Download 1-A Intro to Radiologic Physics

INTRODUCTION TO
RADIOLOGIC PHYSICS
EQUIPMENT AND
MAINTENANCE
Prepared by: Timothy John D. Matoy
PHYSICS
Physics (from Ancient Greek: φύσις
physis "nature") is a natural science
that involves the study of matter
and its motion through spacetime,
along with related concepts such as
energy and force.
GENERAL PHYSICS
Standard Units of Measurement
Unit Conversions
Ratios and Proportions
Significant Figures
Scientific Notations
Algebraic Equations and Expressions
Rules of Exponents
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Exact number followed by
approximated or estimated number
in which you are uncertain.
Uncertain numbers
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
The number of significant figures in a measurement,
such as 2531 is equal to the number of digits that are
known with some degree of confidence (2, 5 and 3) plus
the last digit (1), which is an estimate or approximation.
As we improve the sensitivity of the equipment used to
make measurement, the number if significant figure
increases.
DETERMINATION OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURE
1. Exact numbers have infinite S.F..
- seven days in a week – infinite SF
- ten apples in a basket – infinite SF
2. All non-zero digits are significant.
- 255 m – 3 SF
- 289769 – 6 SF
3. Zeroes between non-zero digits are significant.
- 101 lb – 3 SF
- 2007 kg – 4 SF
DETERMINATION OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURE
4. Zeroes to the right of decimal places but to
the left of non-zero digit are significant.
- 11.00 cm – 4 SF
- 24.0 kg – 3 SF
5. Zeroes to the left of the decimal place and
to the right of non-zero digit are significant.
- 10.00 cm – 4 SF
- 20.0 kg – 3 SF
DETERMINATION OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURE
6. Zeroes to the right of the assumed decimal
place are not significant.
- 1000 lb – 1 SF
- 2400 lb – 2 SF
7. Zeroes to the right of the decimal place but
to the left of non-zero digit are not significant.
- 0.000000354376 – 6 SF
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
When combining measurements with different degrees
of accuracy and precision, the accuracy of the final
answer can be no greater than the least accurate
measurement.
Rule of the thumb:
When measurements are added or subtracted, the
answer can contain no more decimal places than the
least accurate measurement,
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION
Rule of the thumb
When measurements are
multiplied or divided, the answer
can contain no more decimal
places than the least accurate
measurement,
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
There are
10,3000,000,000,000,000,000,000
carbon atoms in a 1-Carat
Diamond. Each of which has a
0.000, 000,000,000,000,000,000,020
grams.
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Extremely large and small numbers is extremely
hard to calculate without calculators.
To do a calculation like this, it is necessary to
express these numbers in scientific notation.
Numbers between 1 and 10 multiplied by 10 raised
to some exponent.
EXAMPLE
10,3000………. Carbon atoms can be
10.3 x1021 carbon atoms
0.00……..020 grams can be 2.0 x10-23
grams
SAMPLE PROBLEM
When we mixed 500.5 grams of
water and 10.0 grams of salt.
How many brine solution we
produced?
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
SCIENTIFIC NOTATIONS
SCIENTIFIC NOTATIONS
SCIENTIFIC NOTATIONS
SCIENTIFIC NOTATIONS
FRACTION
Part of a whole
having an integer as numerator and an
integer denominator
The top number divided by the bottom
number
A way of expressing a number of equal
parts.
FRACTION
Improper fraction – An improper fraction
has a numerator (top number) larger than or
equal to the denominator (bottom number).
Proper fraction – has numerator (top
number) less than its denominator (bottom
number)
RATIOS
Are special application of fractions
Ratios express the mathematical relationship
between similar quantities such as feet to the miles
or pounds to the kilograms,
Example
What is the ratio of pounds to kilograms?
2.2 lb is to 1 kg or
2.2 𝑙𝑏𝑠
1 𝑘𝑔
RATIOS AND PROPORTIONS
A proportion is a name we give to a
statement that two ratios are equal. It can be
written in two ways:
two equal fractions
using a colon,
a:b = c:d
PROPORTION
Express the relationship of
one ratio to another and it is
a special application of
fractions and rules in algebra.
DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL
A relationship when one
ratio increase with respect
to another ratio.
F = m x a
INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
A relationship when one
ratio decrease with respect
to another ratio.
Power = work / time
RULE OF EXPONENT
am x an = am+n
If the bases of the exponential
expressions that are multiplied are the
same, then you can combine into one
expression by adding exponent.
Example:
 23 x 24 = (2 x 2 x 2) x ( 2 x 2 x 2 x 2) = 27
RULE OF EXPONENT
am
 n = am-n
a
If the bases of the exponential expression that
are the same, then you can combine them into
the expression by subtracting the exponents.
Example:
𝑥7
 3
𝑥
= x7-3 = x4
RULE OF EXPONENT
(am)n = a
mxn
When you have an exponential expression raised
to a power, you have to multiply the two
exponents.
Example
(32)3 = 3
2x3=
36
RULE OF EXPONENT
0
a =
1
Any number or variable raised to the
zero power is always equals to 1
RULE OF EXPONENT
a
-m
=
1
𝑚
𝑎
If the negative exponent already appears
in the denominator of a fraction, then it
will move to the numerator as a positive
exponent.
RULE OF EXPONENT
1
a
=a
Any number or variable raised to 1
is equals to that number or variable
RULE OF EXPONENT
For addition and subtraction
1. Convert the exponents to the same value.
To do this, Change the exponent of the
smaller number to that of the large number.
2. Add or subtract the coefficient.
3. Multiply the result by the common
exponent.
RULE OF EXPONENT
For multiplication and division
1. Multiply or divide the coefficient
2. For multiplication, add the
exponent. For division subtract the
exponent.
SUMMARY
The exponent of 1
The exponent of 0
Product rule
Power rule
Quotient rule
Negative exponent
STANDARD UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS
Base Quantities
Derived Quantities
Special Quantities
BASE QUANTITIES
Mass
Length
Time
DERIVED QUANTITIES
Energy
Power
Work
Momentum
Force
Velocity
acceleration
SPECIAL QUANTITIES IN RADIOLOGIC
SCIENCE
Exposure
Dose
Equivalent dose
Activity
SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT
Every measurements has two
parts
Magnitude (amount, numbers)
Unit
Example: 1000 kg
SI PREFIXES
UNIT CONVERSIONS
UNIT CONVERSIONS
UNIT CONVERSIONS
ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS AND EXPRESSIONS
ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS AND
EXPRESSIONS
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
BRANCH OF PHYSICS
Mechanics
Heat and thermodynamics
Optics
Acoustic
Electricity and magnetism
Nuclear Physics
MECHANICS
Segment of physics that deals the
motion of the object
VECTOR Quantity
SCALAR Quantity
MECHANICS
Velocity
Accelaration
Force
Momentum
Work
Weight
energy
HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS
 1 cal = 4.186 Joule
Temperature
Measured the hotness and the coldness of a
matter.
HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS
Farenheit
Celcius
Kelvin Scale
HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS
Method of heat transfer
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
FRACTION
Adding fractions
Subtracting fractions
Multiply fractions
Dividing fractions