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Appendices (Spanish Grammar Book, Enrique Yepes, Bowdoin)
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APPENDIX E: GRAMMATICAL TERMS
APÉNDICE E: TÉRMINOS GRAMATICALES
Adjectives [adjetivos]. Words to describe nouns: good movie, several issues, one flower.
Adverbs [adverbios]. Words to provide information about verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
He speaks well. It's very good. They performed incredibly well.
Articles [artículos]. Definite: the (el, la, los, las, lo); indefinite: a, an (un, una).
Clause [cláusula]. A part of a sentence including an additional verb (with its own subject):
They hope
that
you go.
(main clause) (conjunction) (subordinate clause)
Within a sentence, clauses may serve the function of a noun (noun clause), an adjective
(adjective clause), or an adverb (adverb clause). For example, in the sentence “Her books are
good”, books is the subject (a function of a noun). If, instead of “her books”, the subject is
another sentence such as “what she writes”, this sentence will be a noun clause:
What she writes is good
noun clause
Conjunctions [conjunciones]. Words that connect two other words or phrases:
and, or, however, although
y, o, sin embargo, aunque
Conjugation [conjugación]. Verbs may adopt different endings according to the tense (worked)
or the person (he works). This process is called inflection or conjugation. In Spanish, a verb is
conjugated whenever it is not in its infinitive, participle or gerund forms.
Demonstratives [demostrativos]. this, that, these, those
Gender [género]. This word is used to indicate whether something is masculine or feminine in
Spanish:
The gender of el libro is masculine, the gender of la casa is feminine.
Gerund [gerundio] (or present participle) . Verb form (-ing) that combines with to be in phrases
such as:
is sleeping, was studying. (hablando, comiendo, viviendo)
In English, the gerund is often used as a noun: I like the book (noun) → I like studying (noun).
BUT Spanish uses the infinite in this role: Me gusta el libro → me gusta estudiar
Imperative Mood [modo imperativo]. The form of the verb used for commands: Come! (ven,
venga, vengan, venid)
Indicative Mood [modo indicativo]. Verb tenses that present actions or occurrences as factual:
I lived here. He won't go.
Infinitive. The basic form of the verb, as found in the dictionary:
to speak (hablar), to eat (comer), to live (vivir).
The infinitive is often used as the object of another verb: I hate to fry . Odio freír.
Nouns [sustantivos]. Words to name things or people: book (libro), liberty (libertad), author
(autor).
In sentences, nouns are generally the subject or the object of a verb: Authors write books.
Number [número]. This term is used to indicate whether something is singular or plural:
house, casa (singular) houses, casas (plural)
Object [objeto o complemento]. Part of the sentence that undergoes the action expressed by
the verb. Examples:
She wrote a letter to Pedro. → the letter is the direct object (what did she write?)
→ Pedro is the indirect object (to whom did she write?)
She told him the secret. → the secret is the direct object (what?)
→ him is the indirect object (to whom?)
She took him to a doctor. → him is the direct object (what?, whom?)
→ the doctor is the indirect object (to whom?)
Past Participle [participio]. The verb form used either as an adjective or in compound tenses
after the verb have (haber):
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Appendices (Spanish Grammar Book, Enrique Yepes, Bowdoin)
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As an adjective: He is lost, she was needed.
In compund tenses with to have: He had lost the game. She hasn't needed anything.
Person [persona]. In English, I is the first person singular, he/she/it are the third person
singular,
we is the first person plural, they is the third person plural, you is the second person singular or
plural.
Phrase [frase]. Any group of words that make sense together:
the big city things generally kept in the refrigerator
Possessives [posesivos]. Words indicating ownership, such as my (mi), yours (tuyo), our
(nuestro), etc.
Prepositions [preposiciones]. Words that convey a sense of position (spatial or conceptual):
with (con), to (a, para), in, on, at (en), etc.
Pronouns [pronombres]. Words that stand in place of nouns or noun phrases already
mentioned:she, it, him, etc.
Martha loves her city. She loves it.
Reflexive [reflexivo]. A pronoun that indicates actions performed on oneself, in which the
subject and the object of the verb are one and the same (me, te, se, nos, os, se): We see
ourselves clearly. I washed myself.
Sentence [oración]. A group of words including at least one (conjugated) verb and conveying a
complete thought (subject, verb, object): Martha loves the city.
Subject. Generally, the person or thing that performs the action in a sentence. For example
"New York grew rapidly." New York (who grew?) is the subject.
Subjunctive Mood [modo subjuntivo]. Verb tenses that indicate non-factual actions or
occurrences.
In the sentences If I were you, or I insist that he be here, the verb to be is in the subjunctive
mood.
Tenses [tiempos]. Forms of the verb that indicate aspects of time, e.g. past, present, future.
A perfect tense conveys a completed action: I will have written the letter by tomorrow.
An imperfect tense describes ongoing actions: I was studying.
Verbs [verbos]. Generally, words that convey actions, such as to go (ir), to work (trabajar).
Verbs that may take a direct object are called transitive:
- John wrote the letters; he communicated the news to his family.
Letters and the news are the direct objects of the transitive verbs to write and to communicate.
Verbs that may not take a direct object are called intransitive:
- John works hard and communicates effectively.
The verbs to work and to communicate are intransitive in this sentence because it is unnecessary
for them to take a direct object.
APPENDIX F. TRANSITIONAL PHRASES
APÉNDICE F. FRASES DE TRANSICIÓN
CAUSA
EFECTO
a causa de (que) —because of
debido a (que) — due to
por — because of
porque — because —OJO—
como — because, since
ya que — because, since
puesto que — because, since
dado que — given that
así (que) — thus
en consecuencia — as a result
como resultado — as a result —OJO—
por consiguiente — therefore
por lo tanto — therefore
por eso — therefore, for that reason
AÑADIR
EXPLICAR
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