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Preface xxii
PART ONE Writing: Skills and Process
1. An Introduction to Writing
2
4
Point and Support 5
An Important Difference between Writing and Talking 5
Point and Support in a Paragraph 6
Knowing Your Purpose and Audience 8
Benefits of Paragraph Writing 9
Writing as a Skill 9
Writing as a Process of Discovery 11
Keeping a Journal 12
Tips on Using a Computer 14
Ways to Use a Computer at Each Stage of the Writing Process 15
2. The Writing Process
19
Prewriting 20
Technique 1: Freewriting 20
Technique 2: Questioning 23
Technique 3: Making a List 24
Technique 4: Clustering 26
Technique 5: Preparing a Scratch Outline 27
Writing a First Draft 28
Writing a First Draft: A Student Model 29
Revising 30
Revising Content 31
Revising Sentences 31
Editing 31
An Illustration of the Revising and Editing Processes 32
Using Peer Review 34
1. Identification 35
2. Scratch Outline 35
3. Comments 35
Review Activities 36
Taking a Writing Inventory 36
Prewriting 38
Outlining 40
Revising 46
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PART TWO Basic Principles of Effective Writing
3. The First and Second Steps in Writing
52
54
Step 1: Begin with a Point 55
Identifying Common Errors in Topic Sentences 57
Understanding the Two Parts of a Topic Sentence 59
Selecting a Topic Sentence 61
Writing a Topic Sentence I 62
Writing a Topic Sentence II 64
Step 2: Support the Point with Specific Evidence 65
The Point as an “Umbrella” Idea 66
Reinforcing Point and Support 68
The Importance of Specif ic Details 71
Recognizing Specific Details 71
Providing Supporting Evidence 74
The Importance of Adequate Details 75
Identifying Adequate Supporting Evidence 77
Adding Details to Complete a Paragraph 80
Writing a Paragraph 81
4. The Third and Fourth Steps in Writing
Step 3: Organize and Connect the Specific Evidence
Common Methods of Organization: Time Order
and Emphatic Order 85
Transitions 90
Other Connecting Words 96
Step 4: Write Clear, Error-Free Sentences 99
Revising Sentences 99
Editing Sentences 117
5. Four Bases for Revising Writing
84
85
120
Base 1: Unity 121
Understanding Unity 121
Checking for Unity 123
Base 2: Support 127
Understanding Support 127
Checking for Support 128
Base 3: Coherence 130
Understanding Coherence 130
Checking for Coherence 132
Base 4: Sentence Skills 136
Understanding Sentence Skills 136
Checking for Sentence Skills 139
Evaluating Paragraphs for All Four Bases: Unity, Support, Coherence,
and Sentence Skills 140
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CONTENTS
PART THREE Paragraph Development
6. Exemplification
ix
146
148
Paragraphs to Consider 149
Developing an Exemplification Paragraph 151
Development through Prewriting 151
Development through Revising 153
Writing an Exemplification Paragraph 153
7. Narration
159
Paragraphs to Consider 160
Developing a Narrative Paragraph 162
Development through Prewriting 162
Development through Revising 163
Writing a Narrative Paragraph 164
8. Description
168
Paragraphs to Consider 169
Developing a Descriptive Paragraph 171
Development through Prewriting 171
Development through Revising 173
Writing a Descriptive Paragraph 173
9. Process
179
Paragraphs to Consider 180
Developing a Process Paragraph 182
Development through Prewriting 182
Development through Revising 184
Writing a Process Paragraph 184
10. Cause and Effect
189
Paragraphs to Consider 190
Developing a Cause-and-Effect Paragraph 191
Development through Prewriting 191
Development through Revising 193
Writing a Cause-and-Effect Paragraph 193
11. Comparison or Contrast
Paragraphs to Consider 199
Methods of Development 200
One Side at a Time 200
Point by Point 201
Additional Paragraph to Consider
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Developing a Comparison or Contrast Paragraph 205
Development through Prewriting 205
Development through Revising 207
Writing a Comparison or Contrast Paragraph 208
12. Definition
212
Paragraphs to Consider 213
Developing a Definition Paragraph 215
Development through Prewriting 215
Development through Revising 217
Writing a Definition Paragraph 217
13. Division-Classification
222
Paragraphs to Consider 223
Developing a Division-Classification Paragraph 226
Development through Prewriting 226
Development through Revising 228
Writing a Division-Classification Paragraph 229
14. Argument
233
Strategies for Arguments 234
Use Tactful, Courteous Language 234
Point Out Common Ground 234
Acknowledge Differing Viewpoints 235
When Appropriate, Grant the Merits of Differing Viewpoints
Rebut Differing Viewpoints 235
Paragraphs to Consider 238
Developing an Argument Paragraph 240
Development through Prewriting 240
Development through Revising 243
Writing an Argument Paragraph 244
PART FOUR Essay Development
252
15. Introduction to Essay Development
What Is an Essay? 255
Differences between an Essay and a Paragraph
Structure of the Traditional Essay 255
A Model Essay 255
Parts of an Essay 256
Introductory Paragraph 256
Body: Supporting Paragraphs 257
Concluding Paragraph 258
Diagram of an Essay 259
Identifying the Parts of an Essay 260
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Important Considerations in Essay Development
Determining Your Point of View 262
Doing a Personal Review 264
16. Writing the Essay
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262
265
Step 1: Begin with a Point, or Thesis 266
Understanding Thesis Statements 266
Writing a Good Thesis I 266
Writing a Good Thesis II 268
Step 2: Support the Thesis with Specific Evidence 273
The Importance of Specif ic Details 275
The Importance of Adequate Details 276
Adding Details to Complete an Essay 276
Step 3: Organize and Connect the Specific Evidence 278
Common Methods of Organization 278
Transitions 280
Other Connecting Words 283
Identifying Transitions and Other Connecting
Words 283
Step 4: Write Clear, Error-Free Sentences 284
Use Active Verbs 285
Practice in Revising Sentences 286
Revising Essays for All Four Bases: Unity, Support,
Coherence, and Sentence Skills 291
17. Introductions, Conclusions, and Titles
295
Introductory Paragraph 296
Functions of the Introduction 296
Common Methods of Introduction 296
Concluding Paragraph 299
Common Methods of Conclusion 299
Identifying Introductions and Conclusions 301
Titles 302
Essay Writing Assignments 304
18. Patterns of Essay Development
309
Developing an Essay with Emphasis on Exemplification 310
Considering Purpose and Audience 310
Student Essay to Consider 310
Writing an Essay with Emphasis on Exemplification 313
Developing an Essay with Emphasis on Narration 314
Considering Purpose and Audience 314
Student Essay to Consider 315
Writing an Essay with Emphasis on Narration 318
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Developing an Essay with Emphasis on Description 319
Considering Purpose and Audience 319
Student Essay to Consider 319
Writing an Essay with Emphasis on Description 322
Developing an Essay with Emphasis on Process 323
Considering Purpose and Audience 323
Student Essay to Consider 323
Writing an Essay with Emphasis on Process 326
Developing an Essay with Emphasis on Cause and/or Effect 327
Considering Purpose and Audience 327
Student Essay to Consider 327
Writing an Essay with Emphasis on Cause and/or Effect 329
Developing an Essay with Emphasis on Comparison and/or Contrast 330
Considering Purpose and Audience 330
Student Essay to Consider 331
Writing an Essay with Emphasis on Comparison and/or Contrast 333
Developing an Essay with Emphasis on Definition 334
Considering Purpose and Audience 334
Student Essay to Consider 334
Writing an Essay with Emphasis on Definition 337
Developing an Essay with Emphasis on Division and Classification 338
Considering Purpose and Audience 338
Student Essay to Consider 338
Writing an Essay with Emphasis on Division and Classification 341
Developing an Essay with Emphasis on Argument 342
Considering Purpose and Audience 342
Student Essay to Consider 342
Writing an Essay with Emphasis on Argument 345
19. Special College Skills
346
Taking Essay Exams 347
Step 1: Anticipate Ten Probable Questions 347
Step 2: Prepare and Memorize an Informal Outline Answer
for Each Question 348
Step 3: Look at the Exam Carefully and Do Several Things 349
Step 4: Prepare a Brief, Informal Outline before Writing
Your Essay Answer 351
Step 5: Write a Clear, Well-Organized Essay 351
Writing a Summary 353
How to Summarize an Article 354
How to Summarize a Book 362
Writing a Report 363
Part 1 of a Report: A Summary of the Work 363
Part 2 of a Report: Your Reaction to the Work 363
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CONTENTS
Points to Keep in Mind When Writing a Report
A Model Report 364
20. Writing a Research Paper
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364
367
Step 1: Select a Topic That You Can Readily Research 368
Researching at a Local Library 368
Researching on the Internet 368
Step 2: Limit Your Topic and Make the Purpose
of Your Paper Clear 369
Step 3: Gather Information on Your Limited Topic 370
Step 4: Plan Your Paper and Take Notes on Your Limited Topic 370
Preparing a Scratch Outline 370
Note-Taking 371
A Caution about Plagiarism 372
Step 5: Write the Paper 375
Step 6: Use an Acceptable Format and Method of Documentation 375
Format 375
Documentation of Sources 375
Citation within a Paper 376
Citations at the End of a Paper 376
Model Entries for a List of “Works Cited” 377
Model Paper 379
PART FIVE Handbook of Sentence Skills
SECTION I Grammar
392
394
CONNECT Writing 2.0 Personalized Learning Plan
CORRELATION GUIDE
U NIT
T OP I C I N P E R SO N A L I ZE D L E A R N I N G P L A N
Writing Clear Sentences
Subjects and Verbs
Fixing Common Problems
Fragments
Run-Ons
Verb Forms
Subject-Verb Agreement
Verb Tense
Adjectives and Adverbs
Pronoun Case
Pronoun Agreement
Pronoun Reference
Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
21. Subjects and Verbs
395
A Simple Way to Find a Subject 395
A Simple Way to Find a Verb 395
More about Subjects and Verbs 396
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CONTENTS
22. Sentence Sense
400
What Is Sentence Sense? 400
Turning On Your Sentence Sense 400
Summary: Using Sentence Sense 402
23. Fragments
403
Dependent-Word Fragments 403
How to Correct a Dependent-Word Fragment 404
-ing and to Fragments 406
How to Correct -ing Fragments 407
How to Correct to Fragments 407
Added-Detail Fragments 409
How to Correct Added-Detail Fragments 409
Missing-Subject Fragments 411
How to Correct Missing-Subject Fragments 411
24. Run-Ons
415
What Are Run-Ons? 415
How to Correct Run-Ons 416
Method 1: Period and a Capital Letter 416
Method 2: Comma and a Joining Word 417
Method 3: Semicolon 420
A Note on Subordination 422
25. Regular and Irregular Verbs
426
Regular Verbs 426
A Brief Review of Regular Verbs 426
Nonstandard Forms of Regular Verbs 426
Irregular Verbs 428
A List of Irregular Verbs 428
Nonstandard Forms of Three Common Irregular Verbs 431
26. Subject–Verb Agreement
Words between Subject and Verb
Verb before Subject 435
Compound Subjects 435
Indefinite Pronouns 436
434
434
27. Additional Information about Verbs
439
Verb Tense 439
Helping Verbs 440
Verbals 441
Infinitive 441
Participle 441
Gerund 441
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CONTENTS
28. Pronoun Agreement and Reference
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443
Pronoun Agreement 443
Indefinite Pronouns 444
Pronoun Reference 445
29. Pronoun Types 448
Subject and Object Pronouns 448
Subject Pronouns 448
Object Pronouns 450
Possessive Pronouns 451
Demonstrative Pronouns 452
30. Adjectives and Adverbs
454
Adjectives 454
What Are Adjectives? 454
Using Adjectives to Compare 455
Points to Remember about Comparing 455
Adverbs 456
What Are Adverbs? 456
A Common Mistake with Adverbs and Adjectives 456
Well and Good 457
31. Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
459
Misplaced Modifiers 459
Dangling Modifiers 460
SECTION II Mechanics
469
CONNECT Writing 2.0 Personalized Learning Plan
CORRELATION GUIDE
U N IT
T OP I C I N P E R SO N A L I ZE D L E A R N I N G P L A N
Addressing Mechanics
Capitalization
Abbreviations
Numbers
32. Manuscript Form
33. Capital Letters
470
472
Main Uses of Capital Letters 472
First Word in a Sentence or Direct Quotation 472
Names and Titles 472
Other Uses of Capital Letters 474
Names That Show Family Relationships 474
Titles of Persons When Used with Their Names 475
Specific School Courses 475
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Languages 475
Geographic Locations 475
Historical Periods and Events 475
Races, Nations, and Nationalities 476
Opening and Closing of a Letter 476
Unnecessary Use of Capitals 476
34. Numbers and Abbreviations
479
Numbers 479
Rule 1 479
Rule 2 479
Rule 3 479
Abbreviations 480
SECTION III Punctuation
484
CONNECT Reading 2.0 Personalized Reading Plan
CORRELATION GUIDE
U NIT
T OP I C I N P E R SO N A L I ZE D L E A R N I N G P L AN
Punctuating Correctly
Commas
Apostrophes
End Punctuation
Quotation Marks
Colons and Semicolons
Parentheses
Dashes
Hyphens
35. Apostrophe
485
Apostrophe in Contractions 485
Apostrophe to Show Ownership or Possession 486
Points to Remember 486
Apostrophe versus Possessive Pronouns 488
Apostrophe versus Simple Plurals 488
Apostrophe with Plurals Ending in -s 489
36. Quotation Marks
491
Quotation Marks to Set Off the Words of a Speaker or Writer
Indirect Quotations 493
Quotation Marks to Set Off Titles of Short Works 494
Other Uses of Quotation Marks 495
37. Comma
491
498
Six Main Uses of the Comma 498
1. Comma between Items in a Series 498
2. Comma after Introductory Material 499
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3.
4.
5.
6.
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Comma around Words That Interrupt the Flow of Thought 500
Comma between Complete Thoughts 501
Comma with Direct Quotations 502
Comma with Everyday Material 503
38. Other Punctuation Marks
506
Colon (:) 506
Semicolon (;) 506
Dash (—) 507
Parentheses ( ) 507
Hyphen (-) 508
SECTION IV Word Use
512
CONNECT Reading 2.0 Personalized Reading Plan
CORRELATION GUIDE
U N IT
T OP I C I N P E R SO N A L I ZE D L E A R N I N G P L A N
Using Words Effectively
Misspelled Words
Commonly Confused Words
Omitted Words
Slang
Euphemisms
Clichés
Sexist Words
Biased Words
Pretentious Words
Wordy Phrases
Empty Words
Redundant Words
Repetitive Words
Unnecessary Passive Verbs
39. Spelling Improvement
513
Step 1: Use the Dictionary 513
Step 2: Keep a Personal Spelling List 513
Step 3: Master Commonly Confused Words 514
Step 4: Learn Key Words in Major Subjects 514
Step 5: Study a Basic Word List 514
Step 6: Use Electronic Aids 516
40. Commonly Confused Words
Homonyms 517
Other Words Frequently Confused
41. Effective Word Choice
Slang 526
Clichés 527
Inf lated Words
42. Editing Tests
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43. ESL Pointers
545
Articles with Count and Noncount Nouns 545
Using a or an with Nonspecific Singular Count Nouns 546
Using the with Specific Nouns 546
Omitting Articles 547
Using the with Proper Nouns 547
Subjects and Verbs 549
Avoiding Repeated Subjects 549
Including Pronoun Subjects and Linking Verbs 549
Including There and Here at the Beginning of Clauses 549
Not Using the Progressive Tense of Certain Verbs 550
Using Only Transitive Verbs for the Passive Voice 550
Using Gerunds and Infinitives after Verbs 550
Adjectives 553
Following the Order of Adjectives in English 553
Using the Present and Past Participles as Adjectives 554
Prepositions Used for Time and Place 555
PART SIX Readings for Writers
INTRODUCTION TO THE READINGS
564
566
The Format of Each Selection 566
How to Read Well: Four General Steps 567
1. Concentrate as You Read 567
2. Skim Material before You Read It 567
3. Read the Selection Straight Through with a Pen in Hand 568
4. Work with the Material 568
How to Answer the Comprehension Questions: Specific Hints 569
LOOKING INWARD
570
Shame
Dick Gregory 570
The Professor Is a Dropout
Beth Johnson 576
Superman and Me
Sherman Alexie 585
Prison Studies
Malcolm X 590
Straw into Gold: The Metamorphosis
of the Everyday
Sandra Cisneros 595
Mother Tongue
Amy Tan 601
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CONTENTS
xix
OBSERVING OTHERS 609
What’s Wrong with Schools?
Casey Banas 609
Propaganda Techniques in Today’s Advertising
Ann McClintock 614
This Is How We Live
Ellen DeGeneres 622
Advice to Youth
Mark Twain 629
Start by Sitting Together
Randy Pausch 634
Inaugural Address
John F. Kennedy 638
Neat People vs. Sloppy People
Suzanne Britt 644
Petophilia
Jon Katz 649
CONFRONTING PROBLEMS
655
How to Make It in College, Now That You’re Here
Brian O’Keeney 655
In Praise of the F Word
Mary Sherry 664
Is Sex All That Matters?
Joyce Garity 669
How Can Cyberbullies Be Stopped?
Thomas J. Billitteri 676
Why Profiling Won’t Work
William Raspberry 683
Here’s to Your Health
Joan Dunayer 688
APPENDIXES
Writing a Résumé and Cover Letter
Writing a Formal E-mail 695
Transition Words and Phrases 696
Credits 697
Index 699
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