Download Chapter 10: Renaissance and Discovery Section 1: The

Chapter 10: Renaissance and
Discovery
Section 1: The Renaissance In
Italy (1375-1527)
By Dallin F. Hardy

Renaissance



15th-16th centuries
“Rebirth” in French
Transition

Medieval to Modern

Medieval Europe


Before 12th century
Characteristics


Feudal society
Dominated

By Church

Renaissance Europe


After 14th century
Characteristics


National consciousness
Political centralization

Italian Renaissance

1375-1527

Sacking of Rome


1527
End of

Italian Renaissance
The Italian City-State

Italian Merchant Cities

Birthplace of

Renaissance

Italian Trading Cities

Traded with


East
Included



Venice
Genoa
Pisa

Italian Merchants

Mastered

Business skills

Italian City-States

13th-14th centuries

Became

Powerful

Growth of City-States

Rival Factions

Guelf


Ghibelline


Pro-papal
Pro-imperial
Papal-Imperial Warfare

Assisted in

Growth of
 Italian city-states

Five Major City States





Milan
Florence
Venice
Papal States
Naples

Despotic City-States

Evolved due to


Social strife
Competition for


Political power
Became

Despotic

Florence

Four Social groups




Nobles and merchants
New merchant class
Middle-burgher
Lower economic class

Ciompi Revolt



1378
Florence
Resulted from

Poor conditions brought on
by

Black Death

Cosimo de’ Medici

1434

Established

Stability in Florence

Florentine Government

Governed by

Signoria

Lorenzo the Magnificent


Ruled 1478-1492
Florence

Assassination of Giuliano


1478
Giuliano de’ Medici


Brother of Lorenzo
By

Pazzi family

Podesta

Hired strongman

City-State Diplomacy

15th century

Established


Embassies
Ambassadors

Center of Italian Renaissance


Florence
Due to





City-states
Trade
Free market
Humanism
Wealth

Responsible for cultural
development in
 Renaissance Italy
Humanism

Humanism

Study of

Classics




Latin
Greek
Church fathers
Promoted

Rebirth of

Ancient
 Norms
 Values

Studia Humanitatis

Liberal arts program

Leonardo Bruni

Humanist scholar

First Humanists

Included


Orators
Poets

Recovery of Ancient Manuscripts

By

Humanist scholars

Petrarch


“Father of Humanism”
Wrote



Letters to the Ancient Dead
Africa
Lives of Illustrious Men

Dante Alighieri

Wrote


La Vita Nuova
Divine Comedy

Cornerstone of
 Italian literature

Giovanni Boccaccio

Wrote

Decameron


1348
Takes place
 In
 Country retreat
 During
 Black Death

Decameron, painting by Sandro Botticelli from 1487.

Humanist Education

Ennobles & creates

Well rounded individuals

Pietro Paolo Vergerio

Wrote

On the Morals That Befit a
Free Man

“We call those studies liberal
which are worthy of a free
man; those studies by which
we attain and practice virtue
and wisdom; that education
which calls forth, trains and
develops those highest gifts
of body and of mind which
ennoble men, and which are
rightly judged to rank next in
dignity to virtue only. For to
a vulgar temper gain and
pleasure are the one aim of
existence, to a lofty nature,
moral worth and fame.”
 Pietro Paolo Vergerio

Education of the Orator

1416


Discovered
Classical guide for

Humanist curriculum

Baldassare Castiglione

Wrote

Book of the Courtier

Examined
 Renaissance
 Court life
 Conduct

Christine de Pisan

Wrote

The Treasure of the City of
Ladies

Revival of Greek Philosophy


15th century
Greek Studies

Most important intellectual
recovery during

Italian Renaissance

Manuel Chrysoloras


Byzantine scholar
Introduced

Greek scholarship to

Italian humanists

Council of Ferrara-Florence


1439
Negotiated

Reunion of Churches

Fall of Constantinople

1453

Greek Scholars


Fled to Florence
Brought

Greek manuscripts

Florentine Academy

Devoted to the works of


Plato
Neoplatonists

Platonism

Philosophy

Flattering view of

Human nature

Pico della Mirandola

Wrote

Oration on the Dignity of Man

1486

“…with freedom of choice
and with honor, as though
the maker and molder of
thyself, thou mayest fashion
thyself in whatever shape
thou shalt prefer. Thou shalt
have the power to
degenerate into the lower
forms of life, which are
brutish. Thou shalt have the
power, out of thy soul’s
judgment, to be reborn into
the higher forms, which are
divine.”

Oration on the Dignity of Man

Picco della Mirandola

Lorenzo Valla

Defended


Doctrine of Predestination
Wrote

Elegances of the Latin Language

1444

Donation of Constantine

Lorenzo Valla

Proved the document to be

Fraudulent

Declamatio by Lorenzo Valla

Civic Humanism

Promoted



Individual virtue
Public service
Coalescence of


Humanism
Civic reform
Renaissance Art

Laity in Renaissance Italy


14th & 15th Centuries
Assumed

Leading role

High Renaissance


1450-1527
Art & sculpture

Reached

Full maturity

Renaissance Art

Embraced





Natural world
Human emotions
Rational/mathematical order
Symmetry & proportion
Blended


Classical
Christian

Artistic Techniques



Chiaroscuro
Linear Perspective
Proportion

Giotto

“Father of Renaissance
Painting”

Masaccio

Florentine

Painter

Masters of High Renaissance




Donatello
Leonardo
Raphael
Michelangelo

Donatello

Florentine

Sculptor

Tomb of Antipope John XXIII

Statue of Habacuc

Statue of St. George in Orsanmichele, Florence

Statue of St. John the Baptist in the Duomo di Siena.

Leonardo da Vinci

Renaissance man



Painter
Sculptor
Architect

The Baptism of Christ (1472–1475)—Uffizi, by Verrocchio and Leonardo

The Adoration of the Magi, (1481)—Uffizi, Florence, Italy. This important commission

Salai as John the Baptist (c. 1514)—Louvre

Annunciation (1475–1480)—Uffizi, is thought to be Leonardo's earliest complete work

Virgin of the Rocks, National Gallery, London, possibly 1505–1508,
demonstrates Leonardo's interest in nature.

Vitruvian Man



1485
By Leonardo da Vinci
Depicts

Perfect man

Mona Lisa


1503-1506
Da Vinci’s

Most famous painting

The Last Supper

1498

Raphael

Italian

Painter
Saint George and the Dragon, a small work (29 x 21 cm) for the court of Urbino.

The Wedding of the Virgin, Raphael's most sophisticated altarpiece of this period

The Coronation of the Virgin 1502-3

The Mond Crucifixion, 1502-3, very much in the style of Perugino

Portrait of Pope Julius II, ca. 1512

School of Athens

1510-1511

Michelangelo

Florentine

Sculptor

Pietà

1499

Statue of David

Perfect example of

Renaissance



Devotion to harmony
Symmetry
Proportion

Sistine Chapel


1508-1512
Commissioned by

Pope Julius II

Mannerism


Late 16th century
Characterized by

Distortion of


Scale
Perspective

Tintoretto

Italian

Painter

The Last Supper (1594).

El Greco

Greek

Painter

The Burial of Count Orgaz

The Disrobing of Christ