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Transcript
Phenological Observation Guide of the International Phenological Gardens (Revised version of the observation guide of 1960) 1. General Remarks In order to obtain comparable values from the observations made in International Phenological Gardens, an agreement on the selection and definition of the phenological phases is necessary. The most important precondition of obtaining comparable observations is the exact definition of the phenological phases which are observed. Above all, it is necessary to cover always the same phase of development (phenological phase) of the plant. Containing the experience made in the course of time in various countries the Phenological Observation Guide serves this purpose. In order to examine the regularities of the annually repeating development of the vegetation as well as the dependence of this periodical development on the environment -especially on weather and climate-, remarkable stages of growth, whose entrance dates can be determined to a certain day, must be observed. One of these striking stages of growth, which are called ‘phenological phases’, is e.g. the beginning of flowering; while on the preceding day all flower buds are still closed, several flower buds are open on the entrance day. This day is noted as the beginning of flowering. For other phenological phases such as the ‘leaf unfolding’ the ‘ripeness of fruits’ the ‘autumn colouring’ and the ‘leaf fall’ a certain day can hardly be fixed. But even for these difficult phases a certain day should be indicated, i.e. instead of stating ‘1st - 5th November’ one should indicate ‘2nd November’ as the date at which the phenomenon concerned was best developed. It is impossible to fix this date later. Only the observer himself can make a decision in difficult cases. It has to be regarded that on every observed plant not the exceptionally very early appearing of the first open flower but the opening of several flowers have to be noted. The other phenological phases have to be treated the same way. Each individual tree or shrub is observed separately in the International Phenological Gardens. If more than one individual exist in an IPG, the mean entrance date has to be noted. 1 2. Definition of phases Leaf unfolding The first regular surfaces of leaves become visible in several places (about 3 to 4) on the observed plant. The first leaf of a plant has pushed out of the bud up to its leaf stalk (petiole). Mayshoot This is the first spring sprout of the conifers (firs, pines). The buds open and the protecting involucres come off the bud edges. The involucres either stick to the buds or fall down. The needles are not yet expanded. St. John’s sprout Almost regularly the first sprouts of oaks and mountain ashes are followed by a second sprout, the ‘St. John’s sprout’. Buds that are already developed for the next year are caused to sprout prematurely by weather factors. These second sprouts can be recognised by their fresh colour. The state of the first leaf unfolding is repeated: The first leaves of the sprout have their typical forms but not yet the final size of the full-developed leaves. Beginning of flowering The first regular flowers have opened in several (about 3 to 4) places of the observed plants. The anthers of anemophilous plants are scattering pollen. If there is strong wind, the first scattering of pollen can easily be recognized in all anemophilous plants. If calm is prevailing, the observer should shake the branches in order to find out whether the first flowering has occurred. In trees bearing catkins this phase can easily be recognized because the catkins turn round their longitudinal axis when opening and change their colour. General flowering This is the phase in which more than half of the blossoms of the observed plant have opened. First ripe fruits The first fruits have ripened in several places (about 3 or 4) of the observed plant. Succulent fruits have entirely taken on their definite colour; capsular fruits burst out of the hulls (without external influence). Autumn colouring More than half of the leaves (> 50 %) of the observed plant have changed their colour, including those leaves which have fallen all at once in large quantities. This regular colouring of the leaves in autumn is caused by low temperatures. It must be distinguished from the withering of leaves which entails their discolouring due to drought during the summer months. This so-called drought-discolouring of leaves which may already occur in July in dry years and in dry places must be observed separately. Leaf fall More than half of leafs (> 50 %) of the observed plant have fallen. 2 3. Observation programme According to the plant species the following phases have to be observed: IPG-No. plant 3 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x First ripe fruits x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x St.John's sprout x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Leaf fall x x x x Autumn colouring x General flowering Mayshoot Leaf unfolding Botanical Name English Name Larix decidua European larch Picea abies (early) Norway spruce Picea abies (late) Norway spruce Picea abies (north) Norway spruce Pinus silvestris Scots pine, Fir Betula pubescens White birch, Downy birch Fagus silvatica 'H' Common beech Fagus silvatica 'D' Common beech Fagus silvatica 'T' Common beech Populus canescens Grey poplar Populus tremula Trembling poplar, Aspen Prunus avium 'B' Wild cherry, Mazard, Gean Prunus avium 'L' Wild cherry, Mazard, Gean Quercus petraea Sessile oak, Durmast oak Quercus robur 'W' Common oak, Pedunculate oak Quercus robur 'B' Common oak, Pedunculate oak Robinia pseudoacacia Locust, Common robinia, False acaci Sorbus aucuparia Mountain ash, Rowan Tilia cordata Small-leaved lime Ribes alpinum Alpine currant, Mountain currant Salix aurita Roundear willow Salix acutifolia Pussy willow, Goat willow Salix smithiana Smith's willow Salix glauca Grey leafed willow Salix viminalis Basket willow Sambucus nigra Common elder Corylus avellana Hazelnut Forsythia suspensa Forsythia Syringa vulgaris Common lilac Beginning of flowerin 111 121 122 123 131 211 221 222 223 231 235 241 242 251 256 257 261 271 281 311 321 323 324 325 326 331 411 421 431 phenological phase x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 4. Remarks to single plant species Larix decidua (larch) The appearance of the first fine pale green needles, which are arranged in fascicles when the buds burst, corresponds to the leaf unfolding. The phase designations ‘autumn colouring’ and ‘leaf fall’ should be applied by analogy to the turning and fall of the needles. More than half of the needles of a plant (> 50 %) are colouring resp. fall. Pinus sylvestris (pine/ Scots pine) The date of ‘beginning of flowering’ has started as soon as male flowers have started to dust. It must be considered that the phase ‘May shoot’ already starts when the brown involucres comes off the edge of the buds. Sometimes the cover still sticks to the young needles, sometimes it falls off at once. Betula pubescens (white birch) ‘Beginning of flowering’ respectively ‘general flowering’ should be recorded when in spring the long cylindrical catkins (male blossoms) at the terminal growing points, which have been there since the last autumn, begin to shed their pollen. The short and thickset female catkins emerging in spring when foliation takes place should not be observed. ‘Leaf unfolding’ should be recorded when the first leaf has come out of the bud up to its petiole (leaf-stalk). The date of ‘first ripe fruits’ should be recorded when for the first time the small brown winged fruits are blown down from the tree. Fagus silvatica (common beech) Concerning the date of ‘beginning of flowering’ it must be considered that the beech usually does not flower each year. Particularly after a rich harvest of beech-nuts flowers or fruits fail to appear in the following year. Near the limits of the natural distribution the years of flowering and dissemination get more and more rare. Sometimes late frosts destroy the development of flowers to beech-nuts. Therefore the ‘beginning of flowering’ can not be observed as an annually returning phenomenon in every garden. However, even the climatically influenced and more or less frequent appearance of years with flowering and dissemination provides very valuable and interesting information. Autumn colouring: the date when half the leaves (> 50 %) have turned reddish brown. Populus canescens (grey poplar) and Populus tremula (aspen) For this catkin bearer the shedding of pollen by the male blossoms in spring should be recorded as ‘beginning of flowering’. After flowering the catkins fall off. Prunus avium (bird cherry) The exact date of ‘beginning of flowering’ is easily determined because of the shining white petals. However, the exact date of the first ripe fruits is hard to tell. They must be juicy and completely coloured. Quercus robur (common oak) Because of the fresh colour the ‘St. John´s sprout’ can be identified clearly. The date of ‘first ripe fruits’ starts as soon as the first healthy fruits (acorns with their characteristically longitudinal stripes) fall down the tree. Concerning the ripeness of fruits it must be considered that acorns which are destroyed by vermin and have fallen down prematurely are not noted as ripe. 4 Robinia pseudoacacia (locust) The phases ‘leaf unfolding’, ‘beginning of flowering’, and ‘general flowering’ start comparatively late. Because of their pinnate (feathered) leaves and their scented white papilonaceous flowers hanging down they can easily be identified. The „beginning of flowering“ should be recorded when the first few flowers at the base of some inflorescences - about 3 or 4 - on the observed tree have opened. ‘General flowering’ is reached when more than half of the inflorescences (umbels) have opened almost all their flowers. Sorbus aucuparia (mountain ash) ‘Leaf unfolding’ has starts as soon as the pinnules of the first leaves have completely unfolded but have not yet reached their entire size. ‘Beginning of flowering’ starts when at the umbels the first 3 - 4 flowers are opened. ‘General flowering’ is noted when at the umbels of the tree more than half of the flowers are opened. It is very difficult to note the exact date of ‘first ripe fruits’. During the time in question the berries have to be observed very carefully to note for the first time the day when the coral red colour of the berries change to their last shade. Tilia cordata (lime) The date ‘beginning of flowering’ can easily be determined. Ribes alpinum (alpine currant) The ‘beginning of flowering’ has started when the first few flowers at the base of a few (about 3 or 4) inflorescences on the observed shrub have opened. The exact determination of the date of ‘first ripe fruits’ is rather difficult, as the ripening of the berries of an inflorescence does not occur uniformly and the transition to the full colour of ripeness comes step by step. ‘First ripe fruits’ should be recorded when the majority of the berries of a few inflorescences - about 3 or 4 - have ripened up to the edge of the inflorescence, i.e. when they have reached their definite colour. Salix (willows) The stage when the buds have come out of the brown protective scale leaves (volucra) and show their well known silver-grey hairs should not be considered as the beginning of flowering. At the ‘beginning of flowering’ the golden yellow stamens of the male flowers should be visible. Sambucus nigra (elder) ‘Beginning of flowering’ starts when at the inflorescences (umbels) the first 3-4 flowers are opened. ‘General flowering’ is noted when at the inflorescences of the tree more than half of the flowers are opened. The exact determination of the date of ‘first ripe fruits’ is rather difficult as the ripening of the berries of an inflorescence does not occur uniformly and the transition to the deep black colour of full ripeness comes about little by little. ‘First ripe fruits’ should be recorded when the majority of the berries of a few inflorescences - about 3 or 4 - have become ripe up to the edge of the inflorescence, i.e. that they have reached their definite colour. Corylus avellana (hazelnut) The ‘beginning of flowering’ has started when the first catkins have completely stretched and lose pollen. The first fruits are ripe as soon as the first healthy fruits fall down the tree. With the ‘first ripe fruits’ it must be considered that fruits which are destroyed by vermin and have fallen down prematurely must not be noted down as ripe. 5