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Therapy Insight Therapies Insight therapies Provide people with better awareness and understanding of their feelings, motivations, and actions Psychoanalysis Psychodynamic Therapy Client-Centered Therapy Psychoanalysis Hidden feelings and motives are made conscious for better adaptation. Common techniques Free association Transference Insight Client-Centered Therapy Carl Rogers (person-centered therapy) Calls for unconditional positive regard Conditional positive regard Love and acceptance comes from conforming to what others want Unconditional positive regard True acceptance regardless of actions Nondirective Client-Centered Therapy (con’t) Three core qualities of therapists Genuineness Unconditional positive regard Empathy Active listening Behavior Therapies Focus on behavior change, rather than insight Belief that all behavior is learned Maladaptive behaviors themselves are the focus of the therapy Classical Conditioning Counterconditioning – replace maladaptive response with new response (relaxation) Exposure Therapy Repeated exposure to stimuli that trigger unwanted reactions Systematic desensitization Virtual reality Flooding Aversive conditioning Other Behaviorist Techniques Operant conditioning techniques Behavior contracting Token economies Observational learning Modeling positive context condition Modeling neutral context condition Exposure-positive context condition Positive-context condition Cognitive Approaches Changing clients’ perceptions of themselves and the world Common approaches Rational-emotive therapy (RET) Beck’s cognitive therapy Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Group Therapies Self-help groups Family therapy Couple therapy Effectiveness of Psychotherapy Success rate About two-thirds Success higher with longer duration of treatment Randomly assigned to four groups: Cognitive therapy Interpersonal therapy Drug therapy Control After 16 weeks, depression lifted for a little over 50% of people in each treatment group but for only 29% of controls Which therapy is best? No apparent difference in effectiveness of treatments or types/ experience of clinicians…. Behavioral conditioning: specific behavior problems (e.g., bed wetting, phobias, compulsions) Cognitive therapy: depression, reducing suicide risk Possible explanations: All offer an explanation for problems All offer hope All provide a therapeutic alliance with a therapist Biological Treatments Drug therapy Major types Antipsychotic drugs Tardive dyskinesia Antianxiety drugs Antidepressant drugs Lithium carbonate Biological Treatments Electroconvulsive therapy New Alternatives to ECT Electrical device in chest stimulates vagus nerve to send signals to limbic system Deep stimulation Pacemaker stimulates brain to inhibit negative emotions and thinking Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) Coil sends magnetic field through skull to brain Insert figure 13.7… Biological Treatments Psychosurgery Prefrontal lobotomy Cingulotomy Deinstitutionalization Principles the prevention of inappropriate mental hospital admissions through the provision of community alternatives for treatment the release to the community of all institutionalized who have been given adequate preparation for such a change the establishment and maintenance of community support systems for noninstitutionalized people receiving mental health services in the community Prevention Primary prevention Efforts to reduce new cases of mental disorders Secondary Identifying at-risk groups Tertiary prevention prevention Helping people adjust after hospital release