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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY for AP Unit 4 Sensation & Perception Sight, Smell, Taste, Touch, Hearing. If you had to do without one, which would it be? Sensation Sensation: detecting stimuli from the body or surroundings. Perception: interpreting and organizing sensations into meaningful patterns. Sensation Sensation a process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energy Perception a process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events Sensation Our sensory and perceptual processes work together to help us sort out complex processes What if we could sense everything? Life would hurt. So we can only take in a window of what is out there. Psychophysics: studies the relationship between physical stimuli and our psychological experiences to them. Sensation Bottom-Up Processing analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information Top-Down Processing information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations Top-Down Processing For example, stereotyping since both previous expectations to make judgements about the world around us. Stereotyping can be negative, it can also be efficient for people as they interact with certain stimuli. Without top down processing, we would interpret the world as if it were constantly new. Like learning how to add everyday in math or 50 First Dates! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErjP5xMTc8I Remember, TDP - we process this way when we have prior knowledge. We start at the top and have to work to process details. Stroop Effect On the next slide, you are to follow the instructions below: Look at the image and say aloud the color of each word. Do not read the words! Just say what color they are. Stroop Effect: How does it work? The words themselves interfere with your ability to quickly say the correct color of the word. Two different theories have been proposed to explain this phenomenon: Selective Attention Theory: According to this theory, naming the actual color of the words requires much more attention that simply reading the text. Speed of Processing Theory: According to this theory, people can read words much faster than they can name colors. The speed at which we read makes it much more difficult to then name the color of the word. Be the Experimenter… Consider the following: Try the experiment with a young child that has not yet learned to read. How does the child's reaction time compare to that of an older child who has learned to read? Try the experiment with uncommon color names, such as lavender or chartreuse. How do the results differ from those who were shown the standard color names? Bottom Up Processing BUP is when we have no prior knowledge. We start at the bottom and work our way up. Also called “small chunk” or “data” processing. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yKBYL7 QnFkE – watch on your own! Perception Selective Attention awareness on a particular stimulus Those with ADHD have an inability to be selectively attentive. Instead of attending to the important stimuli and filtering out unimportant ones, they attend to all stimuli in the environment making it difficult to process information correctly. focus of conscious Try this… Instructions… 1. Do NOT talk OR YOU will ruin it for others. 2. Pay attention to what I am going to play for you. 3. Listen and do what the Video tells you to. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGQmdoK_ZfY Change Blindness Is a psychological phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus goes unnoticed by the observer. For example, an individual fails to notice a difference between two images that are identical except for one change. The reasons these changes usually remain unnoticed by the observer include obstructions in the visual field, eye movements, a change of location, or a lack of attention. The brain regions that have been observed as active during change blindness are the prefrontal lobe, the cerebellum, the inferior temporal gyrus, the parietal lobe, and the frontal lobe. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VkrrVozZR2c Selective Attention & Flow These concepts are related… When people get caught up in an experience that they miss out an obvious stimuli in the environment, they are said to be having a flow experience. Flow is coined by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi and involves being skilled at a challenging task that takes away our sense of self consciousness and awareness of time and the presence of others around us. Selective Attention & the Evolutionary Perspective If we had to attend to every stimulus in the environment (noise), we might be hindered from action. However, if we miss important stimuli in the environment due to attention that is too selective, we may fall victim to all sorts of trouble…falls, car accidents etc. Is there a gender difference in selective attention? Sensation- Basic Principles Psychophysics study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them Light- brightness Sound- volume Pressure- weight Taste- sweetness Gustav Fechner Established 3 methods of experimental measurement used to study sensory phenomena. Method of Limits – begin with minimal stimulus and increase it until the subject can perceive it. – Determines JND Method of Right and Wrong Cases – present identical stimuli repeatedly – either single stimuli at the threshold or pairs of stimuli that are very similar. The subject responds “yes” if perceived or if a difference exists or “no” if not perceived or different. Method of Adjustment – adjust a comparison stimulus until it appears identical to the standard stimulus. Every error is recorded and after many trials, the average error is computed. It too, provides a measure of JND. Sensation- Thresholds Absolute Threshold minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time Difference Threshold minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time just noticeable difference (JND) Why Do We Care About Signal Detection? Extremely important in fields where attention to detail amid environmental distractions is paramount – air traffic controllers, policemen, drivers etc. Sensation- Thresholds Signal Detection Theory predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise) assumes that there is no single absolute threshold detection depends partly on person’s experience expectations motivation level of fatigue Sensation- Thresholds 100 Percentage of correct detections 75 50 Subliminal stimuli 25 0 Low Absolute threshold Intensity of stimulus Medium Subliminal When stimuli are below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=1NpBMAKdg nQ While sub messaging may not work, priming does. If we are exposed to stimuli about a specific subject we are more likely to recognize information about that subject in the environment. Anthony Pratkanis & Factors Contributing to Public’s Beliefs of Subliminal Influence Popular accounts of subliminal influence appeal to the pop psychology of the day. Popular accounts link subliminal influence to the issue of the day. Many of the popular articles fail to report scientific evidence that is critical of claims for subliminal persuasion. Belief in subliminal persuasion may serve as a need for many individuals. Sensation- Thresholds Weber’s Law- to perceive as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage light intensity- 8% weight- 2% tone frequency- 0.3% Everyone…take off 1 shoe, take out 3 quarters… Sensory ADAPTation- diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation Sensory Adaptation Tendency of sensory receptors to respond less and less to constant stimulation. Do you feel your underwear all day? Sensory Adaptation • ADAPTation—habituation • After drinking tea with lemon, a grapefruit will not taste as sour • …but after a roll, it will taste especially sour • After holding salty water in mouth, it will taste less salty, and drinking fresh water afterwards, it will taste sweet Vision Our most dominating sense (Visual Capture). The eye is like a camera (it needs light). Vision- Stabilized Images on the Retina Vision Transduction conversion of one form of energy to another in sensation, transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses Wavelength the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next Vision Hue dimension of color determined by wavelength of light Intensity amount of energy in a wave determined by amplitude brightness loudness The spectrum of electromagnetic energy Vision- Physical Properties of Waves Short wavelength=high frequency (bluish colors, high-pitched sounds) Great amplitude (bright colors, loud sounds) Long wavelength=low frequency (reddish colors, low-pitched sounds) Small amplitude (dull colors, soft sounds) Think Rainbow! Wavelength & Amplitude Helpful Hints Vision & Audition use similar terms to discuss the different stimuli that are processed by our visual and auditory systems. They both work in waves. Wavelength – determines the quality of the waves (for vision, colour, for sound pitch) Amplitude – determines the intensity of the waves (for vision, brightness, for sound, loudness) Vision Pupil- adjustable opening in the center of the eye Iris- a ring of muscle that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening Lens- transparent structure behind pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina Vision Vision Accommodation- the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina LINK! In sensation, accommodation refers to the ways the muscles in the way the eye change the shape of the lens BUT it can also refer to the ways in which we change our schemas to incorporate new information we learn. Retina- the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information Vision Acuity- the sharpness of vision (fovea!) Nearsightedness- condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects in front of retina Farsightedness- condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind retina Vision Normal Vision Nearsighted Vision Farsighted Vision Retina’s Reaction to Light- Receptors Rods peripheral retina detect black, white and gray twilight or low light Cones near center of retina fine detail and color vision daylight or well-lit conditions More About the Retina! The cells that make up the retina seem backward. Rods and Cones located at back of retina. Then, bipolar and ganglion cells are on top forming layers. Light is interpreted by the rods and cones first, even though it actually passes through the other layer first! Retina’s Reaction to Light Optic nerve- nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain Blind Spot- point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind spot” because there are no receptor cells located there Fovea- central point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster Vision- Receptors Receptors in the Human Eye Cones Rods Number 6 million 120 million Location in retina Center Periphery Sensitivity in dim light Low High Color sensitive? Yes No Pathways from the Eyes to the Visual Cortex Visual Information Processing Feature Detectors nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features shape angle Movement Visual Capture tendency for vision to dominate the other senses Cell’s responses Stimulus Blindsight Is the ability to respond to visual information without consciously seeing it. Anthony Marcel argues that those people have superb vision but they don’t know they can see. His research suggests that their vision remains in tact only the neural areas that bring vision into awareness are impaired. Acquired through damage. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4SYxTecL8E How the Brain Perceives Illusory Contours Visual Information Processing Parallel Processing simultaneous processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously Our brains are so capable of processing multiple types of stimuli from the environment that no computer can truly replicate the human brain. Visual Information Processing Trichromatic (three color) Theory Young and Helmholtz three different retinal color receptors red green blue Color-Deficient Vision People who suffer redgreen blindness have trouble perceiving the number within the design People who are colourblind see the colour as muted grey or brown but they have been trained to identify the deficient colour as red, blue or grey. Don’t even know they are colourblind! Visual Information Processing Opponent-Process Theory- opposing retinal processes enable color vision “ON” “OFF” red green green red blue yellow yellow blue black white white black Opponent ProcessAfterimage Effect After Images…LINK In vision, the opponent process theory states that the perception of colour operates in an opposing tendency, that is, when one colour works, when its pair colour does not. Similarly, sympathetic and parasympathetic systems work together as opposing processes. Neuron Firing “All or None” Depolarization and Polarization When one system is operating the other is not! Visual Information Processing Color Constancy Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object Why do we have two ears? Localization of Sounds Sounds that reach one ear sooner than the other ear cause us to localize the sound. It’s also louder for one ear. Hearing Deficits Older people tend to hear low frequencies well but suffer hearing loss when listening for high frequencies. http://www.noiseaddicts.com/2009/03/can-you-hear-this-hearing-test/ Deafness Conduction Deafness Something goes wrong with the sound and the vibration on the way to the cochlea. You can replace the bones or get a hearing aid to help. Nerve (sensorineural) Deafness The hair cells in the cochlea get damaged. Loud noises (concerts) can cause this type of deafness. NO WAY to replace the hairs. Cochlear implant is possible. Audition Audition the sense of hearing Frequency the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time Pitch a tone’s highness or lowness depends on frequency The Intensity of Some Common Sounds Audition- The Ear Middle Ear chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer malleus, anvil incus, stirrup stapes) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window Inner Ear innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs Cochlea coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which Bone Conducted Hearing Bone conduction is the conduction of sound to the inner ear through the bones of the skull. Bone conduction is the reason why a person's voice sounds different to him/her when it is recorded and played back. Because the skull conducts lower frequencies better than air, people perceive their own voices to be lower and fuller than others do.[This also explains why a recording of one's own voice sounds higher than one is accustomed to. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SFHNR7Lp4E Audition Place Theory the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated Frequency Theory the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch Helpful Points to Avoid Confusing the Theories of Sound In place theory, different theories of sound waves are said to vibrate different places on the cochlea. These places are wired to different parts of the auditory cortex in the brain so the sound can be processed correctly. In frequency theory, the entire cochlea is believed to vibrate a particular frequency, thus sending the signal of quality of sound to the brain. How We Locate Sounds Audition Conduction Hearing Loss hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea Nerve Hearing Loss hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve Cochlear Implant http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Poyj7 U2wzhQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HTzTt 1VnHRM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WDDf GMuofuw Audition Older people tend to hear low frequencies well but suffer hearing loss for high frequencies Amplitude required for perception relative to 20-29 year-old group 1 time 10 times 100 times 1000 times 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 16384 Frequency of tone in waves per second Low Pitch High NEXT DAY Touch Skin Sensations pressure only skin sensation with identifiable receptors warmth cold pain Types of Skin 2 Types of Skin: 1. Hairy Skin – contains hair cells, which detect movement and pressure. 2. Glabrous Skin – contains no hair cells, so the receptors in this type of skin are more sensitive…found mainly on palms, bottoms of feet and lips! Pain Gate-Control Theory theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain “gate” opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers “gate” closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain Gate Control Continued Helps explain why people aren’t always aware of pain. Pain signals can be controlled by the brain. Brain can sometimes choose which pain to consider and which ones to ignore, blocking off pain signals in the spinal cord that it chooses to ignore. Athletes who choose to ignore and play through injuries and might explain why acupuncture works. Gate Control Theory Contends that there is an area in the spinal cord that can act like a “gate” and either inhibit pain messages or transmit them to the brain. When tissue is injured, the small nerve fibers activate and open the neural gate, and you feel pain. Large-fiber activity closes the pain gate, turning pain off (through stimulation like massage or acupuncture). Phantom Limb Sensations that occur when a person the presence of a limb after it has been lost. Symptoms can include severe pain sensation in the lost /removed limb. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hlQZm NlPdHQ Phantom Limb Pain Phantom limb pain is a frequent complication of amputation. Client complains of pain at the site of the removed body part, most often shortly after surgery. Show Phantom Limb Video (Secrets of the Mind) NO PAIN, No Gain?! Some people are born without the ability to experience pain…why is some pain good? It allows us to determine injury, sickness and danger. Often people who cannot experience pain do not live long past their teens…dying of painful illnesses they cannot feel. A Painful LINK to Remember! Pain can be remembered differently depending on our moods – mood congruent memory…if we were in a good mood when we experienced pain, our memories of it may not be negative! Cultural differences affect how we perceive pain, or what type of pain we may perceive as being negative. If we know pain is coming, and of we expect it to be part of the growth experience, we may not be bothered by it. Dennis Turk’s Subtypes of People at Pain Centers Dysfunctional patients report high levels of pain and psychological distress and believe they have little control over their lives and are extremely inactive. Interpersonally distressed patients feel they have little social support and report others don’t take their pain seriously. Adaptive copers report far less pain and social distress than others and continue to function at a relatively high level. Taste Taste Sensations (evolutionary perspective…) sweet - energy source sour – potential toxic acid Salty - essential sodium Bitter – potential poison umami - savory Sensory Interaction the principle that one sense may influence another as when the smell of food influences its taste Synesthesia Are you a synesthete? c What might it be like? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vEqmNX8uKlA Synesthesia is a perceptual condition of mixed sensations: a stimulus in one sensory modality (e.g., hearing) involuntarily elicits a sensation/experience in another modality (e.g. vision). Likewise, perception of a form (e.g., a letter) may induce an unusual perception in the same modality (e.g. a color) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aD-ASiSpBXc Supertasters! Linda Bartishuk describes taste buds (papillae) as being innervated by two cranial nerves: one carries taste and the other carries pain and touch. Super tasters feel more pain from lesions on the tongue – ie. Chilli peppers, carbonation and ethyl alcohol. Fat in food is also perceived as a touch sensation….you could be a super perceiver of fat in food. Taste and Smell Smell Olfactory nerve Olfactory bulb Nasal passage Receptor cells in olfactory membrane Taste We have bumps on our tongue called papillae. Taste buds are located on the papillae (And the roof of the mouth). Sweet, salty, sour, bitter and recently umami (savory). Bitterness detectors – critical because most poisons are bitter. Sour detectors – detect bad foods. Built-in salt and sugar needs for survival. Smell (“Olfaction”) Cilia – receptor cells that collect molecules of odor. Olfactory bulbs – receives an electrical signal and generates a “code” that is sent to the brain for interpretation. We can detect over 10,000 odors and odors have the power to evoke memories and feelings! Body Position and Movement Kinesthesis the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts Vestibular Sense the sense of body movement and position including the sense of balance Age, Sex and Sense of Smell Number of correct answers Women and young adults have best sense of smell 4 Women 3 Men 2 0 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 Age Group 70-79 80-89 90-99 Eye and Ear Assignment Please use the terms to complete the story! You can hand it in next class Get started now! Wednesday Lab day 216 HW- Sensation video and questions due next class after lab day! Monday- Gender Presentations Wednesday- Jelly Bean Lab Friday- Perception/illussions lab plus take home quiz