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Cardiovascular System How materials move through the body • The heart is a large, four-chambered organ made of cardiac muscle. • Arteries carry oxygenated blood – blood high in oxygen and low in wastes like CO2 • Veins carry deoxygenated blood – blood low in oxygen but high in wastes and carbon dioxide • All veins and arteries are smooth muscle • The circulatory system is divided into three parts: • Coronary circulation – circulation through the heart • Pulmonary circulation – circulation through the lungs • Systemic circulation – circulation throughout the rest of the body Main Components of the Cardiovascular System • The heart has four chambers • the two on the top are called atria (atrium) • the two on the bottom are called ventricles • The right side of the heart receives the deoxygenated blood, and the left side of the heart pumps the oxygenated blood back into the body. • To help you remember…use this: The Right side Receives and the Left side Leaves • The heart circulates blood from the extremities of the body into the lungs, then back through the heart and back into the body. The Heart Basics Heart Structure Superior vena cava – blood from the upper part of the body Pulmonary vein – deoxygenated blood to the lungs Aorta – blood to the brain and upper extremities Pulmonary vein deoxygenated blood to the lungs pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery - oxygenated blood from the lungs Right side of the heart Inferior vena cava – blood from the lower part of the Aorta – blood to lower body extremities Left side of the heart • Circulation to the heart muscle itself is called coronary circulation. • Because the heart is constantly beating, it needs constant nourishment and waste removal. • When blood can’t reach all areas of the heart muscle, this causes a heart attack. • Heart attacks kill parts of the heart muscle and can result in diminished physical abilities or even death. Coronary Circulation Image on page 65 • Pulmonary circulation refers to the circulation of blood through the heart and into the lungs or pulmonary system. • The blood exchanges wastes and CO2 for oxygen and nutrients in the lungs in tiny sacs called alveoli. • The blood moving to the lungs travels through the pulmonary vein and into the lungs. • The blood moving back to the heart travels through the pulmonary artery. Pulmonary Circulation Image on page 66 • Oxygenated blood moves throughout the body bringing nutrients and oxygen to the organs and tissues. • There are three main types of vessels in the systemic system: • Veins – have one-way valves that allow the blood to flow only toward the heart • Arteries – open tubes carrying oxygenated blood • Capillaries – very small blood vessels with very thin walls to allow the exchange of wastes and nutrients in tissues Systemic Circulation Pumped by heart Double-Bubble Map Type of Circulation Pumped by heart Type of Circulation Double-Bubble Map Pulmonary circulation Pumped by heart Double-Bubble Map The path followed… Pulmonary circulation From the heart to the lungs and back to the heart Pumped by heart What happens … … Double-Bubble Map Pulmonary circulation From the heart to the lungs and back to the heart Pumped by heart Wastes exchanged in the lungs Oxygen added Double-Bubble Map The path followed… Pulmonary Circulation From the heart to the lungs and back to the heart Pumped by heart Wastes exchanged in the lungs Systemic Circulation Oxygen added Double-Bubble Map … Pulmonary Circulation From the heart to the lungs and back to the heart What happens… Pumped by heart Wastes exchanged in the lungs From the heart to the body and back to the heart Systemic Circulation Oxygen added Double-Bubble Map Oxygen and nutrients provided to cells ? From the heart to the lungs and back to the heart Wastes removed from cells Pumped by heart Wastes exchanged in the lungs From the heart to the body and back to the heart ? Oxygen added Double-Bubble Map • When pressure is applied to a fluid in a closed system, the pressure is transmitted throughout the liquid in all directions…Pascal’s Principle… • This means that the pressure put on the blood from your heart each time it pumps is felt throughout the body on the blood in all the veins, arteries, and capillaries. • Your pulse is the measurement of the pressure in your arteries as your heart beats and sends blood pushing through your circulatory system. • A normal resting pulse is usually between 60-100 beats per minute. • Blood pressure is measured using two numbers…the systolic and diastolic. • The systolic measurement is the amount of pressure exerted when the ventricles contract and blood is pushed out of the heart. A healthy systolic measurement is <120. • The diastolic measurement is the amount of pressure exerted during the resting phase of the ventricles as they fill with blood to contract again. A healthy diastolic measurement is <80. • As a healthy teen, your blood pressure might be measured at 110/70. Pulse and Blood Pressure • Atherosclerosis – a build-up of fatty deposits on arterial walls. • This can cause the blood vessel walls to become stiff and inflexible, contributing to hypertension. • Hypertension – also known as high blood pressure, places extra strain on the heart and internal organs. • Heart Failure – when heart valves fail to work properly and the blood is not pumped effectively throughout the cardiovascular system, wastes can build up in extremities and tissues in the extremities don’t get the nutrients they need. Cardiovascular Disease • Cardiovascular Disease Prevention is simple: • Eat a diet low in saturated fats, salts, sugar, and cholesterol. • Many of the food high in fats, salts, sugar, and cholesterol increase fat storage. • Get regular exercise and relaxation. • Regular exercise strengthens your heart muscle and relaxation lowers blood pressure allowing your heart to work effectively. Laughter is great for blood pressure! • Maintain a safe weight for your age. • Being overweight makes your heart work harder than necessary to get nutrients to all your tissues, but being underweight causes problems because your body doesn’t have the necessary muscle and fat mass to allow your heart to work at peak efficiency. • Don’t smoke and avoid drug use. • DUH! Smoking brings toxic chemicals into your lungs and into your circulatory system, and drugs affect the way your heart and internal organs function. • Some drugs can cause your blood pressure to skyrocket, resulting in broken blood vessels and internal bleeding which can lead to death. Cardiovascular Disease Prevention • Blood has 4 functions in the human body: • Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to your tissues and CO2 from the tissues to your lungs • Blood carries waste products from your cells to your kidneys to be removed • Blood transports nutrients to your cells • Cells in blood help fight infections and help heal wounds • Blood has 4 parts: • • • • Plasma – the liquid part of blood Red blood cells – the oxygen-carrying cells White blood cells – the infection-fighting cells in the blood Platelets – the clotting agents Blood • Your body contains almost 5 L (1.3 Gal) of blood. • A pregnant woman increases her blood volume to nearly double that volume. • Plasma makes up more than half the volume of blood • Contains dissolved nutrients • Blood cells have no nuclei • • Red blood cells have a life span of 120 days Red blood cells are made at a rate of 2 million to 3 million a second in the center of long bones • Hemoglobin- a molecule that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide, and give blood its red color. • White blood cells fight off bacteria and viruses • White blood cells can live for months • Platelets- plate-shaped cell fragments that clot blood • • A cubic millimeter of blood contains as many as 400,000 platelets! Platelets live anywhere between five to nine days • Blood Clotting Blood