Download AP Biology Summer Assignment - Garnet Valley School District

AP Biology Summer Assignment
Congratulations, you have chosen to take AP Biology next year! Your choice to take AP Biology
includes a summer filled with science! You will take a mesmerizing journey through the theory of
Evolution. This will begin with Charles Darwin, and you will make your way through five fascinating
chapters of evolutionary theory, population genetics, modern evolution, classification, systematics and
the beginning of life on earth! You probably can’t wait to get started, so here are the details:
For each chapter, there is a list of vocabulary and concepts found in the chapter.
Instructions about what you need to do and know are at the top of each chapter page.
There are study guides to help you along the way. These are very good resources to
summarize topics. At the end of each study guide are multiple choice questions.
You should save these for practice when you return to class in September. (If you
have just registered for this class over the summer, the textbook and study guides are
available in guidance.)
The summer is a good time to start practicing your outlining skills. The vocabulary
lists are essentials that you have to cover. These terms should be incorporated into
your outline. Do not exclusively study these terms. The diagrams in the chapters
will be invaluable to study from throughout the course, so please review them. You
may wish to write a note to refer to a diagram from the chapter when you are making
your chapter outline. This will save you some time.
When you return, you are expected to be very familiar with the chapter material, but you will be able to
ask questions on concepts you don’t understand. Please be sure to keep a list of questions you may
come across. We will spend two and a half weeks to review concepts, reinforce ideas with activities and
engage in lab-based exercises for the various concepts in the chapters. We will have a quiz on each
chapter, and there will be a test on Chapter 22 and 23 and a test on Chapter 24, 25 and 26.
Ms. Frost can be contacted at the following e-mail address: [email protected]
Chapter 22 – Descent with Modification
You must read the entire chapter. As you are reading, you should define the following terms or
concepts, describe them, explain the significance of each and give examples when at all possible.
Natural Selection
Adaptation
Evolution
The Origin of Species
Taxonomy
Fossils
Sedimentary rock
Paleontology
Cuvier and catastrophism
Hutton and gradualism
Lyell and uniformitariansim
Larmark’s theories of evolution by:
Use and Disuse
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics (this theory is incorrect)
Descent with Modification
Summarize each of Darwin’s inferences from his observations that he made (p. 444) This is the
mechanism he proposed for natural selection!!! It is also summarized nicely at the end of p. 445 and
goes over to p. 446. It is VERY important that you know this well.
Malthus ideas about human populations
Population
Evidence for evolution that includes the following terms:
Homology
Homologous structures and Comparative Anatomy
Comparative Embryology
Vestigial organs and structures
Molecular homologies
Biogeography
Endemic
The fossil record
Transitional Fossils
Pangea
Convergent Evolution
Analogous Structures
Chapter 23: The Evolution of Populations
You must read the entire chapter. As you are reading, you should define the following terms or
concepts, describe them, explain the significance of each and give examples when at all possible.
You must be able to solve problems using the Hardy-Weinberg equation.
In this chapter, the terms may not be in the same order as the text. You do need to read the entire
chapter. Mark any terms that are not found in this chapter.
Evolution of a population (not an individual!)
Microevolution
Darwin’s knowledge of Mendel’s work
Modern synthesis of evolution
Population genetics
(Read 23.2 VERY carefully)
Population (you already defined this)
Gene pool
Allele Frequency
Genotype Frequency
Hardy Weinberg Theorem
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium
List and summarize all five conditions that must be met for Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Sources for Variation that allow Evolution:
Mutations
Point mutations
Gene duplications
Mutation rates in animals
Mutation rates in HIV or bacteria
Sexual recombination
Conditions that allow Evolution:
Natural Selection
Genetic Drift
Bottleneck effect
Founder effect
Gene Flow
Discrete characters
Quantitative characters
Morphs
Phenotypic polymorphism
Genetic polymorphism
Average Heterozygosity
Geographic variation
Cline
Fitness
Relative fitness
Directional selection
Frequency-dependent selection
Disruptive selection
Neutral Variation
Stabilizing selection
Pseudogenes
Diploidy
Sexual selection
Balancing selection
Sexual Dimorphism
Balanced polymorphism
Intrasexual Selection
Heterozygote advantage
Intersexual Selection
Chapter 24: The Origin of Species
You must read the entire chapter. As you are reading, you should define the following terms or
concepts, describe them, explain the significance of each and give examples when at all possible
Speciation
Macroevolution
Anagenesis
Cladogenesis
Biological Species Concept
Reproductive Isolation
Prezygotic Barriers
Postzygotic Barriers
Habitat Isolation
Temporal Isolation
Behavioral Isolation
Mechanical Isolation
Gametic Isolation
Reduced Hybrid Viability
Reduced Hybrid Fertility
Hybrid Breakdown
Morphological Species Concept (commonly used)
Phylogenetic Species Concept (commonly used)
Ecological and Paleontological species concepts
Allopatric Speciation
Sympatric Speciation (know the differences between allopatric and sympatric speciation very well)
Polyploidy
Autopolyploidy
Allopolyploidy
Habitat differentiation
Sexual selection
Adaptive Radiation
Punctuated Equillibrium (and supporting evidence)
Gradualism (and supporting evidence)
Species selection
Chapter 25: The Tree of Life
You must read the entire chapter. As you are reading, you should define the following terms or
concepts, describe them, explain the significance of each and give examples when at all possible
List and explain the 4 conditions on earth necessary for life to begin
Miller and Urey’s Experiment (include inorganics used, organics produces, and their conclusion)
Earth’s early atmosphere
Protobionts
RNA
Ribozymes
Relative Dating
Index Fossils
Radiometric Dating (absolute dating)
Half-life (be able to calculate a fossil’s age given half life information)
Geologic record
Mass Extinctions
Era, Period, Epoch
Permian extinction
Cretaceous Extinction
Cambrian Explosion
Cenozoic Era
Stromatolites
First Porkaryotic organisms
Anoxic environment on the earth
Prokaryotic cells
Endosymbiotic Theory (origin of organelles and eukaryotic cells)
Eukaryotic cells
Genetic annealing
Continental Drift
Pangea
Five Kingdom Clsasification System
Monera
3 Domain System (which includes six kingdoms)
Heterochrony
Padeomorphism
Homeotic genes
Allometric growth
Exaptation
Hox genes
Chapter 26: Phylogeny and Systematics
You must read the entire chapter. As you are reading, you should define the following terms or
concepts, describe them, explain the significance of each and give examples when at all possible
Phylogeny
Systematics
Molecular systematics
Fossil record
Analogy (analogous structure or Homoplasy)
Molecular homologies (and why they may be challenging to analyze)
Taxonomy
Binomial nomenclature
Kingdom, Phylum, Class Order, Family, Genus, Species
Taxon
Hierarchical classification
Phylogenetic tree
Cladogram
Clade
Cladistics
Monophyletic grouping
Paraphyletic grouping
Polyphyletic grouping
Shared primitive character
Shared derived character
Outgroup
Ingroup
Maximum Parsimony
Maximum Likelihood
Molecular Clock
3 domains: Archaea, Eukarya, Bacteria
Horizontal gene transfer
Analogy/Analogous structure
Homoplaisies