Download File

The Special Senses Review Check
Answer on a separate sheet of paper:
1. Describe the pathway of light into the eye, include
the name of at least 4 structures
2. Describe the pathway of sound into the ear, include
the name of at least 5 structures
3. The tongue identifies 5 different tastes, how do we
taste 1000’s of different flavors?
Cardiovascular System
Heart and Blood Vessels
Cardiovascular System
Heart : Facts
● Pumps 7,000 liters of blood daily.
● Beats some 3 billion times in an average
lifetime
● heart size varies with body size
● Avg adult: 14 cm long and 9 cm wide
● located in the mediastinum of the
thorax and rests on diaphragm
● base is beneath 2nd rib, apex at 5th
rib, slightly to the left
Heart
● Coverings and Walls
● Pericardium: double-walled sac that encloses the
heart
● Outer layer: Fibrous pericardium
● Inner layer: Serous pericardium: Parietal
pericardium contacts fibrous pericardium and
Visceral pericardium covers the heart
● between parietal and visceral layers is
serous fluid-reduces friction of beating
heart
Heart
● Coverings and Walls
● Pericardium: double-walled sac that encloses the
heart
● Outer layer: fibrous pericardium
● Inner layer: parietal pericardium contacts
fibrous pericardium and visceral pericardium
covers the heart
● between parietal and visceral layers is
serous fluid-reduces friction of beating
heart
Heart
● Coverings and Walls
● Epicardium: outer layer of the wall of the heart,
corresponds to the visceral pericardium, protectiive
covering, secretes serous fluid
● Myocardium: middle layer of wall, cardiac muscle
tissue, contracts to pump blood
● Endocardium: serous, thin inner layer, protective
lining of heart chambers and valves
● Septum: portion of myocardium that separates
the right and left ventricles.
Teach It!
● Person at the red card desk:
● Explain to your shoulder partner how the heart is
protected in the chest; the structure of the
Pericardium. -25 seconds
● Person at the black card desk:
● Restate what your partner just explained.-15 sec
● Person at the black card desk:
● Name and describe to your partner the different
layers of the wall of the heart. -25 seconds
● Person at the red card desk:
Heart
● Chambers and Valves
● Right Side: receives oxygen-poor blood from the
body
● Superior and Inferior Vena Cava: main veins
that deliver blood to the heart from the upper
and lower body
● Right Atrium: receives the blood from the body
● Tricuspid valve prevents backflow of blood into
rt atria from rt ventricle
● Right Ventricle: receives blood from rt atrium
and pumps blood to lungs via Pulmonary
Heart
● Chambers and Valves
● Right Side:
● Pulmonary semilunar valves prevent backflow
of blood into rt ventricle from pulmonary
arteries
● Left Side: receives oxygen-rich blood from the
lungs
● Left Atrium: receives blood from the lungs via
Pulmonary Veins
● Bicuspid or Mitral valve: prevents backflow
from Left Atria
Heart
● Chambers and Valves
● Left Side
● Left Ventricle: strongest and thickest
myocardium, receives blood from left atrium
and pumps blood to the entire body via aorta
● Aortic semilunar valve: prevents backflow into
left ventricle
● Aorta: main artery from which systemic
arteries branch to supply blood to all body
tissues
Heart
● Pathway: the flow of blood
● Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
● Right Atrium
● Tricuspid valve
● Right Ventricle
● Pulmonary semilunar valve
● Pulmonary arteries
● Lungs
● Pulmonary veins
● Left Atrium
● Bicuspid or Mitral valve
● Left Ventricle
Heart
● Pulmonary Circulation:
● circulation of blood from the right side of the
heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium.
● only function is to carry blood to the lungs for gas
exchange and then return it to the heart.
● Systemic Circulation:
● circulation from the left side of the heart through
the body tissues and back to the right atrium
● supplies oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to all body
organs
Heart
● Cardiac Circulation:
● Right and Left Coronary Arteries provides the
myocardium with oxygen and nutrients
● branch out from base of the aorta
● Cardiac Veins empty blood into the Coronary Sinus
which in turn empties into the right atrium
Heart
● Did You Get It?
● Discuss with partners at your desks and write
your answer on white board
1. Which chamber has the thickest walls? Why would
that be?
2. How does the function of the systemic circulation
differ from that of the pulmonary circulation?
3. Why are heart valves important?
4. Why might a thrombus (blood clot) in a coronary
artrery cause sudden death?
Heart : Physiology
Heart : Physiology
● Cardiac muscle is able to initiate its own contraction,
but the rate is influenced by both intrinsic and
extrinsic factors.
● Intrinsic conduction system or nodal system is built
into the heart tissue
● sets the basic rhythm
● composed of special tissues
● travels in one direction-from atria to the ventricles
Heart : Physiology
● Components of intrinsic conduction system
● sinoatrial node or SA node
● located in right atrium
● “the pacemaker”
● starts the heartbeat and sets the pace
● atrioventricular node or AV node
● located at junction of atria and ventricles
● Purkinje fibers
● spread within the muscle of ventricle walls
Heart : Physiology
Impulse
● The atria contract simultaneously - as they start to
relax - contractions of ventricles begins
● SA node starts the impulse
● Atria contracts
● Spreads thru the atria to the AV node
● brief pause to allow atria to finish contracting
● passes rapidly thru Purkinje fibers
● Ventricles contract starting at apex moving up
Heart : Physiology
Impulse
1. SA node begins signal
2
1
SA
2. Signal flows from right to
left atria. Atria contract
3. Signal reaches AV node
3
AV
4. AV node sends signal
down septum via bundle
branches
4
5
purkinje
fibers
5. Signal reaches apex and
flows through Purkinje fibers
and Ventricles contract
Heart : Physiology
● Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds
● Systole (LUB) - contraction of the ventricles-Tricuspid & Mitral
valves
● Diastole (DUB)- relaxation of the ventricles-Pulmonary & Aortic SL
valves
● The time and events occurring from one heartbeat to the next are
the cardiac cycle
● 3 periods of cardiac cycle
● Mid-to-late diastole
● complete relaxation, pressure in heart is low, blood flowing
passively into and thru atria to ventricles from pulmonary
and systemic circulations, Semilunar valves are closed and
AV valves are open, Atria contract and force remaining
Heart : Physiology
● Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds
● 3 periods of cardiac cycle
● Ventricular systole
● pressure within ventricles increases, AV valves close,
Semilunar valves open, Ventricles contract, blood rushes
out, atria are relaxed and blood enters
● Early diastole
● ventricles relax, semilunar valves close, pressure changes in
ventricles, AV valves open, ventricles begin to fill up again
● Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle
in 1 minute
● Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle
with each heartbeat, - increases as force of contractions increases
Cardiac Cycle Review
Systole:
Heart Pressure:
Blood flow:
AV valves:
SL valves:
Atria:
Diastole:
Heart Pressure:
Blood flow:
AV valves:
SL valves:
Atria:
Heart : Physiology
● Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds
● Abnormal Sounds
● Heart murmurs
● blood flow is not smooth and uninterrupted
● valve problems-doesn’t close tightly so some
blood flows backwards
blood
vessels
● Arteries and Arterioles
● carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart
● pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood from heart
● thick walls, strong and stretchy
● blood moves thru as result of the pressure from heartbeats
● Major arteries
● Aorta
● Carotid
● Coronary
● Axillary
● Brachial
● Renal
blood vessels
● Veins and Venules
● carries oxygen-poor blood towards the heart
● pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood from
lungs to the heart
● thinner walls, wider diameter, contains valves to
prevent backflow
● skeletal muscles help move blood to the heart
● Major veins
● Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
● Pulmonary veins
● Jugular vein
blood vessels
● Capillaries and Capillary beds
● one cell layer thick
● site of gas exchange
● form interweaving networks
blood vessels
● PHYSIOLOGY OF CIRCULATION
● Arterial Pulse: the pressure wave of blood that travels
through thte entire arterial system
● pressure surges per minute
● Avg resting-70-76 beats per minute
● Blood Pressure: the pressure the blood exerts against the
inner walls of the blood vessels
● the force that keeps blood circulating
● Systolic Pressure: pressure in arteries at the peak of
ventricular contraction, 1st number of BP
● Diastolic Pressure: pressure when ventricles are relaxing,
2nd number of BP
blood vessels
● PHYSIOLOGY OF CIRCULATION
● Hypertension: high blood pressure
● heart pumps against increased resistance
● 140/90 or higher
● strains the heart and damages the arteries
● Arteriosclerosis
● clogging of the arteries by thickening of the interior
artery walls
blood vessels
● PHYSIOLOGY OF CIRCULATION
● Effects
● Arterial BP is directly related to Cardiac Output and
Peripheral resistance BP=CO X PR
● Peripheral resistance: amount of friction blood
encounters as it flows
● narrowing of blood vessels due to sympathetic
nervous system
● vasoconstriction: hemorrhaging, exercising
● the kidneys
● regulate water retention/loss from plasma
● increase BP, kidneys allows water to leave which
blood vessels
● PHYSIOLOGY OF CIRCULATION
● Effects
● Peripheral resistance:
● temperature
● cold-vasoconstriction/heat-vasodilation
● Chemicals
● Epinephrine increases heart rate and BP
● Nicotine increases BP by vasoconstriction
● Alcohol decreases BP by vasodilation
● Diet
● low in salt, saturated fats, and cholesterol prevents
high BP
● Exercise
blood vessels
● PHYSIOLOGY OF CIRCULATION
★ PHYSIOLOGY OF CIRCULATION
● FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT-ASSIGNMENT
● Using the information about Blood Pressure and
the effects of Peripheral resistance:
● Design a Diet and Exercise plan to maintain a
healthy heart, blood vessels, and blood pressure.
● Create a Google doc and turn it in