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Supplemental
Worksheets
Name
Date
Class
Quick Vocabulary
Lesson 1
Lesson 2
asthenosphere partially melted
earthquake vibration caused by the
portion of the mantle below the
lithosphere
convection circulation within fluids
caused by differences in density
and thermal energy
convergent boundary where two
plates move toward each other
divergent boundary where two
plates move away from each other
lithosphere crust and uppermost
part of the mantle
plate tectonics theory that states
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
that Earth’s surface is broken into
large, rigid pieces that move with
respect to each other
subduction process that occurs
when one tectonic plate moves
under another tectonic plate
transform boundary where two
rupture and sudden movement of
rocks along a break or crack in
Earth’s crust
fault crack or fracture in Earth’s
crust along which movement
occurs
lava magma that erupts onto Earth’s
surface
magma molton rock stored beneath
Earth’s surface
magnitude amount of energy
released during an earthquake,
which determines the size of the
earthquake
mid-ocean ridge long, narrow
mountain formed by magma at
divergent boundaries
volcano vent in Earth’s crust
through which molten rock flows
plates slide past each other
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
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Name
Date
Class
Quick Vocabulary
Lesson 3
chemical weathering process that
changes the composition of rocks
delta triangular deposit of sediment
that forms where a stream enters a
large body of water
deposition laying down or settling
of eroded material
erosion moving of weathered
material, or sediment, from one
location to another
glacier large mass of ice, formed by
snow accumulation on land, that
moves slowly across Earth’s surface
mass wasting downhill movement
of a large mass of rocks or soil due
to gravity
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
physical weathering process of
breaking down rock without
changing the composition of the
rock
processes series of actions or
operations that lead to an end result
sediment material formed from
rocks broken down by weathering
weathering mechanical and
chemical processes that change
Earth’s surface over time
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Earth’s Dynamic Surface
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline
LESSON 1
Earth’s Moving Surface
A. Plate Tectonics
1. The theory of
states that Earth’s surface is broken into
large, rigid pieces that move with respect to each other.
a. The pieces of Earth’s surface, called
, move over
Earth’s surface very slowly.
b. The motion of tectonic plates forms volcanoes and
and causes
.
2. Earth’s outermost layer is called the
.
3. The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle make up
the
.
4. The partially melted portion of the mantle below the lithosphere is
the
.
5. The
can bend more easily than the lithosphere because
it is hotter than the lithosphere.
6. Earth has
large tectonic plates, plus many smaller plates.
crust.
B. Plate Boundaries
1. Scientists describe the movement of a tectonic plate as
motion—how it moves in relation to another plate.
2. The type of
between plates depends on the relative
motion of the plates.
a. A(n)
boundary is a boundary where two plates move
away from each other.
b. As plates move apart, new
c. A(n)
forms between them.
boundary is a boundary where two plates move
toward each other.
d. The process that occurs when one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic
plate is called
e. A(n)
.
boundary is a boundary where two plates slide
past each other.
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Earth’s Dynamic Surface
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7. Oceans completely cover some plates, but others are made of oceanic crust and
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline continued
C. Measuring Plate Movement
1. Tectonic plates move so
that geologists could not
measure their movement until the mid-twentieth century.
2. New technology has determined that North America and
are separating from each other at an average rate of just 2.5 cm/y.
3. The network of
known as the Global Positioning
System (GPS) can be used to accurately measure the position of any point on
Earth’s surface.
4. Scientists can measure the
and direction of plate
movement by tracking tectonic plate positions over several years.
5. About 200 million years ago, North America and Europe were part of a large
continent called
; when the plates moved apart, the
Ocean formed between the continents.
D. Why do tectonic plates move?
1. The amount of matter per unit of volume is called
2. When a fluid is heated, its
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
less
.
spread out and it becomes
.
3. When fluids heat unevenly, the warmer, less-dense fluid
,
and the cooler, denser fluid sinks.
4.
is the circulation within fluids caused by differences in
density and thermal energy.
5. Convection in the
can drag plates over Earth’s surface.
6. Plates can also move as a result of
.
a. When two plates collide, one can
hotter, less-dense
b. The sinking part of a(n)
or sink into the
.
pulls the rest of the plate
along.
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Name
Date
Class
Content Practice A
LESSON 1
Earth’s Moving Surface
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is
used only once.
1. the theory that Earth’s surface is broken into
large, rigid pieces that move with respect to each
other
A. asthenosphere
B. convection
C. convergent boundary
2. the crust and uppermost part of the mantle
3. the partially melted portion of the mantle below
the lithosphere
D. divergent boundary
E. lithosphere
F. plate tectonics
4. where two plates move away from each other
5. where two plates move toward each other
G. subduction
H. transform boundary
6. the process that occurs when one tectonic plate
moves under another tectonic plate
7. where two plates slide past each other
8. the circulation within fluids caused by differences
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
in density and thermal energy
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
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Name
Date
Class
Content Practice B
LESSON 1
Earth’s Moving Surface
Directions: On each line, explain the distinction between the terms in each of the following pairs.
1. theory of plate tectonics, tectonic plate
2. lithosphere, asthenosphere
3. oceanic crust, continental crust
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. divergent boundary, convergent boundary
5. convergent boundary, transform boundary
6. subduction, convection
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Earth’s Dynamic Surface
Name
Date
Language Arts Support
Class
LESSON 1
Writing Activity: Glossary Entries
Textbooks and other nonfiction texts often contain a glossary. The glossary gives a definition
and the part of speech. The glossary entries are also listed in alphabetical order so they are
easy to locate.
Directions: Create a glossary for the terms listed below. Your glossary should include a definition and the part of
speech for each term. The glossary entries should be in alphabetical order. The first term is done for you.
convergent boundary
transform boundary
divergent boundary
convect
plate tectonics
subduct
lithosphere
asthenosphere (n.) the partially melted portion of the mantle below the lithosphere
1.
2.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
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Name
Date
Language Arts Support
Class
LESSON 1
Editing Activity: Active and Passive Voice
Writers want to keep their readers’ attention and must keep in mind the voice of the verbs
that they use. The active voice is preferred in most types of writing. A sentence is in the
active voice when the subject performs the action.
Scientists developed a theory in the 1960s called plate tectonics.
A sentence is in passive voice when the subject receives the action of the verb. Passive voice
uses a form of the verb be plus another verb.
A theory called plate tectonics was developed by scientists in the 1960s.
Directions: Rewrite each sentence using the active voice.
1. Volcanoes and mountains are formed by plate tectonics.
2. Some tectonic plates are completely covered by ocean.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. The Atlantic Ocean was formed when two plates moved apart.
4. Plate movement can be caused by subduction.
5. The movement of tectonic plates is measured by geologists.
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Earth’s Dynamic Surface
Name
Date
Class
Math Skills
LESSON 1
Use Proportions
A rate is a ratio of two units. The value of the denominator is 1, unless another value is
65 mi
given. A typical rate is 65 mi/hr, which means 65 miles in 1 hour, or _____
.
1 hr
Two equal ratios can be written as a proportion. If one number in a proportion is unknown,
you can cross multiply to solve for the unknown number, x. When writing a proportion,
make sure you put the numbers in the correct places. The numerators of the ratios should
have the same units, and the denominators of the ratios should have the other units.
The Nazca plate is subducted at a rate of about 10 cm/y. How long will it take for 2 m to be
subducted?
Step 1 Change the distances to the same units.
There are 100 cm in every 1 m, so there are 200 cm in 2 m.
Step 2 Use the information to write a proportion.
10 cm
200 cm
______
= _______
xy
1y
Step 3 Cross multiply.
(10 cm)(x y) = (200 cm)(1 y)
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Step 4 Divide and simplify. Remember to cancel units.
(200 cm)(1 y)
x = ____________
(10 cm)
x = 20 y
Practice
1. The Antarctic plate travels at about
2 cm/y. How long would it take the
plate to travel 10 m?
2. Portions of the Himalayas rise at a rate
of about 10 mm/y. How long would it
take for the mountains to rise 30 cm?
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
3. Portions of the Himalayas erode at a
rate of 5 mm/y. How long would it take
for 1 km of the mountains to erode?
4. The plates along the East Pacific Rise
spread at a rate of about 70 mm/y.
How long will it take the plates to
spread 105 m?
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Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 1
Earth’s Moving Surface
Key Concept What is the theory of plate tectonics?
Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement in the space provided.
Question
Answer
1. State the theory of plate
tectonics in your own words.
2. What is the lithosphere?
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3. How are tectonic plates related to
the lithosphere?
4. Where is the asthenosphere
located?
5. Compare the physical
characteristics of the lithosphere
and the asthenosphere.
6. How many major tectonic plates
exist?
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
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Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 1
Earth’s Moving Surface
Key Concept What are the differences between divergent, convergent, and transform plate
boundaries?
Directions: Complete the concept map with the correct term or sentence from the word bank in the space provided.
Each term or sentence is used only once.
divergent
transform
Two plates move away from each other.
Two plates move toward each other.
Types of
Boundaries
convergent
Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided.
1. What kind of boundary is associated with the formation of new crust?
2. What is subduction?
3. What kind of boundary is associated with subduction?
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Earth’s Dynamic Surface
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Two plates slide
past each other.
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 1
Earth’s Moving Surface
Key Concept What are the differences between divergent, convergent, and transform plate
boundaries?
Directions: Label this diagram by writing the correct term on each line.
1.
2.
3.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: Draw an example of subduction in the space provided. Include a caption and labels that explain
your drawing.
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
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Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 1
Earth’s Moving Surface
Key Concept What causes tectonic plates to move on Earth’s surface?
Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that correctly completes each sentence.
1. Tectonic plates move at a rate of several (meters/centimeters) per year.
2. Scientists use a network of (satellites/ships) to track tectonic plate positions.
3. Density is the amount of (matter/pressure) per unit of volume.
4. When a fluid is heated, its molecules (contract/spread out).
5. Convection is the circulation within fluids caused by differences in density and
(thermal energy/mechanical energy).
6. During convection, warmer, less-dense fluid (sinks/rises) and cooler, denser fluid
7. Convection occurs in Earth’s (asthenosphere/lithosphere) where rocks are hot enough
to (be rigid/bend easily).
8. Convection causes tectonic plates to (move/stay stationary).
9. Plate movement can be caused by subduction, which occurs when one plate
(pulls away from/sinks below) another plate.
10. When two plates collide, one plate can sink into the (hotter/colder) mantle.
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Earth’s Dynamic Surface
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(sinks, rises).
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz A
LESSON 1
Earth’s Moving Surface
Matching
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is
used only once.
1. where two plates move apart from each other
A. convergent boundary
2. where two plates move toward each other
B. divergent boundary
3. where two plates slide past each other
C. transform boundary
Multiple Choice
Directions: On the line before each question or statement, write the letter of the correct answer.
4. Which statement is NOT true?
A. Plates are made of Earth’s crust and asthenosphere.
B. Plate movements cause earthquakes and volcanoes.
C. Tectonic plates move slowly relative to one another.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. One tectonic plate slides under another plate during
A. divergence.
B. convection.
C. subduction.
6. Earth’s lithosphere includes
A. the crust and uppermost mantle.
B. the lower mantle and inner core.
C. the inner core and the outer core.
7. What causes tectonic plates to move?
A. earthquakes and volcanoes
B. subduction and convection
C. convergence and divergence
8. The asthenosphere is the
A. rigid part of the crust.
B. outer part of the core.
C. bendable part of the mantle.
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
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Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz B
LESSON 1
Earth’s Moving Surface
Completion
Directions: On each line, write the term or phrase that correctly completes each sentence.
1. The
is the bendable part of Earth’s mantle.
2. Earth’s lithosphere includes the
and
3.
.
is a process during which one tectonic plate sinks beneath
another plate into the mantle.
4.
and
cause tectonic plates to
move.
Short Answer
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
5. State the theory of plate tectonics.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. Describe convection in the mantle.
7. Compare and contrast the three types of plate boundaries.
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Earth’s Dynamic Surface
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline
LESSON 2
Shaping Earth’s Surface
A. Earthquakes
1. The vibration caused by the rupture and sudden movement of rocks along a break
or a crack in Earth’s crust is a(n)
.
2. An earthquakes can occur at a(n)
, which is a crack or a
fracture in Earth’s crust along which movement occurs.
a. Because of the
currents beneath tectonic plates,
forces build up along faults at plate
.
b. When a fault ruptures, Earth’s
moves along the fault,
causing a(n)
.
3. Most earthquakes occur at
boundaries.
a. The size of an earthquake is called its
by how much
and is determined
is released during the earthquake.
b. A plate boundary involves more than one
.
c. Faults are largest where one plate
into the mantle,
and the strongest and most damaging earthquakes occur there.
,
and other landforms.
a. Blocks of crust move horizontally past each other at
a(n)
boundary.
b. Mid-ocean ridges form at
boundaries between oceanic
plates.
c. At a(n)
boundary with a subduction zone, the plate
that does not subduct deforms and crumples as the two plates push toward each
other.
d. At a(n)
boundary without a subduction zone, the
edges of both tectonic plates become crumpled and deformed.
B. Volcanoes
1. Geologists call molten rock stored beneath Earth’s
surface
.
2. Magma that erupts onto Earth’s surface is called
30
.
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. The movement of crust along faults can make mountains,
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Lesson Outline continued
3.
are vents in Earth’s crust through which molten rock
flows.
4. Most volcanoes form at
plate boundaries.
a. At some convergent boundaries, one plate
another
plate.
b. Magma formed from the subducted plate then rises toward the
and forms volcanoes on the plate that does not
subduct.
c. A line of volcanoes forms
to the plate boundary
directly above the plate that subducted.
5. Mountains can form over millions of years, but
can
form in hundreds to thousands of years.
6. Volcanoes erupt in
ways.
a. In a(n)
, lava can flow over Earth’s surface before
cooling, hardening, and becoming solid rock.
b. Sometimes, volcanoes can erupt
, as happened at
Mount St. Helens in 1980.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
c. Tiny pieces of glass made from solidified lava are called
and can be blown high into the atmosphere.
C. Ocean Basins
1. At convergent plate boundaries and divergent plate boundaries, lava hardens
and forms new
.
2. At an oceanic
plate boundary, newly formed crust is
added to the edges of the plates as new ocean crust.
3. Long, narrow mountains formed by magma at divergent boundaries
are
.
4. Three-quarters of all lava erupts at
5. Most
.
form near plate boundaries because folding and
crumpling usually occur at the
a. Large mountain ranges form when two
of plates.
collide at a
convergent plate boundary,
b. The
are the world’s largest and highest mountain
range, and they are still growing.
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
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Name
Date
Class
Content Practice A
LESSON 2
Shaping Earth’s Surface
Directions: Complete the crossword puzzle with the correct terms from the word bank.
earthquake
fault
lava
magma
mid-ocean ridge
volcano
1
2
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3
4
5
6
Across
3. the vibration caused by the rupture
and sudden movement of rocks along a
break or a crack in Earth’s crust
5. molten rock stored beneath Earth’s
surface
Down
1. a long, narrow mountain formed by
magma at a divergent boundary
2. a crack or a fracture in Earth’s crust
along which movement occurs
4. magma that erupts onto Earth’s surface
6. a vent in Earth’s crust through which
molten rock flows
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
33
Name
Date
Content Practice B
Class
LESSON 2
Shaping Earth’s Surface
Directions: For each set of terms, choose the one term that does not belong. Explain why it does not belong on
the lines provided.
1. earthquake, magnitude, magma
2. fault, volcano, earthquake
3. earthquake, magma, lava
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4. mid-ocean ridge, convergent boundary, subduction zone
5. underwater mountain, mid-ocean ridge, transform boundary
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Earth’s Dynamic Surface
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 2
Shaping Earth’s Surface
Key Concept Where do most earthquakes occur?
Directions: On the line before each statement, write the letter of the correct answer.
1. The vibration caused by the rupture and sudden movement of rocks along a break
or a crack in Earth’s crust is
A. a fault.
B. a volcano.
C. an earthquake.
2. A crack or a fracture in Earth’s crust along which movement occurs is
A. a fault.
B. a volcano.
C. an earthquake.
3. The amount of energy released during an earthquake is called
A. magnitude.
B. subduction.
C. convection.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Most earthquakes
A. occur over land.
B. occur at plate boundaries.
C. occur in the pacific basin.
5. The strongest earthquakes occur where plates
A. diverge.
B. subduct.
C. strike-slip.
6. Strong earthquakes occur when movement along faults covers
A. large distances.
B. small distances.
C. moderate distances.
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Earth’s Dynamic Surface
Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 2
Shaping Earth’s Surface
Key Concept How are landforms related to plate tectonics?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: On the line before each statement, write T if the statement is associated with transform boundaries,
D if the statement is associated with divergent boundaries, or C if the statement is associated with convergent
boundaries.
1.
Edges of tectonic plates can become crumpled and deformed.
2.
Blocks of crust move horizontally past each other.
3.
Reverse faults can form when no subduction occurs.
4.
Mid-ocean ridges form between oceanic plates.
5.
Tall mountains form when no subduction occurs.
6.
Faults associated with these boundaries also are called strike-slip faults.
7.
Features that cross faults are shifted.
8.
Valleys form at these boundaries.
9.
A volcanic arc can form when subduction occurs.
10.
The strongest earthquakes occur when subduction occurs.
11.
Between continental plates, one side of the fault moves down relative to the
other side of the fault.
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
37
Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 2
Shaping Earth’s Surface
Key Concept Where do most volcanoes form?
Directions: Place the events in chronological order by writing a number 1 through 5 on the line before each statement.
Heat and pressure drive water out of the rock.
Magma rises toward the surface.
The tectonic plate subducts.
The water lowers the melting temperature of the mantle.
Volcanoes form on the plate that does not subduct.
Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided.
6. Compare magma and lava.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. What are volcanoes?
8. About how many volcanoes have erupted in recent geologic history?
9. Where do most volcanoes occur?
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Earth’s Dynamic Surface
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 2
Shaping Earth’s Surface
Key Concept How does plate movement form mountains?
Directions: Label this diagram by writing the correct letter for each term from the word bank on each line. Some
terms may be used more than once.
A. asthenosphere
B. continental crust
C. magma
D. mid-ocean ridge
E. oceanic crust
F. older
G. oldest
H. youngest
3.
2.
1.
4.
5.
6.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.
11. Explain how mountains can form at divergent boundaries.
12. Explain how mountains can form at convergent boundaries.
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
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Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz A
LESSON 2
Shaping Earth’s Surface
Completion
Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Each term is
used only once.
earthquakes
faults
lava
mid-ocean ridge
volcanic arcs
volcanoes
1. A(n)
magma
is an underwater mountain chain.
2.
are cracks in Earth’s crust along which movement has
occurred.
3. Molten rock that reaches the surface is called
4.
.
occur when stored energy is released along a fault.
5. Mountains that form when an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate are
called
.
6.
are vents in Earth’s crust through which molten rock flows.
7.
is molten rock deep within Earth.
Multiple Choice
8. The strongest and most damaging earthquakes occur at a convergent boundary
where
A. subduction occurs.
B. there are many faults.
C. no subduction occurs.
9. Most volcanoes form as the result of
A. divergent
B. transform
C. convergent
plate movement.
10. Most mountains form along convergent boundaries because
A. strong forces cause rocks to fold and crumple.
B. ocean crust is much thinner than continental crust.
C. earthquakes at these boundaries cause the land to rise.
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Earth’s Dynamic Surface
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Directions: On the line before each statement, write the letter of the correct answer.
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz B
LESSON 2
Shaping Earth’s Surface
Completion
Directions: On each line write the term that correctly completes each sentence.
1.
are cracks in Earth’s crust along which movement has
occurred.
2. Molten rock that reaches the surface is called
3.
.
is molten rock deep within Earth.
Short Answer
Directions: Respond to each question or statement on the lines provided.
4. Synthesize What causes earthquakes? Where and why do most earthquakes occur?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. Define mid-ocean ridge. Along which type of plate boundaries do they form?
6. Define volcano and explain where most volcanoes form.
7. Contrast the mountains that form at different plate boundaries.
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
45
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline
LESSON 3
Changing Earth’s Surface
A. Breaking Down Earth Materials
1. Processes that wear away and break down
are often so
slow that it is difficult to see changes in the mountains during a human’s lifetime.
a. The mechanical and chemical processes that change Earth’s surface over time are
referred to as
.
b. The material formed from rocks broken down by weathering
is
.
c. Sediment produced by weathering can be rock fragments, sand, silt,
or
.
2. The process of breaking down rock without changing the composition of the rock is
called
weathering.
a. Rocks can break as a result of
motion or when a
boulder rolls off a cliff.
b.
seeping into cracks in rocks can freeze and shatter
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
the rock.
c. The force from plant
growing in cracks in rocks can
pry the rock open.
3. The process that changes the composition of rocks is called
weathering.
a. Some minerals, such as calcite, can dissolve in slightly
water, such as rainwater.
b. Other minerals react with carbon dioxide or oxygen in the
to form new
.
c. Abundant water and higher temperatures speed up
weathering.
B. Moving Earth Materials
1. The term
is used to describe the moving of weathered
material, or sediment, from one location to another.
2. The laying down or settling of eroded material is
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
.
49
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Lesson Outline continued
3. The downhill movement of a large mass of rocks or soil due to gravity is
called
.
a. On tall mountains or steep slopes, the force of gravity can create a type of mass
wasting called a(n)
.
b. The
needed to move rocks and soil can come from
gravity, flowing water, wind, and moving
.
4. Most erosion and
of sediment is carried out by flowing
water.
a. Faster water can carry larger pieces of
than slower
water.
b. When water slows, the sediment in the water is
on
the sides of the river.
c. When rivers enter oceans or lakes, sediment also is deposited, forming land
features called
.
5. Erosion by
can be the most important process that
changes landforms in deserts.
6. Examples of landforms made by wind include
dunes
C. Ice
1. In cold climates, such as high mountains or near the poles, large masses of ice,
formed by snow accumulation on land, that move slowly across Earth’s surface are
called
.
a. The force of
causes glaciers to flow and slide downhill,
weathering the rocks over which the ice moves.
b. Glaciers can pick up
they
2. Plate tectonics explains many of
and then deposit it when
.
surface features and
the processes that occur on it.
3.
50
, or the average weather in a region over a long period of
time, affects the processes that move Earth material.
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
and ripples.
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice A
LESSON 3
Changing Earth’s Surface
Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly replaces the underlined words in each
statement. Each term is used only once.
chemical weathering
deposition
erosion
glacier
mass wasting
physical weathering
sediment
weathering
1. The mechanical and chemical processes that change Earth’s surface over time can affect
rocks in different ways.
2. The material formed from rocks broken down by weathering can be rock fragments,
sand, silt, or clay.
3. The process of breaking down rock without changing the composition of the rock can
occur when water repeatedly freezes and thaws in cracks in rocks.
air and water to form new minerals.
5. The moving of weathered materials, or sediment, from one location to another changes
the surface of Earth.
6. The laying down or settling of eroded material occurs when flowing water loses energy.
7. Landslides are a type of downhill movement of a large mass of rocks or soil due to gravity.
8. Gravity can cause a large mass of ice, formed by snow accumulation on land, that
moves slowly across Earth’s surface to flow and slide downhill.
52
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. The process that changes the composition of rocks can occur when minerals react with
Name
Date
Class
Content Practice B
LESSON 3
Changing Earth’s Surface
Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement in the space provided.
Question
Answer
1. What does weathering do to rocks?
2. What is sediment?
3. Which kind of weathering does not
change the composition of a rock?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Which kind of weathering changes
the composition of a rock?
5. Compare erosion and deposition.
6. What is mass wasting?
7. Name four things that cause
erosion and deposition.
8. Explain how a delta forms.
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
53
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 3
Changing Earth’s Surface
Key Concept What is the difference between physical and chemical weathering?
Directions: Complete the concept map with the correct term or phrase from the word bank in the space provided.
Each term or phrase is used only once.
breaks down rock without changing the composition
physical weathering
changes the composition of rock
rusting
Types of
Weathering
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
chemical
weathering
freezing and
thawing
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
55
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 3
Changing Earth’s Surface
Key Concept What is the difference between physical and chemical weathering?
Directions: On the line before each description, write P if the description is an example of physical weathering or
C if the description is an example of chemical weathering.
1. Calcite in limestone dissolves in slightly acidic rainwater.
2. The roots of plants grow into the cracks in rocks.
3. A boulder rolls off a cliff and breaks apart.
4. Iron in rocks reacts with oxygen to form iron oxide.
5. Carbon dioxide reacts with feldspar to form clay.
6. Water seeps into cracks in rocks and freezes and thaws.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. Faults rupture and cause rocks to break.
Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided.
8. What is weathering?
9. Compare physical weathering and chemical weathering.
10. Give an example of a factor that can affect rates of weathering.
56
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 3
Changing Earth’s Surface
Key Concept How do water, ice, and wind change Earth’s surface?
Directions: On the line before each statement, write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false. If the
statement is false, change the underlined word(s) to make it true. Write your changes on the lines provided.
1. Landslides and other types of mass wasting are caused by gravity.
2. Most erosion and transport of sediment occurs by wind.
3. The slower water flows, the larger the pieces of sediment it can carry.
4. In deserts, erosion by water can be the most important process that changes
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
landforms.
5. Ripples are examples of landforms made by wind.
6. Glaciers typically form in cold climates, such as high mountains or near the
poles.
7. When a glacier freezes, it deposits the sediments that it carried.
8. Much of North America was covered by flowing water 20,000 years ago.
9. Climate, or the average weather in a region over a long period of time, can
affect the processes that change Earth’s surface.
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
57
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 3
Changing Earth’s Surface
Key Concept How do water, ice, and wind change Earth’s surface?
Directions: Complete the chart with the correct term from the word bank in the space provided. Some terms may
be used more than once.
gravity
Effect
ice
water
wind
Cause
1. landslide
2. Grand Canyon
3. Niagara Falls
4. delta
5. sand dune
6. ripples
and
Directions: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided.
8. How are plate tectonics related to Earth’s surface features?
9. Give an example of how climate can affect the processes that move Earth material.
10. Give an example of how plate movement can affect climate.
58
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Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. deep valleys
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz A
LESSON 3
Changing Earth’s Surface
Matching
Directions: On the line before each definition or description, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly.
Each term is used only once.
1. Rust is an example of this type of weathering.
A. chemical
2. downhill movement of material due to gravity
B. deposition
3. the movement of sediment from place to place
C. erosion
4. freezing and thawing is this type of weathering
D. mass wasting
E. physical
5. the laying down of sediment in a new place
Multiple Choice
Directions: On the line before each question or statement, write the letter of the correct answer.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. Plant roots often cause
A. deltas to form.
B. deposition of soil.
C. weathering of rocks.
7. Chemical weathering occurs fastest in a
A. cold, wet
B. warm, dry
C. warm, wet
climate.
8. Which statement is true?
A. Winds deposit large rocks when they blow at high speeds.
B. Rivers erode more material on steep slopes than on flat lands.
C. Glaciers cause chemical weathering when they freeze and thaw.
9. Which geologic features are examples of deposition by water?
A. deltas
B. sand dunes
C. river valleys
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
61
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Quiz B
LESSON 3
Changing Earth’s Surface
Multiple Choice
Directions: On the line before each statement, write the letter of the correct answer.
1. Chemical weathering occurs slowest
A. in a desert.
B. on a forest floor.
C. on the floor of a river valley.
D. in a shallow part of the ocean.
2. Deposition does NOT occur
A. as a glacier melts.
B. during a windstorm.
C. when a river empties into the ocean.
D. as rocks move downhill due to gravity.
3.
A.
B.
C.
D.
are NOT examples of erosion.
Sand dunes
River valleys
Ripple marks
Glacial valleys
Directions: On each line, write a term or phrase that correctly completes each sentence.
4. Rust is an example of
weathering.
5. Mass wasting can be defined as
.
6. Erosion can be defined as
.
7. Deposition can be defined as
.
8. Plant roots breaking rocks is a type of
62
weathering.
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Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Completion
Lesson Outline for Teaching
Lesson 1: Earth’s Moving Surface
A. Plate Tectonics
1. The theory of plate tectonics states that Earth’s surface is broken into large, rigid
pieces that move with respect to each other.
slowly.
a. The pieces of Earth’s surface, called tectonic plates, move over Earth’s surface very
earthquakes.
b. The motion of tectonic plates forms volcanoes and mountains and causes
2. Earth’s outermost layer is called the crust.
3. The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle make up the lithosphere.
asthenosphere.
4. The partially melted portion of the mantle below the lithosphere is the
than the lithosphere.
5. The asthenosphere can bend more easily than the lithosphere because it is hotter
6. Earth has 15 large tectonic plates, plus many smaller plates.
7. Oceans completely cover some plates, but others are made of oceanic crust and
continental crust.
B. Plate Boundaries
moves in relation to another plate.
1. Scientists describe the movement of a tectonic plate as relative motion—how it
2. The type of boundary between plates depends on the relative motion of the plates.
other.
a. A(n) divergent boundary is a boundary where two plates move away from each
b. As plates move apart, new crust forms between them.
c. A(n) convergent boundary is a boundary where two plates move toward each other.
plate is called subduction.
d. The process that occurs when one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic
e. A(n) transform boundary is a boundary where two plates slide past each other.
to accurately measure the position of any point on Earth’s surface.
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
3. The network of satellites known as the Global Positioning System (GPS) can be used
from each other at an average rate of just 2.5 cm/y.
2. New technology has determined that North America and Europe are separating
until the mid-twentieth century.
1. Tectonic plates move so slowly that geologists could not measure their movement
C. Measuring Plate Movement
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Lesson Outline continued
tectonic plate positions over several years.
4. Scientists can measure the speed and direction of plate movement by tracking
5. About 200 million years ago, North America and Europe were part of a large continent
called Pangaea; when the plates moved apart, the Atlantic Ocean formed between
the continents.
1. The amount of matter per unit of volume is called density.
D. Why do tectonic plates move?
2. When a fluid is heated, its molecules spread out and it becomes less dense.
fluid sinks.
3. When fluids heat unevenly, the warmer, less-dense fluid rises, and the cooler, denser
thermal energy.
4. Convection is the circulation within fluids caused by differences in density and
5. Convection in the mantle can drag plates over Earth’s surface.
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T3
a. When two plates collide, one can subduct or sink into the hotter, less-dense mantle.
6. Plates can also move as a result of subduction.
b. The sinking part of a(n) plate pulls the rest of the plate along.
Discussion Question
How did the Atlantic Ocean form?
North America and Europe were once part of a large continent called Pangaea. About
200 million years ago, a divergent boundary formed between North America and Europe.
The plates moved apart, and the Atlantic Ocean formed between them.
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Lesson Outline for Teaching
Lesson 2: Shaping Earth’s Surface
A. Earthquakes
1. The vibration caused by the rupture and sudden movement of rocks along a break
or a crack in Earth’s crust is a(n) earthquake.
along which movement occurs.
2. An earthquakes can occur at a(n) fault, which is a crack or a fracture in Earth’s crust
faults at plate boundaries.
a. Because of the convection currents beneath tectonic plates, forces build up along
b. When a fault ruptures, Earth’s crust moves along the fault, causing a(n)
earthquake.
3. Most earthquakes occur at plate boundaries.
a. The size of an earthquake is called its magnitude and is determined by how much
energy is released during the earthquake.
b. A plate boundary involves more than one fault.
c. Faults are largest where one plate subducts into the mantle, and the strongest and
most damaging earthquakes occur there.
landforms.
4. The movement of crust along faults can make mountains, valleys, and other
a. Blocks of crust move horizontally past each other at a(n) transform boundary.
b. Mid-ocean ridges form at divergent boundaries between oceanic plates.
c. At a(n) convergent boundary with a subduction zone, the plate that does not
subduct deforms and crumples as the two plates push toward each other.
d. At a(n) convergent boundary without a subduction zone, the edges of both
tectonic plates become crumpled and deformed.
that subducted.
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
c. A line of volcanoes forms parallel to the plate boundary directly above the plate
volcanoes on the plate that does not subduct.
b. Magma formed from the subducted plate then rises toward the surface and forms
a. At some convergent boundaries, one plate subducts another plate.
4. Most volcanoes form at convergent plate boundaries.
3. Volcanoes are vents in Earth’s crust through which molten rock flows.
2. Magma that erupts onto Earth’s surface is called lava.
1. Geologists call molten rock stored beneath Earth’s surface magma.
B. Volcanoes
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Lesson Outline continued
thousands of years.
5. Mountains can form over millions of years, but volcanoes can form in hundreds to
6. Volcanoes erupt in two ways.
and becoming solid rock.
a. In a(n) lava flow, lava can flow over Earth’s surface before cooling, hardening,
1980.
b. Sometimes, volcanoes can erupt explosively, as happened at Mount St. Helens in
high into the atmosphere.
c. Tiny pieces of glass made from solidified lava are called ash and can be blown
C. Ocean Basins
forms new crust.
1. At convergent plate boundaries and divergent plate boundaries, lava hardens and
of the plates as new ocean crust.
2. At an oceanic divergent plate boundary, newly formed crust is added to the edges
ridges.
3. Long, narrow mountains formed by magma at divergent boundaries are mid-ocean
4. Three-quarters of all lava erupts at mid-ocean ridges.
occur at the edges of plates.
5. Most mountains form near plate boundaries because folding and crumpling usually
boundary,
a. Large mountain ranges form when two continents collide at a convergent plate
still growing.
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b. The Himalayas are the world’s largest and highest mountain range, and they are
Discussion Question
How did the seafloor between North America and Europe form?
The landmasses that make up North America and Europe separated 200 million years ago
when a divergent plate boundary formed between them. As the plates moved apart, new
lava erupted, hardened, and formed new ocean crust. This new crust formed the seafloor
between North America and Europe.
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Lesson Outline for Teaching
Lesson 3: Changing Earth’s Surface
A. Breaking Down Earth Materials
1. Processes that wear away and break down mountains are often so slow that it is
difficult to see changes in the mountains during a human’s lifetime.
referred to as weathering.
a. The mechanical and chemical processes that change Earth’s surface over time are
b. The material formed from rocks broken down by weathering is sediment.
c. Sediment produced by weathering can be rock fragments, sand, silt, or clay.
is called physical weathering.
2. The process of breaking down rock without changing the composition of the rock
a. Rocks can break as a result of plate motion or when a boulder rolls off a cliff.
b. Water seeping into cracks in rocks can freeze and shatter the rock.
c. The force from plant roots growing in cracks in rocks can pry the rock open.
3. The process that changes the composition of rocks is called chemical weathering.
rainwater.
a. Some minerals, such as calcite, can dissolve in slightly acidic water, such as
b. Other minerals react with carbon dioxide or oxygen in the air to form new minerals.
c. Abundant water and higher temperatures speed up chemical weathering.
features called deltas.
Earth’s Dynamic Surface
c. When rivers enter oceans or lakes, sediment also is deposited, forming land
b. When water slows, the sediment in the water is deposited on the sides of the river.
a. Faster water can carry larger pieces of sediment than slower water.
4. Most erosion and transport of sediment is carried out by flowing water.
wind, and moving ice.
b. The energy needed to move rocks and soil can come from gravity, flowing water,
wasting called a(n) landslide.
a. On tall mountains or steep slopes, the force of gravity can create a type of mass
mass wasting.
3. The downhill movement of a large mass of rocks or soil due to gravity is called
2. The laying down or settling of eroded material is deposition.
sediment, from one location to another.
1. The term erosion is used to describe the moving of weathered material, or
B. Moving Earth Materials
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Lesson Outline continued
deserts.
5. Erosion by wind can be the most important process that changes landforms in
6. Examples of landforms made by wind include sand dunes and ripples.
C. Ice
1. In cold climates, such as high mountains or near the poles, large masses of ice,
formed by snow accumulation on land, that move slowly across Earth’s surface are
called glaciers.
rocks over which the ice moves.
a. The force of gravity causes glaciers to flow and slide downhill, weathering the
b. Glaciers can pick up sediment and then deposit it when they melt.
occur on it.
2. Plate tectonics explains many of Earth’s surface features and the processes that
processes that move Earth material.
3. Climate, or the average weather in a region over a long period of time, affects the
Discussion Question
How do chemical weathering and physical weathering affect each other?
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T7
Physical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces. When rocks break, chemical weathering
can occur on the newly exposed surfaces. Similarly, chemical weathering can make rocks
weaker, making the rocks break more easily.
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