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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Cardiovascular
System
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
 The cardiovascular system
includes the heart, blood
vessels, and blood.
 The cardiovascular system
performs these functions:
▫ Supplies nutrients and oxygen
to the body
▫ Removes metabolic waste and
carbon dioxide from cells
▫ Distributes hormones and
antibodies throughout the body
▫ Helps control body temperature
and electrolyte balance
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
The Heart and Its Layers
 The heart is a two-sided, hollow
organ about the size of a fist.
 The heart has three layers of
tissue:
▫ Pericardium – outer layer,
reduces friction as the heart
beats
▫ Myocardium – middle layer,
pumps blood through the system
▫ Endocardium – inner layer,
allows the blood to flow
smoothly
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Chambers of the Heart
 The heart is separated into
the right and left sides by a
thick, muscular wall called the
septum.
 Each side is divided into two
parts to create four chambers
in total.
▫ Atria – two top chambers
▫ Ventricles – two bottom
chambers
 The blood enters the heart
through the atria and leaves
through the ventricles.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Heart Valves
 Atrioventricular valves are
located between the atria and the
ventricles on each side of the
heart.
▫ Tricuspid valve – right side
▫ Bicuspid valve – left side
 Semilunar valves are located
between the ventricles and the
vessels where blood leaves the
heart.
▫ Pulmonary valve
▫ Aortic valve
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Circulation of Blood
 Pulmonary circulation – flow of blood
between the heart and lungs
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The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated
blood to the lungs.
Carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen.
Oxygenated blood returns to the left side of the
heart.
 Systemic circulation – flow of blood between
the heart and body
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The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated
blood to the body.
Blood returns to the right side of the heart.
 Coronary circulation – flow of blood to the
heart muscle
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The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated
blood to heart tissue
Blood returns to the right side of the heart.
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
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Superior & inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulumonary arteries
Lungs to exchange gases
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Bicuspid / Mitral valve
Left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta all parts of the body
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Heartbeat
 Electrical impulses starting in
the heart cause the muscles to
contract and the heart to beat.
 The right and left sides of the
heart work together in a cycle to
produce a heartbeat.
▫ First, the atria contract and
push blood into the ventricles.
▫ The atria then relax, and as
they are filling with blood, the
ventricles contract and send
blood to the parts of the body.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Blood Vessels
 Arteries carry blood away
from the heart.
 Veins carry blood back to
the heart.
 Capillaries are microscopic
vessels that carry blood
between the arterial and
venous vessels.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Blood
 Blood is vital to life.
 About 4-5 liters of blood
circulates through the
average body.
 Two parts of blood:
▫ Formed elements - solid
▫ Plasma - liquid
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Blood Cells
 Red blood cells
▫ Contain a protein called
hemoglobin
▫ Carrie oxygen to all cells
and remove carbon dioxide
 White blood cells
▫ Fight disease and infection
▫ There are fewer white blood
cells than red ones, and
they are larger.
 Platelets
▫ Smallest blood cells
▫ Help form clots to prevent
blood loss from a wound.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 21 – Plasma
 Plasma is a pale yellow
liquid that is left when formed
elements are removed from
blood.
 Plasma is about 90% water
and 10% proteins. It also has
proteins that help fight
infection and aid the clotting
process.
 Serum is plasma without the
clotting proteins. It may be
used to research and identify
antibodies.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 21 – Blood Types
 Four blood types:
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Type A contains the A protein.
Type B contains the B protein.
Type AB contains both proteins.
Type O contains neither protein.
 Blood may also be labeled as
positive or negative for the Rh
factor. The Rh factor is a type of
substance that causes the body
to produce antibodies.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 21 – Blood Transfusion
 Prior to a blood transfusion, it is
important for both the donor’s
and the recipient’s blood to be
tested for type and Rh factor.
 A person who receives blood
from a donor with an
incompatible type might have
an adverse reaction.
▫ Type O- is the universal donor.
▫ Type AB+ is the universal
recipient.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
 Congestive heart failure –
when the heart is unable to
pump enough blood to supply
the needs of the body
 Hypertension - high blood
pressure
 Anemia – when not enough
oxygen is supplied to the
body tissues
 Leukemia – when there is an
abnormal increase in the
number of white blood cell
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