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HOW TO IDENTIFY THE FUNCTION OF PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE IN A SENTENCE Oleh : Sri Haryanti ABSTRAK Frasa preposisi merupakan sebuah frasa yang dimulai dengan preposisi dan diakhiri dengan kata ganti benda, kata benda, atau gerund. Frasa ini banyak digunakan dalam kalimat-kalimat di dalam suatu teks. Kadangkadang pembaca menemui kesulitan ketika diminta menunjukkan fungsi dari frasa tersebut. Pada umumnya frasa ini berfungsi sebagai keterangan atau adverbia seperti dalam kalimat The people are gathering in the stadium. In the stadium sebagai frasa preposisi yang menerangkan kata kerja are gathering. Disamping itu, frasa ini bisa berfungsi sebagai ajektiva dan nomina. Permasalahan yang dibahas dalam paper ini adalah bagaimana pembaca mengidentifikasi fungsi frasa preposisi dalam sebuah kalimat. Untuk mengetahui perbedaan ketiga fungsi tersebut, pembaca dapat mengenali posisi frasa tersebut disamping maknanya. Posisi tersebut diantaranya: frasa preposisi yang berfungsi sebagai ajektiva selalu diletakkan sesudah kata benda atau nomina yang diterangkan, misalnya The boys in this village like playing football., frasa in this village menerangkan kata benda boys; frasa preposisi yang berfungsi sebagai adverbial dapat diletakkan sesudah kata kerja sebagai predikat (We usually eat at home)atau sesudah kata benda sebagai objek (We always eat rice in the afternoon)(di akhir kalimat) maupun di awal kalimat (Before going to campus, Arina usually eats breakfast); frasa preposisi yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda dapat diletakkan di awal kalimat sebagai subjek (After lunch is the appropriate time to have a rest), sesudah linking verb dan frasa tersebut sebagai pelengkap subjek (The appropriate time to have a rest is after lunch), sesudah kata benda sebagai objek sehingga frasa preposisi ini sebagai pelengkap objek (I found my wallet in a wet condition) atau sesudah preposisi sehingga frasa preposisi ini sebagai objek dari preposisi (He will wait for until dark). Kata-kata Kunci: Frasa Preposisi, Mengidentifikasi, Fungsi Frasa Preposisi. INTRODUCTION Preposition has a very important role in making sentences. It seems that preposition is just a simple word because it can be one word, two words, or more. However, when the speaker or writer does not pay attention to it, he or she will make an incorrect sentence. When preposition is followed by the other words, that is noun, it is called prepositional phrase. The preposition is classified as a part of speech in traditional grammar. However, prepositions as well as conjunctions differ from other parts of speech in that (1) each composed of a small class of words that have no formal characteristic endings; (2) each signals syntatic structures that function as one of the other parts of speech. For these reasons modern linguists prefer to classify prepositions as structure words rather than as parts of speech. Sri Haryanti : adalah dosen Progdi Pend. Bhs. Inggris, UNWIDHA Klaten 50 Magistra No. 78 Th. XXIII Desember 2011 ISSN 0215-9511 How To Identify The Function Of Prepositional Phrase...... Prepositions range in meaning from such definite semantic notions as time, place, etc., to such Noun, pronoun or gerund, here become objects of preposition, therefore, their forms are purely structural meaning as those shaped by the subject-verb-complement relationship (The murder of all prisoners by their captors). also in objects (them, him, her, me, us, you, it). One prepositional phrase can contain two or more objects of one preposition, example: for students A preposition signals that a noun or a noun structure follows it; the preposition + noun and faculty, except lettuce, cheese, and pickles, by noon or evening, without money, health, or combination constitutes a prepositional phrase (He walked into the house). A prepositional phrase may companionship, toward either Tim or Rick, with neither the ability nor the ambition, by both the function as an adverb, adjective or noun. Since the preposition is an integral part of the prepositional mayor and the council, concerning not only his work but also his leisure (Pratt, 1993:53-54). phrase, both prepositions and prepositional phrase will be presented in this paper. Words that connect two objects of one preposition are called conjunctions. The words in italic in Based on the explanation above, the writer would like to formulate the problem as follows: How do we know that prepositional phrase functions as adjective, adverb or noun in a sentence? After learning this material, the readers are expected to possess the knowledge of prepositional phrases, to identify the uses of prepositional phrase in the sentence, to use the meaning categories of prepositional phrase in the sentence and to identify position of prepositional phrase and its functions; the examples above are conjunctions. Prepositions which are always followed by nouns or pronouns are connected words that show the relationship between the nouns following them and one of the basic sentence element: subject, verb, object, or complement. They usually indicate relationships, such as position, place, direction, time, manner, agent, possession, and condition, between their objects and other parts of the sentence. B. Use of the Prepositional Phrase in the Sentence REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. The Notion of Prepositional Phrase Prepositional Phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun (Pratt, 1993:48). Examples: (1) He is a student of Widya Dharma University. (2) She did the assignment by herself. (3) The letter might be among those papers. (4) These references are for making paper. Many prepositional phrases seem adverbial in meaning, in that they often indicate time, place, manner or degree, as adverbs do. However, the same prepositional phrase may be used as : 1. an adverb Example: (1) I can see you at noon. (2) Put the flowers in the vase. (3) He was walking with his friend. (4) The delegates went for a swim before breakfast. Magistra No. 78 Th. XXIII Desember 2011 ISSN 0215-9511 51 How To Identify The Function Of Prepositional Phrase...... (5) Either the brooch with the ruby, the ring Prepositional phrase used as adverbs usually follows the verb, though like adverbs, they in platinum, or the pendant with the three diamonds would be appropriate can be moved to other positions in the sentence. for the lady. (6) All of the bridesmaids were beautiful. Example: (1) For the boosters the first half of the game 3. had been great. Prepositional phrase used as nouns will be subjects, objects, or complements in the (2) After the game the team drove without sentence. delay to Akron. (3) In haste he ran to the desk of the night editor. Example: (1) Before breakfast is a good time to swim. (as subject) (4) With my loyal and resourceful comrade, I conquered them. (2) We found her in tears. (as objective complement) (5) On the side of her car, the students had attached a message. (3) I cannot see you until after the Christmas holidays. (as object of preposition) When a long adverb phrase or two short phrases begin a sentence, they are followed by a comma, like in the examples (4) and (5) above. Besides, prepositional phrase as adverb can be in mid position, such as in the (4) The dog emerged from under the porch. (as object of preposition) (5) She was in tears. (as subjective complement) sentence The new student,because of his aggressiveness, could not make many friends. 2. a noun (6) That case is out of our jurisdiction. (as subjective complement) an adjective Prepositional phrase used as adjectives usually follow the nouns, they modify. Example: (1) A swim before breakfast is better than one after dinner. C. Meaning Category The following list illustrates the use of prepositional phrases to convey specific kinds of information. 1. Place, position (2) One girl in the show was very talented. Across Her house is across the street. (3) Many of the exhibits at the fair were after The first street after the bridge excellent. (4) Neither the ones in first grade nor those in the second seemed sufficiently is State Street. against His bicycle was leaning against the fence. coordinated. 52 Magistra No. 78 Th. XXIII Desember 2011 ISSN 0215-9511 How To Identify The Function Of Prepositional Phrase...... around at The shop is just around the corner. 2. Direction across I am going across the street to see my cousin. at The child threw a stone at the bear. He used to be a student at a North American University. before I have your letter before me now. behind The garage is behind the house. into below They live in the apartment below ours. I saw her going into the theatre a few minutes ago. to She went to the grocery store. His shop is between the bank through The bird flew through the open window. up The salmon were swimming between and the post office. by in in front of inside near on That house by the lake is my dream house. She was dozing in an armchair when he got there up the river. 3. Time after The ball stopped in front of the bus. Would you please call after eight? at Come in. It is warmer inside the house. I told her to meet us at six o’clock sharp. before You shouldn’t smoke near gasoline. Take this medicine before mealtime. during He found the book on the table. During the winter, I think I’ll go to Florida. in I’ll meet you in an hour. on top of I want whipped cream on top of my strawberries. opposite The school is opposite the church. outside There’s a bird nest outside window. over The window is over the radiator to Attach the rope to the bumper of the car under The book was under the desk. Magistra No. 78 Th. XXIII Desember 2011 ISSN 0215-9511 4. Purpose, reason for 5. Possession Of 6. Take this medicine for your headache. The leader of the scouts has not arrived yet. Manner, instrument By I enjoy going there by train. In You can’t go to that restaurant in jeans. Like That clown walks like a duck. With She writes with a pen. 53 How To Identify The Function Of Prepositional Phrase...... 7. “In the vicinity of” Identification At The shop at the corner sells stamps. By That book by Hemingway is a In With People have reported seeing a stranger around the store. 2. At masterpiece. With a street address if the house number is The man in the dark suit is my neighbour. given. People with law degrees often With points in time She lives at 18 Magnolia Street. go into politics. 8. With prices We walked for miles and miles. for 9. He arrived at 8.00. Distance I can’t afford to buy them at that price. 3. Agent By “Alone” (with a reflexive pronoun) This film was directed by a Czech director. by He lives by himself. “Past” 10. Material Several buses go by our house. I must fill my pen with ink. with “At the latest” (with a maximum time limit) 11. Quantity Meat is sold by pound or by kilo. by He will be here by five o’clock. 4. For To indicate duration of time. D. Prepositions with Multiple Meanings She played the piano for two hours. Some prepositions are used to express variety of meanings. These may present difficulties. Some of them common prepositions with their various meanings and their most common uses are summarized as follows for “In exchange for” reference purpose. “instead of,” “in place of” 1. Around “At approximately” The police believe the man died around six o’clock. I bought this book for two dollars. With the beneficiary of an action Shall I open the window for you? When he was away, his neighbour did the work for him. With the subject of an infinitive It is important for them to arrive early. The temperature has been around 32° C all day. 54 Magistra No. 78 Th. XXIII Desember 2011 ISSN 0215-9511 How To Identify The Function Of Prepositional Phrase...... 5. In The temperature is well above freezing. With cities, states, countries, continents. He held an umbrella over his head. He lives in Cairo. Over also means “more than” and “in the course of” a period time. With periods of time. He is over eighty years old. I saw him in January. Over the years, he has proven to be a true friend. With lengths of time He will come in an hour. With languages 2. Below refers to a place lower than a certain point. Under refers to a place directly below a certain point. That opera was originally written in Italian. 6. On That valley is below sea level. To indicate contact with a surface His shoes are under the bed. The book is on the table. Under also means “less than” and “under the supervision of.” With days of the week and dates Summer begins on June 21. The children in this class are under six years of age. With the name of a street I live on McKinley Street. 7. With To indicate association I will stay with the car while you go for help. 8. Without To indicate the absence of something Nothing can live without water. E. Prepositions that are often confusing In, on and at, discussed previously, are probably the most often confusing English prepositions. Following are some others. 1. Above, over Above refers to a place higher than a certain point. Over refers to a place directly above a certain point. Magistra No. 78 Th. XXIII Desember 2011 ISSN 0215-9511 Below, under She works under the managing editor. 3. Beneath, underneath Beneath and underneath mean almost the same thing in many uses. Generally, both indicate a position lower than a given point when the meanings diverge. Underneath convey more specifically the meaning of one object being covered up by another, and beneath may be used in a figurative sense. It may be useful to associate underneath with under and beneath with below. Two hundred feet beneath (below) the surface of the earth, solid rock was found. The shoes were found underneath a pile of clothes in the closet. 55 How To Identify The Function Of Prepositional Phrase...... 4. I found your letter among my school papers. To, toward To is used with verbs of motion and definite destinations. Toward means “in the general 9. direction.” Through refers to motion first into then out We walked to the station. of something. Throughout is used with something that is distributed in every part All mosques face toward Mecca. 5. Through, throughout of something. Beside, besides Let’s walk through the park. Beside means “next to.” Besides means “in addition to” The news spread throughout the country. He is sitting beside his brother. Two others won prizes besides us. 6. In, into In is used with locations or conditions. Into is used with verbs that show motion (real or metaphorical) from one place or state to another. The child is in the pool. The child jumped into the pool. The patient is in a coma. The patient slipped into a coma. 7. F. Position of Prepositional Phrases and Its Functions 1. In adjective function One or more prepositional phrases may follow the noun head, with no commas between them. a. The meeting of all members The car went past the monument at In Paris This example above is succession of prepositional phrase modifying the noun head. b. 10.00. He lives beyond the post office. Between, among Between refers to position in relation to two persons or things. Among refers to position in relation three or more persons or things. The honey two windows. These prepositional phrases may successively modify the noun in the preceding phrase. fromfrom the bees the bees c. In thenorthern northern In the part part of theofcountry the country These prepositional phrases may be a combination of (a) and (b) successively modify the noun in the preceding I want to put the table between those The meeting ofmembers the of the members 56 In July 16 Past, beyond Past is used with verbs of motion to indicate approaching, then passing by a certain point. Beyond refers to a location further away than some specified concrete or abstract point. 8. These prepositional phrases may all modify the noun head ofclub of the the club on on July 16 July 16 of year ofthat that year Magistra No. 78 Th. XXIII Desember 2011 ISSN 0215-9511 How To Identify The Function Of Prepositional Phrase...... 2. In adverbial function Adverbial prepositional phrases maybe used in three positions: Initial position Because of his aggressiveness, the new student could not make many friends. Mid-position The new student, because of his aggressiveness, could not make many friends. Final Position The new student could not make many friends because of his aggressiveness. CONCLUSION Here is the conclusion of the discussion that the writer can state. The readers can identify the functions of prepositional phrases by seeing their position in the sentence and their meaning. Before coming to the main conclusion the writer gives the two statements as follows: First, Prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with preposition and ends with noun, pronoun, or gerund. A prepositional phrase may function as an adverb, an adjective, or noun. Since the preposition is an integral part of the prepositional phrase, both preposition and prepositional phrases can not be separated in a sentence. Prepositional phrase functioning as adjective is always placed after the noun modified. Prepositional phrase functioning as adverb can be after the predicate, direct object, after the subject which is written between commas, or before the subject. Whereas, Prepositional phrase functioning as noun can be in subject position or in initial position, after linking verb, after object, or after preposition itself. REFERENCES Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English A Practical Reference Guide. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Pratt, Lorraine Nichols. 1993. Grammar Step-ByStep. Volume 1. Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara. ____________ . 1993. Grammar Step-By-Step. Volume 2. Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara. Quirk, Randolph and Sidney Greenbaum. 1983. A University Grammar of English. England: Longman Group, Ltd. Thomson, A.J. and A.V. Martinet. 1977. A Practical English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Second, The use of prepositional phrase also conveys specific kinds of information as position, place, direction, time, purpose, reason, etc. Even, prepositions have multiple meanings. These may present difficulties because we face it by supplying deep knowledge. Magistra No. 78 Th. XXIII Desember 2011 ISSN 0215-9511 57