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World War II Section 1 World War II Section 1 Axis Aggression Preview • Starting Points Map: Europe, 1930s • Main Idea / Reading Focus • Germany Expands • Map: Axis Advances • Alliances and Civil War World War II Section 1 Axis Aggression Preview, continued • The War Begins • Faces of History: Winston Churchill • Japan Attacks 13-4 WorldCh War II Learning Goal/Content Statement Section 1 • Explain how the consequences of World War I and the worldwide depression set the stage for the rise of totalitarianism, aggressive Axis expansion and the policy of appeasement which in turn led to World War II. World War II • • • • • • • • • Ch 14-1 Vocabulary Appeasement Winston Churchill: Axis Powers:. nonaggression pact: blitzkrieg Allies Battle of Britain: (1940) Hideki Tojo Isolationism: Section 1 World War II Ch 14-1 vocabulary Section 1 • Appeasement : giving in to aggressive demands in order to avoid war. • -Italy/Ethiopia • -Japan/Manchuria, China • -Germany/Rhineland, Austria, Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia, Poland p.438 • Winston Churchill: (1874-1965) British prime minister; he opposed the policy of appeasement and led Great Britain through WWII. • Axis Powers: the alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan in WWII. • nonaggression pact: an agreement between nations to not attack one another. • World War II Ch 14-1 vocabulary Section 1 • blitzkrieg: a German ―lightning war‖; a fast, forceful style of fighting used by Germans in WWII • Allies: the alliance of Britain, France, and Russia in WWII; joined by the United States after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941. • Battle of Britain: (1940) three month air battle between Germany and Great Britain fought over Great Britain during WWII; Britain’s victory forestalled a German invasion. • Hideki Tojo: (1884-1948) Japanese nationalist and general; he took control of Japan during WWII. He was later tried and executed for war crimes. • Isolationism: staying out of the affairs and wars of other nations; the position initially held by the United States at the Beginning of WWII. World War II Click the icon to play Listen to History audio. Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps. Section 1 World War II Section 1 1)World How did feel? Warthe II Treaty of Versailles make Germans Section 1 What was lebensraum? Who was unwilling to do what? • -severely damaged the German economy • -terms of the treaty left Germans feeling humiliated • -Lebensraum (LAY-buhnz-rowm): Hitler wanted nation to have lebensraum or, ―living space‖ in which the German people could grow and prosper. • -Hitler wanted Germany to have more territory. • -Germany’s neighbors were aware of the threat of German expansion. • -no one was willing to fight over Hitler’s words. 2) What What World Wardid II Hitler begin to do in secret? Section 1 did this violate? • -Hitler realized nobody wanted to fight over his words or actions • -became chancellor in 1933 • -Began to secretly rebuild the German military which had been greatly weakened post WWI • -violations of Treaty of Versailles RESENTMENT!!! • -Hitler signed treaty in 1935 allowing to build submarines and warships in the name of stopping the spread of communism; actually planning to build a mighty German empire. 3)What World does War IIHitler do in 1936? What did this violate? Section 1How do Britain and France react? Hitler grows what? • -he was ready to take more direct action • -March: sent a small armed force into the Rhineland this was territory that bordered France. • -Hitler claimed to be reacting to a recent French-Soviet military agreement , which he said threatened Germany. • -violates Treaty of Versailles!!!; which required Germany to stay out of that zone. • -Britain and France complained about Germany violating the treaty • -Britain and France took no direct action German troops remained in the Rhineland and Hitler grew bolder. World War II Section 1 4.Annexing Austria Aggressive moves • Europeans eager to avoid war Hitler’s demands • Target-Austria • Hitler demanded Austrian officials accept annexation (Anschluss): officially join another country • German-speaking country • Initial Austrian resistance • Hitler’s birthplace • Britain and France did nothing • Nazi supporters in Austria • March 1938-unopposed German forces take over Austria • Hitler plotted his moves • Austria Agreed to annexation because they knew Germany could take over forcefully if needed. World War II Section 1 5.Threats to Czechoslovakia Another German-speaking population • Sudetenland eager to be a part of Germany • Hitler threatened the Czech government • Czechs prepared for war Avoiding conflict • September 1938—meeting in Munich: Munich Agreement: no more territorial demands • Chamberlain (British) and Daladier (French) agreed not to block Hitler • British and French were more interested in avoiding conflict. • Czechs had no support: would fight Germany alone. Accept Germany’s terms. Policy of appeasement • Appeasement—giving in to aggressive demands in order to avoid war • Winston Churchill opposed the policy • ―Peace for our time‖ according to Chamberlain • Churchill blasts Chamberlain. ―Why not make a stand (against Hitler) while there is still a good company of united, very powerful countries?‖ World War II Section 1 Appeasement Map World War II Section 1 World War II Section 1 6)Where else World War II did totalitarian regimes emerge? Section 1 They showed a disregard for what? • -Italy and Japan • -Showed disregard for the opinions of other nations NATIONALISM World War II Section 1 7) What did Germany, Italy, and Japan form? • -formed a series of military alliances • -AXIS POWERS • -Anti-Comintern Pact (1936): vs communists 8) WhyWar were enemies to World II Germany and Italy seen as natural Section 1 the Soviet Union? What happens that is surprising? • • • • • • • • • -1930’s Fascist Germany and Italy strongly opposed the Communist Soviet Union -fascism and communism were very different. -fascism was based in extreme nationalism and loyalty to the state. -communism sought international change and a classless society. -Stalin worried about Germany military expansion -1939 British and French officials discussed a possible alliance with the Soviets, but Stalin had lost faith in their ability to protect his country from the Germans. He was secretly negotiating with the Germans. -NONAGGRESSION PACT: signed between U.S.S.R. and Germany -allowed further German aggression in Europe -secret section of the pact recognized each side’s right tot take territory in Eastern Europe, including dividing Poland into Soviet and German areas -News of the pact shocked Britain and France, hoped the Soviets would support themWWI Russia on the side of The Allies. 9)What happens on September 1, 1939? How was Poland World War II Section 1 defenseless? What happens on Sept. 3, 1939? • -Germany launches an attack on Poland; wants their land • -*blitzkrieg : ―lightning war‖, it emphasized speed and close coordination between planes in the air and fast-moving forces on the ground • -Polish air force destroyed quickly. • -Poland countryside offered few natural barriers to slow the blitzkrieg. • -Sept. 3, 1939: Great Britain and France declare war on Germany in response to attack on Poland. 10)Causes of World War I and World War1II World War II Section Causes of WWI -Rivalries due to Similarities Imperialism: imperialism Imperialism vs. Appeasement -military alliances Nationalism Triple Alliance Alliances: Axis and Triple Powers vs. Entente Central powers Militarism -assassination of Franz Ferdinand Causes of WWII -Era of Appeasement *Japan and Manchuria *Italy and Ethiopia, and Albania *Germany and Rhineland, Sudetenland, Austria World War II German Expansion Section 1 World War II German Expansion Section 1 World War II German Expansion Section 1 11) What happens during combat France and Britain? List 2 facts for each. World War II Section 1 Sept.1939-March 1940 *Sitzkrieg: phony war April 1940 Hitler invaded Denmark and Norway. Lightly defended. » This improved Germany’s access to the Atlantic. » Both countries fell with little resistance. May 1940 Germans invaded France. » Germans conquered the Netherlands and stormed into Belgium. » Belgian, British, and French troops tried to stop the Germans in Belgium. » By early June the Germans had trapped hundreds of thousands of Allied soldiers at the French port of Dunkirk. » Meanwhile, German forces attacked France through the Ardennes. The Maginot Line had been bypassed. June 1940 France surrendered to Germany and Italy. » The unoccupied part of France was known as Vichy France. » Many French leaders, including Charles de Gaulle, fled to Great Britain to organize resistance to German and Vichy control of France. **Battle of Britain**: Hitler attempts to invade Britain with Luftwaffe. Is unsuccessful. World War II Maginot Line Section 1 World War II Section 1 12)What in June of 1941? Who does World Warhappens II Section 1 this bring into the war? • • • • • • • -Hitler broke the non-aggression pact with Stalin and sent 3 million troops into the Soviet Union. -Brings Russia into the war. -at first blitzkrieg was very effective -Soviet Army was large in numbers but ill prepared for war -Germans had pushed deep into Soviet territory, but had not managed to reach Russia’s capital of Leningrad by autumn of 1941. -Germans had not prepared for the extremely harsh temperatures of the Soviet winter. -Germans lacked warm clothing and their vehicles and equipment worked poorly in the cold. -Soviets begin to fight back in winter of 1941-1942 Germany’s great blunder. World War II German Expansion Section 1 World War II German Expansion Section 1 World War II German Expansion Section 1 World War II German Expansion Section 1 World War II German Expansion Section 1 World War II German Expansion Section 1 EUROPE UNDER AXIS CONTROL World War II Section 1 World War II Section 1 World War II Section 1 13)What Japan? World War II had Americans banned to Section 1 • -Japan continued territorial expansion moved into French Indochina. • -area was rich in oil, rubber, and other natural resources. • -WHY WAS U.S. NERVOUS ABOUT PACIFIC??? Hawaii • -Nervous American officials banned the sale of oil to Japan; move was designed to slow the Japanese war machine. • -Peace talks continued between Japan and U.S. but Japan planned for war 13)What happens on December 7, 1941? List at World War II Section 1 least 3 facts. • • • • • • • • -U.S. saw treaty between Germany and Japan as cause for concern Japan initiates surprise attack on U.S. Navy Pacific Fleet Attack lasted two hours December 7, 1941 Fighters and bombers launched from carriers Raid a success Major destruction Heavy casualties – 2,400 dead – 200 planes gone – Eight battleships sunk • Three carriers survived • -APPEASEMENT Japan thought all would be forgiven and they would get their oil back. 14) What America’s Response to Pearl Harbor? World Warwas II Section 1 • -had a profound impact • -prior to that point most Americans believed U.S. should stay out of the war *Isolationism • -Isolationism common because many questioned what Allied victory in WWI had actually accomplished • -Did WWI accomplish anything??? • -On December 8, 1941 U.S. declares war on Japan. Three days later Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. World War II Section 1 Axis Aggression Main Idea In the late 1930s Germany, Italy, and Japan used military force to build empires. Their aggressive actions led to the outbreak of World War II. Reading Focus • In what ways did Germany expand in the late 1930s? • What alliances did Axis nations make in the 1930s? • How did the war begin? • What were the causes and effects of Japan’s attack on the United States? World War II Section 1 1.Germany Expands After World War I • Treaty of Versailles seriously damaged German economy. Germany felt humiliated. RESENTFUL • Adolf Hitler came to power – Promised to restore Germany’s greatness – Lebensraum, or ―living room‖ • Hitler wanted more territory – Neighbors aware of threat – Memories of World War I still fresh – No one willing to fight over words World War II Section 1 Rebuilding the German Military • Hitler controlled German government by 1933 • Secretly rebuilt military • Unchallenged—openly stated plan to re-arm Germany • Claimed resisting spread of communism—but empire building Militarizing the Rhineland • Direct action in 1936 • Armed force sent to the Rhineland • French and British complained; no direct action taken • German troops remained; Hitler grew bolder World War II Section 1 World War II Section 1 Alliances and Civil War Hitler builds alliances with other totalitarian governments. The Axis forms Spanish Civil War • Military force to achieve goals • Political conflict begins in 1936 • Anti-Comintern Pact – Germany and Japan • Italy and Germany support fascist Nationalists – Prevent spread of communism • Soviet Union supports Republicans – Oppose USSR • Nationalists win after years of fighting • Italy joins Axis Powers later • Military alliance • Pledge aid in event of war – Francisco Franco – Fascist dictator World War II Section 1 A Secret Deal with Stalin • Germany and Soviet Union on opposing sides in Spanish Civil War – No direct conflict – Axis Powers united against Soviet Union – Soviet leader Joseph Stalin threatened by German expansion • France and Britain discuss possible alliance with Soviet Union – Stalin did not trust British or French – In secret negotiations with Germans • German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact – Each side agreed not to attack the other; allowed further German aggression in Europe – Secret section divided up territory in Eastern Europe • News shocked British and French; Hitler definitely on the march World War II Section 1 Identify Supporting Details With whom did Hitler seek alliances in the late 1930s? Answer(s): Japan and Italy; he also signed a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union World War II Section 1 The War Begins September 1, 1939 Devastating effects • Germany attacked Poland • Polish air force destroyed • World War II begins • Soldiers fought; no match for German forces • Blitzkrieg or ―lightning war‖ • No natural barriers in the way Support for Poland • Britain and France declared war on Germany German troops in position • On Germany’s western border • Allies gave no real help • Hitler eager for assault on France • Poland fell into German hands • Plans for invasion made World War II Section 1 1940–1941 Attack on France • Denmark and Norway captured; the Netherlands and Belgium followed • Tank attack through Ardennes; overwhelmed light resistance there • Heroic Dunkirk rescue; France surrendered in June 1940 Battle for Britain • Great Britain stood alone against German war machine; Churchill now leader • Radar technology secret weapon for air defense • British stood firm during Battle of Britain; Hitler called off invasion plans World War II Section 1 World War II Section 1 Invasion of the Soviet Union • June 1941, Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union had initial successes • Major goals of Leningrad and Moscow not reached before harsh Soviet winter • Soviet armies had time to rebuild and would fight back World War II Section 1 Sequence With what events did the war begin? Answer(s): invasion of Poland, followed by the massing of German troops on its western border World War II Section 1 Japan Attacks Japan’s alliance with Germany was seen as a sign of a war plan. Japan sent forces to Indochina to secure necessary resources of oil and rubber. Hideki Tojo held peace talks with the U.S. but planned for war. Pearl Harbor • Surprise attack on U.S. Navy Pacific Fleet • December 7, 1941 • Fighters and bombers launched from carriers • Raid a success Two-hour attack • Major destruction • Heavy casualties – 2,400 dead – 200 planes gone – Eight battleships sunk • Three carriers survived World War II Section 1 Isolationism • Attack had profound effect • Ended desire to stay out of Europe’s war • War declared on Japan • Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. • Allies vs. Axis World War II Section 1 Find the Main Idea Why did Japan attack the United States? Answer(s): American leaders banned the sale of oil to Japan, which threatened Japan's future plans in French Indochina. World War II German Expansion Section 1 World War II German Expansion Section 1 World War II German Expansion Section 1 World War II German Expansion Section 1 World War II German Expansion Section 1 World War II German Expansion Section 1