Download Chapter 11 Study Guide Outline: Endocrine System

Chapter 11 Study Guide Outline: Endocrine System
1. FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
 The endocrine system includes cells; tissues, and organs, collectively
called endocrine glands that secrete _______________.
 Hormones diffuse from fluid into the bloodstream and act on _________
________.
2. ENDOCRINE & EXOCRINE:
 Endocrine glands secrete _________ the body.
o Paracrine secretion affects only neighboring cells
o Autocrine secretions affect only the secreting cell itself
 Exocrine glands secrete ___________ the body.
3. TYPES OF HORMONES:
Steroid
 Can ________ into cells easily
 When it enters a target cell:
1. diffuses through cell membrane
2. the hormone binds to a specific protein which is the receptor
3. the hormone- receptor binds within the nucleus to regions of the
target cell's DNA activating transcription into messenger RNA
4. mRNA molecules leave, entering the cytoplasm
5. Those molecules associate with ribosomes to direct the synthesis of
specific proteins
Nonsteroid
 __________ diffuse into cells easily
 Receptors on the membrane of the target cell
1. The first messenger is the hormone that triggers biochemical activity
2. Second messengers are the biochemicals that induce changes from
hormones binding
3. One of the hormones is cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
 The hormone binds to its receptor
 The hormone- receptor complex activates a G protein
 G protein activates adenylate cyclase, a membrane protein
 This catalyzes the circularization of ATP in the cytoplasm
 cAMP activates another set of enzymes
4. HYPOTHALAMUS & PITUITARY GLAND:
Hypothalamus
 Regulates the anterior pituitary gland's release of hormones which
stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones
Negative feedback (controlling hormone secretion)
 Nervous system stimulates some glands directly
 Another group of glands respond directly to changes in the composition
of the internal environment
 When hormone levels rise in the blood & it exerts its effects, negative
feedback inhibits the system, decreasing hormone secretion
Pituitary gland
 Location: at the base of the brain where a pituitary stalk attaches it to the
hypothalamus
 Split into two lobes
1. Anterior pituitary (__________ lobe)
2. Posterior pituitary (__________ lobe)
 Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus control secretion from the
anterior pituitary gland
 Hormones
1. Growth Hormone (GH): promotes growing
2. Prolactin (PRL): promotes _______ production
3. Thyroid ____________ hormone(TSH): controls thyroid gland secretions
4. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): stimulates release of ________
5. __________ Stimulating Hormone (FSH): production of semen in males
and regulates egg formation and release estrogen
6. Luteinizing hormone (LH): exerts action on gonads or ____________
organs
7. Antidiuretic hormone(ADH): reduces volume of water the kidneys
excrete. Regulates water _________________ of body fluids
8. Oxytocin (OT): contracts smooth muscles in the uterus and
mammary glands. Releases during childbirth.
5. THYROID GLAND:
 Consists of two large lobes
 Located below the larynx on either side and in front of the trachea
 Synthesize two hormones
 _____________ (T4) & Triodothyronine (T3): regulate metabolism of
carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
Required for normal growth and development, and essential to
nervous system maturation
6. PARATHYROID GLAND:
 Located on the posterior surface of thyroid gland.
 There are four parathyroid glands
 Superior and inferior gland with each of the thryoid's lateral lobes
 Secretes ____________ hormone (PTH): increases blood Calcium
concentration and decreases blood phosphate ion
concentration
 Causes kidney to conserve blood Ca and excrete more P ions in the
urine, stimulates Ca absorption from food in intestine, increasing blood
concentration
7. ADRENAL GLAND:
 Location: sits atop each kidney
 Two parts of the adrenal gland
 Adrenal medulla (central portion)
 Adrenal cortex (outer portion)
 Adrenal Medulla hormones:
 epinephrine (_____________) and norepinephrine (_______________):
increase heart rate, force of cardiac muscle contraction, breathing
rate, and blood glucose level, elevate blood pressure, and decrease
digestive activity. Fight-or-flight response
 Adrenal Cortex hormones:
 ___________: mineralocorticoid; regulates the concentration of
mineral electrolytes. Causes kidney to conserve sodium ions and
excrete potassium ions
 __________l: glucocorticoid; influences protein and fat metabolism
 Important actions include:
-Inhibition of protein synthesis
-Promotion of fatty acids
-Stimulation of liver cells to synthesize glucose
 Sex hormones: supplement sex hormones from the gonads and
stimulate early development of reproductive organs
-Adrenal androgens (_______ types)
-Estrogens (________ type)
8. PANCREAS:
 Regulates __________ levels in the body and aids in digestion
 As an Exocrine Gland:
o Releases digestive juice to digestive tract
 As an Endocrine Gland:
o Alpha cells release glucagon to increase glucose level In blood
which breaks down glycogen and converts noncarbohydrates into
glucose
o Beta cells releases insulin in order to lower blood glucose level by
stimulating liver to glycogen which increases protein synthesis and
makes adipose cells store fat
 Located behind the stomach
9. PINEAL GLAND:
 Regulates natural rhythms of the body over 24 hours, sleep, awakeness
etc (known as _________ rhythm)
o Does this with the hormone ___________
o Light causes increase in secretion causing tiredness
o Darkness causes decrease in secretion causing alertness and to be
awake
 Located on the upper part of thalamus
10. THYMUS GLAND:
 Helps regulate production of differentiation of ___ lymphocytes in
immunity
o Does this with the hormone ________
 Located between lungs under sternum
11. REPRODUCTIVE GLANDS:
 Regulate hormones associated with reproduction in males and females
 Femaleso Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone
o ____________________ increases during ovulation
o _________________ increases during the menstrual cycle
o Placenta
 Maleso Testes/testicles produce testosterone and small amounts form
adrenal gland
o Causes change in puberty such as hair growth, deepened voice
and promotes muscle development and sexual drive
o Too little is called hypogonadism
12. DIGESTIVE GLANDS AND OTHER HORMONE PRODUCING ORGANS:
 Heart secretes atrial natriuretic peptide which has an affecting sodium in
the body
 Kidneys produce erythropoietin ceasing blood cell production
13. STRESS AND ITS EFFECTS
 Stress threatens ______________
 Ruins and damages tissue
 Psychological stresses result from real or perceived dangers
 Stress is regulated by the ______________
 Hormones associated with are Cortisol, Glucagon, Grown Hormone,
Antidiuretic Hormone
14. DISEASES
 Osteoporosis
 __________ loss is the result of drops in estrogen levels
 Estrogen supports osteoblasts
 Addison's Disease (primary __________ insufficiency)
 Adrenal glands aren't producing enough of the hormone cortisol
 Cushing's syndrome
 Excess production of the hormone __________
 Diabetes
 Type I: Body doesn't produce _________
 Type II: Receptors on the __________ cells of insulin do not work