and had lost their farms.
IV.
As a result, many of these small farmers drifted to the cities forming a ____________________
_________.
Notes:
V.
__________________________________ urged the council of the plebs to pass reforms to ____
___________________ held by large landowners, and give it to _________________________.
VI.
A group of senators, who owned large areas of public land, _____________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
VII.
In 107 BC, a __________________ began to ___________________, the urban and rural poor
who owned no property, and ___________________________.
VIII.
These soldiers ____________________________, not the Roman state, and this created armies
________________________________________.
Notes:
IX.
Eventually a general named Sulla _________________________________________________.
X.
Sulla conducted a ________________________________________, but then he restored power
to the Senate believing he restored order.
XI.
However, Sulla’s example of _____________________________________________________
___________________________________________.
XII.
One of these men would be Crassus, the Roman politician and general who, in 71 BC, ________
_________________________________________.
Notes:
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The First Triumvirate
I.
In 60 BC, three men, _________________________________, formed the ________________,
an unofficial political alliance which exerted considerable influence within the Republic.
II.
During ________________________, as many as a million people died, the entire population of
an entire city, 40,000 were slaughtered and another million were enslaved.
III.
And because of his conquest of Gaul, ___________________________________, and achieved
distinction as a military leader and an army of loyal veterans due to his success there.
Notes:
IV.
Caesar’s military career in Gaul is _________________________________________________.
V.
In 53 BC, Crassus is killed in battle, and the _________________________________________.
VI.
It was then that Pompey and the Senate ordered that ____________________________.
VII.
Instead, Caesar took his army into Italy and ____________________________, today the phrase
“crossing the Rubicon” means _______________________________________________.
VIII.
______________________________________, and afterwards Pompey sought refuge in Egypt,
where he was assassinated.
Notes:
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
In 45 BC, __________________________________, and began a program of reforms including
the __________________________________________________________________________.
In 44 BC, on the _______________________________, as Caesar arrived at the Senate, he was
presented with a petition by a senator to recall his exiled brother.
Several senators, including _________________________, had conspired to assassinate Caesar,
and feigning support for the approval of the petition, they encircled Caesar.
Within moments, the senators ____________________________________________________.
Notes:
The Second Triumvirate
I.
After Caesar’s death, a Second Triumvirate was created by __________________, Lepidus, and
____________, Caesar’s grandnephew and heir.
II.
The Triumvirate ______________________________________________ who were also trying
to seize power.
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III.
Eventually another power struggle ensued in which _________________________ and his ally,
___________ VII of _________, resulting in ________________________________________.
IV.
_____________________________, she ________________________, then lover, and Antony
fell madly in love with her.
Notes:
V.
To avoid capture by Octavian’s army, ______________________________ by stabbing himself
with his own sword with the belief that Cleopatra had already done so.
VI.
When he found out that Cleopatra was still alive, his friends brought him to Cleopatra's
monument in which she was hiding, and __________________, she later __________________.
VII.
Octavian proclaimed the “restoration of the Republic,” and the Senate granted him the title
_______________, or commander in chief, and ______________________________________.
VIII.
In 27 BC, the Senate awarded Octavian the title of ____________________________________.
Notes:
IX.
Augustus created a new political situation in which the ________________________________.
X.
The next four emperor’s took more and more power, while at the same time becoming more
___________________________________________.
XI.
Following them were a series of six emperors in a 19 year period (list of Roman Emperors).
XII.
Then in the 2nd century AD, there was a series of 5 good emperor’s who created a ___________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
XIII.
These emperors created new programs to help people, such as Emperor ____________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
Notes:
XIV.
______________________________________________________, 3.5 million sq. miles with a
population of around 55 million people, and implemented the construction of many public
works.
XV.
______________________________, erected many fine buildings, and ___________________.
XVI.
Cities were run by Roman agents which ____________________________________________.
XVII.
_________________________________ of the empire, and ____________________________.
XVIII.
Also, the _________________________________________________, and they built buildings
structures, and monuments throughout the Empire that reflected this ability.
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Notes:
The Birth of Christianity
By 6 AD, the ________________________________________________, which later would be
___________________________________________________________________ by Hadrian.
_______________________________________________ in Judea, and there was disagreement
amongst the Jews whether to cooperate or resists.
A Jewish revolt that began in 66AD, was crushed by the Romans and _____________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
A few decades before the revolt, a _________________________________________________,
traveled and preached throughout ___________________________.
Notes:
__________________________, seemingly simple stories that taught humility, charity, and love
toward others, which would ______________________________________________________.
Jesus’ preaching eventually stirred controversy, and those who opposed him turned him over to
______________________, who in the end would ____________________________________.
After his death, ______________________________________________ and appeared to them.
As word of his ___________________ spread, a movement within Judaism began, winning over
believers.
Notes:
It was ________________________, the expected deliverer who would ___________________
from their foes.
The _______________________________, ________________________, so the ___________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
____________________________________________________ who will rule the united tribes
of Israel, and herald a Messianic Age of global peace.
However, Jesus’ followers believed that his purpose was to _____________________________.
This was the main source of the rift which would separate Christianity from Judaism, even
though they both share the same origin.
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Notes:
The Spread of Christianity
After Jesus’ death, __________________________, emerged in the Christian movement, two of
the ___________________________________________.
The center of Paul’s message was that _________________________, or _________________,
who ____________________________________________________.
And _________________________________________________________________________.
Through the course of traveling to spread the word of Christ, ____________________________
______________________________________________________________________ by Nero.
Notes:
________________________________, the cross being placed upside down at his own request,
since he saw himself unworthy to be crucified in the same way as Jesus.
At first the Romans paid little attention to the Christians as Romans were generally tolerate of
other religions, but eventually ____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
This was seen as an act of treason, punishable by death, and the _________________________
___________________________________________.
Notes:
__________________________________________________________, especially under Nero,
such as being fed to lions in the Colosseum.
The persecutions culminated under the reign of Diocletian, from 284 to 305, when over 20,000
Christians are thought to have died.
However, as Diocletian zealously persecuted Christians in the eastern part of the empire, in the
west, _______________________________________________________________________.
________________________________________________, unlike the impersonal Roman state
religion, _____________________________________________________________________.
Notes:
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___________________________________________, but especially to the poor and powerless.
__________________________________________________________, in a way that the huge
Roman Empire could not.
__________________________________________ in which people were bound to one another,
for in these communities, people expressed love, _____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
Notes:
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