* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Appendices (Spanish Grammar Book, Enrique Yepes, Bowdoin) http
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Arabic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Navajo grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Irish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lexical semantics wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
English clause syntax wikipedia , lookup
Udmurt grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish verbs wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Russian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Hungarian verbs wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Italian grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Appendices (Spanish Grammar Book, Enrique Yepes, Bowdoin) 4 of 6 http://www.bowdoin.edu/~eyepes/newgr/ats/append.htm#appe APPENDIX E: GRAMMATICAL TERMS APÉNDICE E: TÉRMINOS GRAMATICALES Adjectives [adjetivos]. Words to describe nouns: good movie, several issues, one flower. Adverbs [adverbios]. Words to provide information about verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. He speaks well. It's very good. They performed incredibly well. Articles [artículos]. Definite: the (el, la, los, las, lo); indefinite: a, an (un, una). Clause [cláusula]. A part of a sentence including an additional verb (with its own subject): They hope that you go. (main clause) (conjunction) (subordinate clause) Within a sentence, clauses may serve the function of a noun (noun clause), an adjective (adjective clause), or an adverb (adverb clause). For example, in the sentence “Her books are good”, books is the subject (a function of a noun). If, instead of “her books”, the subject is another sentence such as “what she writes”, this sentence will be a noun clause: What she writes is good noun clause Conjunctions [conjunciones]. Words that connect two other words or phrases: and, or, however, although y, o, sin embargo, aunque Conjugation [conjugación]. Verbs may adopt different endings according to the tense (worked) or the person (he works). This process is called inflection or conjugation. In Spanish, a verb is conjugated whenever it is not in its infinitive, participle or gerund forms. Demonstratives [demostrativos]. this, that, these, those Gender [género]. This word is used to indicate whether something is masculine or feminine in Spanish: The gender of el libro is masculine, the gender of la casa is feminine. Gerund [gerundio] (or present participle) . Verb form (-ing) that combines with to be in phrases such as: is sleeping, was studying. (hablando, comiendo, viviendo) In English, the gerund is often used as a noun: I like the book (noun) → I like studying (noun). BUT Spanish uses the infinite in this role: Me gusta el libro → me gusta estudiar Imperative Mood [modo imperativo]. The form of the verb used for commands: Come! (ven, venga, vengan, venid) Indicative Mood [modo indicativo]. Verb tenses that present actions or occurrences as factual: I lived here. He won't go. Infinitive. The basic form of the verb, as found in the dictionary: to speak (hablar), to eat (comer), to live (vivir). The infinitive is often used as the object of another verb: I hate to fry . Odio freír. Nouns [sustantivos]. Words to name things or people: book (libro), liberty (libertad), author (autor). In sentences, nouns are generally the subject or the object of a verb: Authors write books. Number [número]. This term is used to indicate whether something is singular or plural: house, casa (singular) houses, casas (plural) Object [objeto o complemento]. Part of the sentence that undergoes the action expressed by the verb. Examples: She wrote a letter to Pedro. → the letter is the direct object (what did she write?) → Pedro is the indirect object (to whom did she write?) She told him the secret. → the secret is the direct object (what?) → him is the indirect object (to whom?) She took him to a doctor. → him is the direct object (what?, whom?) → the doctor is the indirect object (to whom?) Past Participle [participio]. The verb form used either as an adjective or in compound tenses after the verb have (haber): 5/13/2016 7:12 PM Appendices (Spanish Grammar Book, Enrique Yepes, Bowdoin) 5 of 6 http://www.bowdoin.edu/~eyepes/newgr/ats/append.htm#appe As an adjective: He is lost, she was needed. In compund tenses with to have: He had lost the game. She hasn't needed anything. Person [persona]. In English, I is the first person singular, he/she/it are the third person singular, we is the first person plural, they is the third person plural, you is the second person singular or plural. Phrase [frase]. Any group of words that make sense together: the big city things generally kept in the refrigerator Possessives [posesivos]. Words indicating ownership, such as my (mi), yours (tuyo), our (nuestro), etc. Prepositions [preposiciones]. Words that convey a sense of position (spatial or conceptual): with (con), to (a, para), in, on, at (en), etc. Pronouns [pronombres]. Words that stand in place of nouns or noun phrases already mentioned:she, it, him, etc. Martha loves her city. She loves it. Reflexive [reflexivo]. A pronoun that indicates actions performed on oneself, in which the subject and the object of the verb are one and the same (me, te, se, nos, os, se): We see ourselves clearly. I washed myself. Sentence [oración]. A group of words including at least one (conjugated) verb and conveying a complete thought (subject, verb, object): Martha loves the city. Subject. Generally, the person or thing that performs the action in a sentence. For example "New York grew rapidly." New York (who grew?) is the subject. Subjunctive Mood [modo subjuntivo]. Verb tenses that indicate non-factual actions or occurrences. In the sentences If I were you, or I insist that he be here, the verb to be is in the subjunctive mood. Tenses [tiempos]. Forms of the verb that indicate aspects of time, e.g. past, present, future. A perfect tense conveys a completed action: I will have written the letter by tomorrow. An imperfect tense describes ongoing actions: I was studying. Verbs [verbos]. Generally, words that convey actions, such as to go (ir), to work (trabajar). Verbs that may take a direct object are called transitive: - John wrote the letters; he communicated the news to his family. Letters and the news are the direct objects of the transitive verbs to write and to communicate. Verbs that may not take a direct object are called intransitive: - John works hard and communicates effectively. The verbs to work and to communicate are intransitive in this sentence because it is unnecessary for them to take a direct object. APPENDIX F. TRANSITIONAL PHRASES APÉNDICE F. FRASES DE TRANSICIÓN CAUSA EFECTO a causa de (que) —because of debido a (que) — due to por — because of porque — because —OJO— como — because, since ya que — because, since puesto que — because, since dado que — given that así (que) — thus en consecuencia — as a result como resultado — as a result —OJO— por consiguiente — therefore por lo tanto — therefore por eso — therefore, for that reason AÑADIR EXPLICAR 5/13/2016 7:12 PM