Download Learning Objectives Function First!

11/19/2012
Learning Objectives
Chapter 14
1.
2.
Endocrine System
3.
4.
5.
6.
Recognize or write the functions of the endocrine system.
Recognize or write the meanings of Chapter 14 word parts and use them to build and analyze terms.
Write terms for selected structures of the endocrine system and their associated hormones and functions or match them with their descriptions.
Write the names of the diagnostic terms and pathologies related to the endocrine system when given their descriptions or match terms with their meanings.
Match surgical and therapeutic interventions for the endocrine system or write the names of the interventions when given their descriptions.
Spell terms for the endocrine system correctly.
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 2
Function First!
The endocrine system‐ composed of glands that manufacture or release hormones. hormones‐ chemical substances that are secreted by endocrine glands
• http://youtu.be/WVrlHH14q3o
Dysfunctions in hormone production:
D
f ti
i h
d ti
• hyposecretion‐ deficiency • hypersecretion – excess
target organ‐the organ or structure toward which the effects of a hormone are primarily directed
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Slide 3
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by
Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier
Inc.Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by
Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Endocrine System
Endocrine glands release hormones in two ways: (1) in response to the nervous system. (2) in response to hormones produced by the master gland, the pituitary gland, and it is nicknamed the “master gland” for this reason. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by
Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier
Inc.Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by
Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Fig. 14-1 Location of major glands of the endocrine system.
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Combining Forms: Endocrine System
aden/o
gland
• adenoma is a tumor of a gland.
adren/o adrenal glands
• adrenogram is a radiograph of the adrenal glands
andr/o
male or masculine
• androgenic means producing male characteristics
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Slide 5
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Slide4
Combining Forms: Endocrine System
gigant/o
giant
• Gigantism is a condition in which a person reaches an abnormal stature as a result of hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood. gonad/o
gonad
• Hypogonadism is a condition resulting from abnormally decreased gonadal function. Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by
Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier
Inc.Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by
Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Combining Forms, cont.
pancreat/o
pancreas • secretes many digestive juices and several important hormones, including insulin. insulin/o
insulin
• allows glucose to leave the bloodstream and enter cells.
parathyroid/o
parathyroid glands
• responsible for secreting a hormone that regulates calcium and phosphorus in the body.
ren/o
kidney
• The adrenal glands are situated atop the kidneys (ren/o). Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 6
Combining Forms, cont
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Slide 7
Suffixes: Endocrine System
toxic/o
poison • Thyrotoxicosis is a morbid condition caused by excessive thyroid secretion. (thyr/o=thyroid, toxic/o=poison, ‐osis=condition)
iod/o
iodine
• Iodotherapy is treatment with iodine.
I d h
i
i h i di
myx/o
mucus
• Myxedema is a dry, waxy swelling of the skin resulting from hypofunction of the thyroid gland.
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by
Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier
Inc.Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by
Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
thyr/o, thyroid/o thyroid gland
The thyroid plays an important role in regulating the body's metabolism and calcium balance.
The thyroid gland secretes several important hormones:
¾ calcitonin‐ helps regulate the amount of calcium in the blood.
¾ triiodothyronine (T3) ¾ thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4). • (T3) and (T4) regulate the cell metabolism necessary for normal growth and development
• TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) is produced in the pituitary gland. TSH stimulates the thyroid to produce (T3) and (T4). [The thyroid takes iodine found in food + tyrosine (an amino acid) to make thyroid hormones T3 and T4 ]
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‐gen
beginning, origin
• an androgen is a substance, such as the hormone testosterone, that produces or stimulates the development of male characteristics.
‐physis
growth
• hypophysis is another name for the pituitary gland. hypophysis is another name for the pituitary gland.
‐tropic
stimulate
‐tropin
that which stimulates
• gonadotropic hormones, called gonadotropins, are produced by the pituitary gland and act on the gonads
‐uria
urine, urination Slide 8
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Diabetes Terms
Fig. 14-2 Physical examination of the thyroid gland.
A,
the h
hands
thyroid
A Using
U i th
d tto ffeell ffor th
id enlargement
l
t or
masses.
B, Observing the patient for thyroid enlargement and
exophthalmos, protrusion of the eyeballs. This patient
shows both exophthalmos and a goiter, which is an
enlarged thyroid gland, evidenced by the swelling in the
neck.
A, from Thompson JM, Wilson SF: Health assessment for nursing practice, St Louis, 1996, Mosby;
B, from Dorland’s illustrated medical dictionary, ed 30, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders.
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 9
diabetes insipidus: insufficient antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or insufficient response to ADH
antidiuretic hormone‐ (made by the hypothalamus) is responsible for the suppression of urine formation • polyuria, polydipsia‐ (increased urination, increased thirst) happens in both diabetes insipidus and hi ) h
i b h di b
i i id
d
diabetes mellitus
diabetes mellitus (DM) (types 1 and 2): insufficient or improper use of insulin
• hyperglycemia, glycosuria – (increased glucose in the blood and urine) only happens with diabetes mellitus
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 10
Additional Terms
adrenaline‐ (or epinephrine) is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that readies the body for the fight‐or‐flight response. cortisone‐ hormone made by the adrenal glands that helps regulate body metabolism and is also used as an antiinflammatory agent
an antiinflammatory agent. estrogen‐ female sex hormones made by the ovaries
growth hormone‐ a pituitary hormone that regulates the rate of growth.
thyroxine‐ a hormone made in the thyroid that regulates cell metabolism
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Slide 11
Quick Quiz!
Testosterone is A. an androgen
B. an estrogen
C. a cortisone
D. a gonadotropin Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Fig. 14-3 Progression of acromegaly. The patient is shown at
age 9 years, age 16, age 33 with well-established acromegaly,
and age 52 in the late stage of acromegaly.
Acromegaly (acr/o, extremity, + -megaly, enlarged) is a disorder
in which there is abnormal enlargement of the extremities of the
skeleton—nose, jaws, fingers, and toes—caused by
hypersecretion of growth hormone after maturity.
From Mendeloff AI, Smith DE, editors: Acromegaly, diabetes, hypermetabolism, proteinuria and heart failure, Clin Pathol Conf Am J Med 20:133, 1956, with permission from Excerpta Medica Inc.
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Fig. 14-4 Cretinism. This 33-year-old untreated adult with cretinism exhibits
characteristic features. She is only 44 inches tall, has underdeveloped breasts,
protruding abdomen, umbilical hernia, widened facial features, and scant
axillary and pubic hair.
Cretinism is a condition caused by congenital deficiency of thyroid secretion
and marked by arrested physical and mental development.
From Ignatavicius DD,
Slide 13
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 14
1999, Saunders.
Fig. 14-5 A growth hormone deficiency. A normal 3-year-old boy and a short 3year-old girl who exhibits the characteristic “Kewpie doll” appearance,
suggesting a diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency.
This type of dwarfism is caused by hyposecretion of growth hormone during
childhood; it causes a person to be much smaller than normal size unless
identified early and treated.
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Slide 15
Fig. 14-6 Gigantism and dwarfism. Both result from abnormal secretion of
growth hormone (GH).
Hypersecretion of GH during the early years results in gigantism. The person
usually has normal body proportions and normal sexual development.
The same hypersecretion in an adult causes acromegaly.
Hyposecretion of GH during the early years produces a dwarf unless the child is
Slide 16
treated with GH injections.
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Surgical and Therapeutic Interventions
Fig. 14-7
14 7 Hypophysectomy
Hypophysectomy- surgical removal of the pituitary
gland.
hypophys/o=pituitary gland
-ectomy=surgical removal
Surgical removal of the pituitary gland may be performed to excise
a pituitary tumor or to slow the growth and spread of endocrinedependent malignant tumors. Hypophysectomy is done only if
other treatments fail to destroy all the pituitary tumor.
Slide 17
Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
hypopituitarism‐ deminished activity of the pituitary gland, most often caused by a pituitary tumor. Treatment of a pituitary tumor consists of surgery or radiation to remove the tumor, followed by administration of the deficient hormones. antithyroid drugs used in the treatment of antithyroid drugs‐
used in the treatment of
hyperthyroidism to block the production of thyroid hormones. adenectomy‐ removal of a gland
thyroidectomy‐ removal of the thyroid gland
parathyroidectomy‐ surgery for removal of the parathyroid glands
Slide 18
Quick Quiz!
Fig. 14
Fi
14-8
8 External
E
l iinsulin
li pump. This
Thi portable
bl
instrument delivers a measured amount of insulin
through the abdominal wall at preset intervals. It
can be programmed to deliver varied amounts of
insulin according to the body’s needs at different
times of the day.
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Slide 19
Cretinism is marked by
A. abnormally small stature
B. abnormally large stature
C. abnormal enlargement of the extremities
D. arrested mental and physical development Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Slide 20
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• http://youtu.be/jHRfDTqPzj4
CONGRATULATIONS!! Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by
Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier
Inc.Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by
Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Yet to receive Original Copyrite Info
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Copyright © 2011, 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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