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3/5/2017 The Body’s Long-Distance Regulators • Hormones How do they work? Intercellular Communication • Two criteria – The type of secreting cell • Communication – The route taken by the signal in reaching its target Endocrine Signaling Blood vessel RESPONSE (a) Endocrine signaling Synapse Neuron RESPONSE RESPONSE (d) Synaptic signaling (b) Paracrine signaling Neurosecretory cell RESPONSE (c) Autocrine signaling Blood vessel RESPONSE (e) Neuroendocrine signaling 1 3/5/2017 Paracrine and Autocrine Signaling Synaptic and Neuroendocrine Signaling Signaling by Pheromones Chemical Classes of Local Regulators and Hormones Classes of Local Regulators 2 3/5/2017 Classes of Hormones Water-soluble (hydrophilic) Lipid-soluble (hydrophobic) Polypeptides Steroids 0.8 nm Insulin Cortisol Amines Epinephrine (a) Water-soluble hormone; receptor in plasma membrane (b) Lipid-soluble hormone; receptor in nucleus or cytoplasm SECRETORY CELL Cellular Response Pathways SECRETORY CELL Thyroxine Pathway for Water-Soluble Hormones Lipidsoluble hormone Watersoluble hormone Blood vessel Blood vessel Transport protein Receptor protein TARGET CELL TARGET CELL Cytoplasmic response OR Receptor protein Gene regulation Cytoplasmic response Gene regulation NUCLEUS NUCLEUS EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Pathway for Lipid-Soluble Hormones Hormone (epinephrine) Adenylyl cyclase G protein GTP G protein-coupled receptor ATP cAMP Second messenger Inhibition of glycogen synthesis Promotion of glycogen breakdown Protein kinase A CYTOPLASM 3 3/5/2017 EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Hormone (estradiol) Estradiol receptor Plasma membrane Hormone-receptor complex NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM DNA Vitellogenin mRNA for vitellogenin Same receptors but different intracellular proteins (not shown) (a) Liver cell Different receptors (b) Smooth muscle cell in wall of blood vessel that supplies skeletal muscle Multiple Effects of Hormones Fight or Flight!?! 1. What part of the brain initiates the fight-or-flight signal? 2. What gland receives the signal from the brain? What hormone is released by this gland? 3. List 3 effects when cortisol is released into the bloodstream. 4. What are the effects of epinephrine on: a) The lungs? b) The heart? c) Muscle cells? Endocrine Tissues and Organs (c) Smooth muscle cell in wall of blood vessel that supplies intestines Epinephrine Epinephrine Epinephrine β receptor β receptor α receptor Glycogen deposits Glucose Glycogen breaks down and glucose is released from cell. Blood glucose level increases. Cell relaxes. Cell contracts. Blood vessel dilates, increasing flow to skeletal muscle. Blood vessel constricts, decreasing flow to intestines. Pineal gland Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Adrenal glands Pancreas Ovaries (female) Testes (male) 4 3/5/2017 Feedback regulation and coordination with the nervous system Simple endocrine pathway Simple Hormone Pathways Simple Pathways STIMULUS Negative feedback Endocrine cell Hormone Target cells RESPONSE Simple neuroendocrine pathway Simple Pathways STIMULUS Example: secretin signaling Low pH in duodenum S cells of duodenum Secretin (•) Pancreatic cells Bicarbonate release Example: oxytocin signaling Suckling Feedback Regulation Sensory neuron Positive feedback Hypothalamus/ posterior pituitary Neurosecretory cell Neurohormone Target cells RESPONSE Oxytocin (▪ ) Smooth muscle in mammary glands Milk release 5 3/5/2017 Coordination of Endocrine and Nervous Systems Vertebrates • hypothalamus • pituitary gland Cerebrum Pineal gland Thalamus Hypothalamus Cerebellum • posterior pituitary Pituitary gland Spinal cord • anterior pituitary Hypothalamus Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary Hypothalamus Posterior Pituitary Hormones Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Axons Neurohormone Posterior pituitary Anterior pituitary HORMONE ADH Oxytocin TARGET Kidney tubules Mammary glands, uterine muscles 6 3/5/2017 Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Anterior Pituitary Hormones Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones Portal vessels Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary Anterior pituitary hormones HORMONE Posterior pituitary TARGET FSH and LH Testes or ovaries TSH ACTH Prolactin MSH GH Thyroid Adrenal cortex Mammary glands Melanocytes Liver, bones, other tissues Tropic effects only Nontropic effects only STIMULUS Thyroid Regulation: A Hormone Cascade Pathway 1 Thyroid hormone levels drop. Sensory neuron Hypothalamus Negative feedback Tropic and nontropic effects Neurosecretory cell TRH 2 The hypothalamus secretes TRH ●into the blood. Portal vessels carry TRH to anterior pituitary. 3 TRH causes anterior pituitary to secrete TSH ▲ . TSH Anterior pituitary Circulation throughout body via blood Thyroid gland 4 TSH stimulates endocrine cells in thyroid gland to secrete T3 and T4 ■. Thyroid hormone 6 Thyroid hormone blocks TRH release and TSH release preventing overproduction of thyroid hormone. Circulation throughout body via blood RESPONSE Disorders of Thyroid Function and Regulation 5 Thyroid hormone levels return to normal range. Hormonal Regulation of Growth 7 3/5/2017 Parathyroid Hormone and Vitamin D: Control of Blood Calcium NORMAL BLOOD Ca2+ LEVEL (about 10 mg/100 mL) Adrenal Hormones: Response to Stress Blood Ca2+ level rises. Blood Ca2+ level falls. Active vitamin D increases Ca2+. PTH stimulates Ca2+ uptake and promotes activation of vitamin D. PTH Parathyroid glands release PTH. PTH stimulates Ca2+ release. Catecholamines from the Adrenal Medulla (a) Short-term stress response and the adrenal medulla (b) Long-term stress response and the adrenal cortex Hypothalamus Stress Nerve impulses Spinal cord (cross section) Releasing hormone Neuron Anterior pituitary Blood vessel Adrenal medulla Neuron Adrenal gland ACTH Adrenal cortex Kidney Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine: • Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose • Increased blood pressure • Increased breathing rate • Increased metabolic rate • Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive, excretory, and reproductive system activity Effects of mineralocorticoids: Effects of glucocorticoids: • Retention of sodium • Proteins and fats broken ions and water by down and converted to kidneys glucose, leading to increased blood glucose • Increased blood volume and blood pressure • Partial suppression of immune system 8 3/5/2017 Steroid Hormones from the Adrenal Cortex • Epinephrine and norepinephrine Sex Hormones Bipotential gonad Male duct (Wolffian) Female duct (Müllerian) Embryo (XY or XX) Absence of male hormones Testosterone AMH Ovary Testis Uterus Vas deferens Oviduct Bladder Bladder Seminal vesicle Male (XY) fetus Endocrine Disruptors Female (XX) fetus Hormones and Biological Rhythms 9 3/5/2017 Evolution of Hormone Function 10