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Transcript
How Powerful is the Sun? PSun ~ š × šššš joules/sec = 400,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 watts (= 400 Trillion, Trillion watts!) ļ¶ And this will continue for the Sunās ~10-Billion-Year Lifetime! Q: What can the Sun do to us from 93,000,000 Miles away? A: Quite a lot! The āSolar Constantā ā 1400 Watts per Square Meter! Q: What could the Sunās Power Source be? A?: ā¢ Not Chemical Energy (i.e., āOxidation/Combustionāā¦ e.g., āBurningā wood, coal, etcā¦) ā¢ Not Gravitational Energy from āKelvin-Helmholtzā Contractionā¦ ā¢ Only one Power Source sufficientā¦ => Nuclear Fusion! Where Nuclear Energy actually comes fromā¦ How to get energy from Nuclear processesā¦ Move towards a āmore stableā (more strongly bound) nucleus! But a Nucleus is full of Positively-Charged Protonsā¦ (ā¦what Fundamental Force of Physics could be Strong enough to hold Nuclei together against the Repulsion of āLike Chargesāā¦?) ļ Yes, thatās rightā¦ Itās the āStrong Forceā! ļ And YES, the particles carrying the Strong Force are called āGluonsā (No joke!) Fusion in the Core of the Sun: What it takesā¦ NoāCold Fusionā! The key reaction of Solar Fusion: The āProton-Proton Chainā The 1st Step: (ā¦but what are these āingredientsā?) All the Stepsā¦ Q1: What is āAntimatterā? Q2: What happens when āMatterā & āAntimatterā meet? (Diagram below shows the Opposite Process from the one above ā Neutron Decay into a Proton, Electron, & Anti-Neutrino ā caused by the Weak Force) The Particles that make up our Universeā¦ The āStandard Model of Particle Physicsā The most elusive sub-atomic particleā¦ the Neutrinoā¦ ļØ Neutrinos DONāT āfeelā the Strong (Nuclear Binding) or Electromagnetic (Charge) Forces! ļ¶ They just feel the Weak (Radioactive Decay) Force! (ā¦& a tiny bit of Gravity!) Why Care about Neutrinosā¦? ļØ They helped Shape the Universe that we live in! And the tremendous penetrating power of Neutrinos helps us Study the Universe, today! Map of Large-Scale Structure of Galaxies: (Effects of Neutrinos:) Where do Neutrinos come from? ā¢ The Big Bang! (the āCosmic Neutrino Backgroundā) ā¢ The Sun (produced by nuclear fusion reactions) ā¢ The Earth's atmosphere (produced by cosmic rays) ā¢ Supernovae within our galaxy (produced by scattering reactions) ā¢ The Earth's crust (produced by uranium and thorium decays) ā¢ Cosmic accelerators (produced by pion and kaon decays) ā¢ Nuclear power plants (produced by nuclear fission reactions) ā¢ Neutrino superbeams (produced by pion and kaon decays) ā¢ Neutrino factories (produced by muon decays) Astrophysical and/or Nuclear Neutrino Sources (from āNatureā, and Human-Generated) Many Neutrinos from the Sunās coreā¦ Where on Earth is best to look for themā¦? Some Neutrino Detectorsā¦ Super-Kamiokande Borexino The Unusual Behaviors of Neutrinos can explain some key mysteries of our Universe! (e.g.: The āSolar Neutrino Problemā, Baryogenesis, (Some) Dark Matterā¦)