Download Basic Medical Sciences

Basic Medical Sciences
Co-ordinator : Dr Aoife Gowran- [email protected] Tel:8961418
Office 2.14, 2nd floor TCD Biosciences Building, Pearse St., Dublin 2.!
MSc Bioengineering
MSc Medical Physics
MSc Health Informatics
MSc Medical Device Design
Lectures
Learning Objectives
•  Describe the basic functions of the human body
•  Define anatomy and physiology
•  Medical terminology
•  Mechanisms of disease (diabetes, ageing)
•  Diagnosis
•  Medical Intervention
•  Integration into your own discipline
Lecture notes
Web CT
Also in my GET folder gowrana. For instructions on
how to gain access to GET folders see:
http://www.tcd.ie/iss/internet/getput_access.php
Department of Physiology website
https://medicine.tcd.ie/physiology/student/
Learning tools: Books
Human Physiology
by Lauralee Sherwood 2010 Brooks & Cole,
Hamilton, Lending S-LEN 612 M98*6;4-18, John Stearne, Lending SJ 612 M98*6;1-6
Fundamentals of anatomy & physiology
by Martini, Nath & Bartholomew,
John Stearne, Lending SJ 611 M91*8
Wheater's functional histology: a text & colour atlas
by Burkitt, Young & Heath,
Hamilton, Lending S-LEN 599 +L93*4;1-16
Essential cell biology
by Bruce Alberts et al.,
Hamilton, Lending S-LEN 574.87 N82*2;1-14
Gray's anatomy for students
by Drake et al.,
Hamilton, Lending S-LEN 611 P5*1;6, John Stearne, Lending SJ 611 P5*1
Learning tools: Websites
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/
http://www.nature.com/nature/index.html
http://www.ted.com/
http://jhi.sagepub.com/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science_and_environment/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health/
Assessment
1. Group presentation (50%) 2nd December
•  Topic is self assigned
•  10 Minute Talk
•  Provide the following in hard copy on the day:
1. Print out of slides (1 copy)
2. Written summary
Assessment
2. Written assignment (50%) 27th January 2012
•  Topic is self assigned
•  2 x A4 pages of font 12 text
•  Provided in hard copy
•  Integration of relevant BMS information (20%)
•  Coherency for a non-expert audience (10%)
Student feedback
Office hours: Physiology Department, Biosciences Building
Friday 21st October 12-1pm
Friday 4th November 12-1pm
Friday 18th November 12-1pm
Thursday 24th November 12-1pm
Levels of Organization
4. Organ
3. Tissue
2. Cellular
Structural & Functional specialization
1. Fundamental chemical
Integration of organ function
Ch. 1 Sherwood
6. Organism Level
5. Systems
Organization of the Body
Levels of organization
•  Chemical
–  Molecules composed of atoms
•  Cellular
–  Cells are basic unit of life
• 
• 
• 
• 
Tissue
Organ
Body system
Organism
Tissues
•  Groups of cells with similar structure and
specialized function
•  Four primary types of tissues
–  Muscle tissue
–  Nervous tissue
–  Epithelial tissue
–  Connective tissue
Organs
•  Consist of two or more types of primary tissues that
function together to perform a particular function or
functions
Example: Stomach
- Inside of stomach lined with epithelial tissue
- Wall of stomach contains smooth muscle
- Nervous tissue in stomach controls muscle
contraction and gland secretion
- Connective tissue binds all the above tissues
together
Body Systems
•  Groups of organs that perform related functions
•  Interact to accomplish a common activity
•  Essential to survival of the whole body
•  Do not act in isolation from one another
•  Human body has 11 systems
Body Systems
•  Circulatory System
•  Integumentary System
•  Digestive System
•  Immune System
•  Respiratory System
•  Nervous System
•  Urinary System
•  Endocrine System
•  Skeletal System
•  Reproductive System
•  Muscular System
The Immune System
Auto-immune disease
- lupus
- multiple sclerosis
Ageing, dementia, Parkinson’s disease, stroke
injury
Ageing, osteoporosis, arthritis
Stomach ulcer
Produce hormones
Regulate body functions & metabolism
Diabetes, obesity, infertility
Asthma, cystic fibrosis
Myocardial infarction
Kidney stones, renal failure
? Adaptive significance of functional organ systems
Homeostasis
Amoeba
Multi cellular organism
Disruption of homeostasis  Disease
Homeostasis
•  Defined as maintenance of a relatively stable
internal environment
–  Does not mean that composition, temperature, and
other characteristics are absolutely unchanging
•  Homeostasis is essential for survival and
function of all cells
•  Each cell contributes to maintenance of a
relatively stable internal environment
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
Factors homeostatically regulated include
•  Concentration of nutrient molecules
•  Concentration of O2 and CO2
•  Concentration of waste products
•  pH
•  Concentration of water, salt & other electrolytes
•  Volume and pressure
•  Temperature
Role of Body Systems in Homeostasis
Role of Body Systems in Homeostasis
Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis
•  Circulatory system
–  Carries materials from one part of the body to
another
•  Digestive system
–  Breaks down dietary food into smaller molecules
that can be distributed to body cells
–  Transfers water and electrolytes from external
environment to internal environment
–  Eliminates undigested food residues to external
environment in the feces
Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis
•  Respiratory system
–  Gets O2 from and eliminates CO2 to the
external environment
–  Important in maintenance of proper pH of
internal environment
•  Urinary system
–  Removes excess water, salt, acid, and
other electrolytes from plasma and
eliminates them in urine
Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis
•  Skeletal system
–  Provides support and protection for soft
tissues and organs
–  Serves as storage reservoir for calcium
–  Along with muscular system enables
movement of body and its parts
–  Bone marrow is ultimate source of all blood
cells
•  Muscular system
–  Moves the bones
Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis
•  Integumentary system
–  Serves as outer protective barrier
–  Important in regulating body temperature
•  Immune system
–  Defends against foreign invaders and against
body cells that have become cancerous
–  Paves way for repairing or replacing injured or
worn-out cells
Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis
•  Nervous system
–  Controls and coordinates bodily activities
that require rapid responses
–  Detects and initiates reactions to changes
in external environment
•  Endocrine system
–  Secreting glands of endocrine regulate
activities that require duration rather than
speed
–  Controls concentration of nutrients and, by
adjusting kidney function, controls internal
environment’s volume and electrolyte
composition
Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis
•  Reproductive system
–  Not essential for homeostasis (not
essential for survival of individual)
–  Is essential for perpetuating the species
Homeostatic Control Systems
•  In order to maintain homeostasis,
control system must be able to
–  Detect deviations from normal in the
internal environment that need to be held
within narrow limits
–  Integrate this information with other
relevant information
–  Make appropriate adjustments in order to
restore factor to its desired value
Homeostatic Control Systems
•  Control systems are grouped into two classes
–  Intrinsic controls
•  Local controls that are inherent in an organ
–  Extrinsic controls
•  Regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ
•  Accomplished by nervous and endocrine systems
Homeostatic Control Systems
•  Feedforward
–  responses made in anticipation of a change
•  Feedback
–  responses made after change has been detected
–  Types of feedback systems
•  Negative
•  Positive
Disruptions in Homeostasis
•  Can lead to illness and death
•  Pathophysiology
–  Abnormal functioning of the body associated
with disease