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Unit6ProteinsandMutationsStudyGuide–ANSWERKEY
LT1:ExplainthestructureandfunctionofDNA
1. Identifythepartsofthenucleotidepicturedin
figure1.
A. __Phosphate____
B. __Deoxyribosesugar_
C. __Nitrogenbase______
D. __Chemicalbond____
2. WhatistheshapeofDNA?Doublehelix
3. WhatisthefunctionofDNA?Encodinggenetic
informationtomakeproteins.
4. HowmanynucleotidebasesarethereinDNA?
Thereare4bases
5. WhatarethenitrogenbasesfoundinDNA?:
Figure1
Adenine,Guanine,Thymine,andCytosine
6. Whatdeterminesthephenotypeofanorganism?Thesequenceororderof
nitrogenousbases.
7. WhatisthecorrespondingsequencetothecomplementaryDNAstrand?
ATTGCCGAGCCT
TAACGGCTCGGA
8. AstrandofDNAhasthebasesshownbelow.Whatisthecomplementary
DNAstrand?
TACGTACATATG
ATGCATGTATAC
LT2:Describethepurposeoftranscriptionandtranslation
9. AnRNAsequenceisshownbelow.WhatwouldbethecomplementaryDNA
strand?
AUGCGGAGGGCU
TACGCCTCCCGA
10. WhatwouldbethemRNAstrandbasedoffofyouranswerfornumber3.
AUGCGGAGGGCU
11. WhatisthefunctionoftRNA?TransferRNAmoleculespickupaminoacids
whicharefreeinthecytoplasmandcarrythemtotheribosomes.
12. WhatisthefunctionofrRNA?ThesitewheretRNAbringsaminoacidsfor
proteinsynthesis.
13. WhatisthefunctionofmRNA?ThefunctionofmRNAistocarrythe
instructionsforproteinsynthesisofaparticularproteinfromDNAinthe
nucleusofthecelltotheribosomesinthecytoplasm.
14. HowdoestheRNAsequencespecifytheproductionofanaminoacidchain?
EachgroupofthreeRNAbases(codons)codesforasingleaminoacid.
15. Whatisthecorrectorderofmoleculesinvolvedinproteinsynthesis?The
correctorderofmoleculesinvolvedinproteinsynthesisisDNA,MessengerRNA,
TransferRNAandthenprotein.
16. WhatisthedifferencebetweenDNAandRNA?ThedifferencebetweenDNA
andRNAisthatDNAisdoublestranded,RNAissinglestranded,DNAhas
Thymine,RNAhasUracil,DNAcannotleavethenucleus,RNAcanleavethe
nucleusandDNAhasdeoxyribosesugarandRNAhasribosesugar.
17. WhatstructuresonDNAdeterminesthesequenceofaminoacids?The
nitrogenousbasesornitrogenbasesonDNA.
18. Wheredoesproteinsynthesistakeplace?Intheribosomes
19. WhataretwostructuresontRNAthatareimportanttoproteinsynthesis?
Theaminoacidandtheanticodon
GAATCTTG
Deletion
MutationB
LT3:Explainthestructureandfunctionofproteins:
20. Whatinfluencesthetypeofproteinmoleculebeingsynthesized?Theorderof
theaminoacidsintheprotein.
21. Finishthestatement:
a. Thesequenceofaminoacidsinfluencesproteinshapewhich
determinestheproteinfunction.
22. Theorganiccompoundinwhichplantsneedtosynthesizesugars,starches
andphosphatesiscalleda_Protein_____.
23. ThebuildingblocksofamoleculethatmakeupproteinsareknownasAmino
acids_________.
LT4:ReadACodonChartToCreateAProtein:
Useacodoncharttoanswerthefollowingquestions.
24. GivetheaminoacidforthesequenceAAUAsparagine
25. GivetheaminoacidforthesequenceUCUSerine
26. Whatcodonsequence(s)wouldbefortheaminoacidLysine?AAAorAAG
27. Whatcodonsequence(s)wouldbefortheaminoacidGlutamine?CAAorCAG
LT5:DescribeDifferentTypesofMutations(silent,insertion,deletion,
substitution)
28. Whatisamutation?Amutationisachangeinthenitrogenbasesonastrand
ofDNA.
29. Whatisasilentmutationandwhatdoesitchangeinanorganism?Asilent
mutationiswhenabasepairissubstitutedbutthechangestillcodesforthe
sameaminoacidsinthesequence.ItonlychangestheDNAoftheorganism.
30. Whattypeofmutationisshownbelow?
CCAGAACTT------------>CCAGATCTTSubstitution
31. Whattypeofalteration(mutation)isshownbelow?
TCATGGCTA------------>TCACTADeletion
32. Thediagrambelowshowsanormalgenesequenceandthreemutated
sequencesofDNA.Identifyeachmutationasinsertion,deletionor
substitution.
GTAATCTTG
Mu
tat
nA
o
ion
i
tat
C
u
Insertion
M
Subsitution
CTAATCTTG
GTACATCTTG
LT6:Determineifamutationisbeneficial,neutral,orharmful
33. Thetablepresentsa
varietyofmRNAthree–
basesequences
(codons)andamino
acidsforwhichthese
sequencecodes.
Basedonthe
informationinthetable,
isleastlikelytoproduce
aphenotypetrait
changeinanorganism?
GUGto_GUA,GUC,or
GUU
34. Whatwouldmostlikely
causeaphenotypetrait
changeinanorganism?
GUGtoGAA,GAC,GAG,
GAU,GGA,GGC,GGG,orGGU.
35. IfthecodonreadwasGACanditmutatedtoGAU,wouldtherebeachangeto
theprotein?Why?No,becausebothcodonscodeforasparticacid.
36. Thepicturebelowshowsamalehorseandafemalehorsewiththeircolt.All
threeanimalshavecoatsofthesamecolor.Thecoltdevelopedfroma
zygote.Duringthedevelopmentofthiszygote,amutationoccurredacoat
coloredgene.Whatwouldexplainwhythecolt’sphenotypeisthesameas
theparents?
Themutationdoesnotaffecttheexpressionofthecolortraitbecauseitisa
silentmutation.
37. Exposureofcellstoradiationcouldcausewhattohappen?Radiationcould
causeanincreasedchanceofcancertoappearinanorganism.
38. Whatwouldhappentofuturegenerationsofanorganismifafavorableallele
foratraitappearedintheorganism?Theorganismwiththemutationis
betterabletosurviveandreproducethantheeorganismswithoutthe
mutation.