Download Biology Spring Review

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Biology Spring Review
*** Remember, this review sheet is meant to provide guidance for your studies, but is not an all-inclusive review of questions that will be
asked on the test. Be sure to review all notes, worksheets, labs and assessments. The chapter numbers are listed so that you can use the text
as a resource, but you do not need to know all of the information in each of the chapters listed. To complete this review, fill in the missing
information and answer the practice questions. The practice questions are examples of the types of concepts and questions you may see on
the test – not the actual test questions.
Review Section 1: Genetics (Chapters 6, 7, 9)
Understand key terms used in genetics.
1. Changes in DNA sequences are called ___________________________________.
2. Define heterozygous - _____________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Define homozygous - _____________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype. Use an example in your explanation.
5. In humans, a male has –
a. one X chromosome only.
b. two X chromosomes.
c. one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
d. two Y chromosomes.
Understand the structure of a pedigree and how it represents the passing of traits through generations.
6. On a pedigree, a circle represents a ___________, while a square represents a ______________.
7. Suppose the pedigree shown represents the following alleles:
D = normal allele
d = affected allele
a. What is the genotype of a carrier male? ________________
b. What is the phenotype of a carrier male? ________________
c. What is the genotype of an affected person? ______________
8. From Figure A, how many people are affected by the disease? ______
9. How many people are definitely carriers of the disease? _______
10. A pedigree can be used to a. show relationships between members of a family.
b. show how a trait is passed from one generation to the next.
c. determine whether an allele is dominant or recessive.
d. all of the above.
Understand how karyotypes are used to identify chromosomes and identify the sex of organisms.
11. A somatic cell (body cell) of a normal human adult contains ________ chromosomes.
12. A somatic cell of a human adult who has trisomy contains ________ chromosomes, while the cell of a human adult with a monosomy
contains ______ chromosomes.
13. What is the genotype of a normal human (format: #, sex chromosomes):
a. female _________ b. male ________
14. An egg cell produced by a human female can only contain what sex chromosome?
________
15. What abnormality do you see in this karyotype? ___________________________
16. Does this karyotype represent a male or female? _____________
17. A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome is called an _____________.
18. If an adult insect has 12 chromosomes in its body cells, how many chromosomes
will its gamest contain? _________________
19. What is non-disjunction? ______________________________________________
20. How many chromosomes are in… a human diploid cell? ________ a human haploid cell? ________
21. Choose one. Which of the following can be observed in a karyotype?
a. a change in a DNA base
b. genes
c. an extra chromosome
d. alleles
Understand why selective breeding is beneficial and how cloning is accomplished.
22. What is the reason for selective breeding? ___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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CELL 1
23. In the figure to the right, cell 1 will have DNA
matching which Sheep? _________________
24. The box with the question mark will be an exact
DNA match of which sheep? _________________
Sheep 1
Understand the source and potential of stem cells and
Sheep 2
treatments.
25. A ___________________ is a cell that has not yet
differentiated into a specialized
job. It is the source from which your other cells
come.
26. Medical treatments use ________________ in order to replace cells in damaged tissues that cannot repair themselves.
?
Review Section 2: Evolution (Chapters 10-11)
Identify evidence of change in species using fossils, DNA sequences, anatomy, physiology, and embryology.
1. Evolution is change over ______________.
2. New traits can only come about by _________________, or changes in the genetic code.
3. Unfavorable traits are taken out of the population by means of
_________________ ________________.
4 .The diagram on the right shows the evolutionary history of the horse, beginning with
Eohippus and ending with the modern horse, Equus. The
horse evolved over a sixtymillion-year period, during a time when many forests were changing into grasslands. The
toe structure and tooth structure for each horse are shown below each horse. Which of the
following is not an evolutionary trend in the development of the modern horse, from
Eohippus to Equus?
a. Decrease in number of toes
b. Increase it tooth size
c. Decrease in body size
d. Increase in forefoot size
5. The table to the right shows genes found in certain bacteria. Each capital letter
represents a different gene. Which bacteria are most closely related
evolutionarily?
a. Bacteria 1 and 2
c. Bacteria 2 and 3
b. Bacteria 1 and 3
d. Bacteria 2 and 4
Genes Present
Bacteria 1
Bacteria 2
Bacteria 3
Bacteria 4
Define and give examples of homologous, analogous structures, and vestigial structures.
6. Homologous structures –
8. Vestigial structures -Example:
Example:
A, G, T, C, L, E, S, H
A, G, T, C, L, D
A, G, T, C, L, D, P, U, S, R, I, V
A, G, T, C, L, D, H
7. Analogous structures –
Example:
Circle one for each of the following.
8. ___________________ shows that organisms share a similar habitat, but not necessarily a recent common ancestor.
Homologous structures
Analogous Structures
Vestigial Structures
9. ___________________ shows that two organisms share a common ancestor even though their modern form may not function the same.
Homologous structures
Analogous Structures
Vestigial Structures
10. In humans, the pelvis and the femur, or thighbone, are involved in walking. In whales, the pelvis and femur
shown here are _______.
a. analogous structures.
c. acquired traits.
b. vestigial structures.
d. examples of natural variation.
11. The pelvis of the whales is _______________ to the pelvis of humans because they are
derived from the same embryonic tissue.
a. Homologous
b. analogous
c. identical
Illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny, adaptations, behavior, extinction
12. Define fitness in terms of evolution. - ______________________________________________________________________________
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13. Define an adaptation. - ___________________________________________________________________________________________
A
B
C
14. View the giraffe population above. Identify the statement with the letter of the picture that describes it.
_________ Over time, the population will have a change in the traits within their gene pool as a result of natural selection.
_________ Within a population, natural variation among individuals is present.
_________ Those individuals with unfavorable traits will be less likely to survive and reproduce- meaning they have a low fitness.
15. Bright coloration makes an organism easier to spot as prey. You would think this would be a disadvantage. What is the advantage of
bright coloration in males of some species of birds and fish? _________________________________________________________
16. Define species. _____________________________________________________________________________________________
17. Once a population is isolated (either geographically, temporally, or behaviorally) from the original population, what makes them a
different species? ________________________________________________________________________________________
18. According to Darwin’s theory on natural selection, the traits evolution acts upon are –
a. caused by response to stress.
c. already present in the population.
b. made by environmental change.
d. introduced by immigrating species.
19. An organism will not evolve a trait because it needs or wants it. New traits are only caused by _______________.
20. Which of the following is the best statement about natural selection?
a. Most populations of organisms evolve to become more and more alike, eventually becoming genetic clones.
b. Some individuals in a population have a variation that gives them an advantage to survive and reproduce.
c. If a population becomes isolated from others, the possibility for mutations decreases and extinction results.
d. A stable environment and fewer variations in a population’s gene pool promotes evolution of new species.
21. Which of the following outcomes would you predict for a population of mosquitoes exposed to a new pesticide.
a. Over several generations, the mosquitoes would become resistant to the pesticide.
b. Over several generations, the mosquitoes would evolve into several new species.
c. Over several generations, the mosquitoes would all be killed and become extinct.
d. Over several generations, the mosquitoes would be more susceptible to the pesticide.
22. Explain your answer to the previous question in terms of evolution and natural selection. ____________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Review Section 3: Ecology (Chapters 13-16)
Know the meaning of predation, parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism and be able to identify examples.
 Symbiosis is the relationship between two species who live closely together and depend on each other in some way.
1. Fill in the following chart with +, -, 0, or X to describe the symbiotic relationships.
(+ means the species benefited, - means the species is harmed, 0 means the species is neither benefited nor harmed, X means the species is killed.)
Symbiotic Relationship
Species A Species B
Mutualism
Parasitism
Commensalism
2. Which of the words from the chart do the following relationships describe?
a. Bacteria living in a human’s large intestine get nutrients and help the human in digestion.____________
b. A hookworm attaches itself to the small intestine of a dog. The dog gets sick, but the hookworm gets nutrition. ___________________
c. Orchids grow on trees for support and to better capture sunlight. The tree is not harmed. ____________
Describe information about the organisms that is found on a food chain, food web or food pyramid.
3. Food chains or webs always start with a ___________________, which is an organism that can make its own food.
4. Organisms that obtain their energy by eating another living thing are called _______________.
5. The producers in an ecosystem usually get their energy from the _________.
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Use this food web for the next 9 problems.
6. Circle the producer(s). Draw a box around the decomposer(s).
7. Label the primary consumers with a 1.
8. Label the secondary consumers with a 2.
9. Label the tertiary consumers with a 3.
10. According to this food web, what is an organism that is both a primary and secondary
consumer? _________________
11. Name two herbivores____________________ ____________________
12. Name two carnivores____________________ ________________
13. Name one omnivore ____________________________________
14. Name the autotroph(s) in the food web. __________________________________
Explain how a change in the amount of one species will affect the others in the ecosystem.
15. If two species are in competition with each other, it means that they compete for limited resources, such as ____________________
16. Look back at the first food web. If we used ant killer to eliminate a large amount of ants, what effect would that probably have on the
number of mice? ___________________________ Explain why. ___________________________________________________
17. If the ant killer also killed the caterpillars, what would happen to the number of birds? ______________________________________
Be able to explain and calculate how energy is passed from one trophic level to the next.
18. Approximately _____% of energy is passed from one trophic level to the next.
19. The remaining energy goes to ______________________________ or is lost as _________________.
20. In ecosystems, ___________ flows one way while _________________ cycles.
a. matter; energy
b. matter; carbon
c. energy; matter
d. carbon; matter
21. Label the producers, primary, secondary and tertiary consumers in the following energy pyramid.
22. What level contains the greatest amount of energy? ___________________
23. Why does the pyramid get smaller as you move up?
_________________________________________________________
24. If there are 4,569 kilocalories of energy available to the producers, how
much energy would there be at each of the other trophic levels? (label
in the blanks to the left of the pyramid)
25. What are two abiotic factors that would affect this ecosystem?
________________________ and ________________________
Review Section 4: Classification (Chapter 17)
Understand how scientists classify and name organisms.
1. Scientists place living organisms into groups called ___________________________.
2. Name the taxonomic categories from largest to smallest, starting with Domain:
3. What mneumonic device do you use to remember the order of the taxomonic categories?
4. The most specific of these categories is _________________________. The least specific of these categories is ___________________.
5. The Black bear’s scientific name is Ursus americanus
a. To what genus does the Black bear belong? ______________________________
b. To what species does the Black bear belong? _____________________________
6. To which of these organisms is the gray wolf (Canis lupus) most closely related?
a. Calidris alba
b. Quercus rubra
c. Anarhichas lupus
d. Canis familiaris
7. Explain your answer to the above question. __________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Interpret a cladogram.
 Cladograms are used to show evolutionary relationships.
 Cladograms are constructed using morphological similarities and DNA
evidence
8. Based on the cladogram, are crocodiles more closely related to Amphibians or
Primates? _________________________________
9. Which of the organism(s) shown reproduce with an amniotic egg?
______________________________________________________
Classify organisms using a dichotomous key.
10. What is a dichotomous key? ____________________________________________
11. Classify each of these leaves using the partial dichotomous key given here.
a. _______________________
b. _______________________
Review Section 5: Viruses and Bacteria (Chapter 18)
Describe the differences between the Lytic and Lysogenic cycles.
1. Explain the difference between lytic and lysogenic infections/cycles. ______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Explain what happens to the cell at the end of:
a) the lytic cycle- _________________
b) the lysogenic cycle- ______________
3. Mary contracted the Herpes virus from sharing Chap Stick with someone who had a cold sore. She got a cold sore a few weeks later and
treated it with cold sore ointment. She does not get another cold sore for two years. What is happening to the virus in that time
period?
a. It is dormant in the lytic cycle
b. It is dormant in the lysogenic cycle
c. She took antibiotics to kill the virus
d. It is actively destroying cells
Know functions and structures of a virus and understand their ability to cause disease.
4. Explain the interaction between the virus and the cell, using the terms antigen and cell surface receptor in your answer.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Some viruses contain _____________, which is double-stranded, as their genetic material.
6. Other viruses, contain ______________, which is single-stranded. This type of virus is called a _________________. An example
of this type of virus is ______________.
7. A virus’s capsid proteins are important because they —
a. contain the genetic material
c. provide energy for the virus
b. make new virus particles
d. help the virus attach to and enter its host
8. HIV weakens the immune system by killing a. antibodies.
b. helper T cells.
c. B cells.
d. killer T cells.
9. Why is the action of HIV that you chose in the question 9 such a serious concern for people infected with the disease?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10. What are the similarities and differences between viruses and living cells? __________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
11. Why do viruses need a host cell? ___________________________
12. Is a virus alive? _________________________________________________________________________________________________
13. Why are viruses considered parasites? _______________________________________________________________________________
14. Are vaccines for viral or bacterial pathogens, or both? ___________________
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15. How do vaccines protect you? _____________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Identify the characteristics of bacteria and how to classify the bacteria based on kingdom, shape or locomotion.
16. Bacteria are found in the Domain __________________and Kingdoms________________ and __________________
17. Bacterial cells are:
a.
Unicellular or multicellular? ______________________
______
b. Autotrophic or heterotrophic? ______________________
______
c.
Eukaryotic or prokaryotic? ______________________
18. What are 2 differences between Eubacteria and Archaebacteria?
_________________________________________________________________________________
19. Label the parts of the bacterium shown on the right:
20. Draw a line from the bacterial cell structure in Column A to its function in Column B.
Column A
Column B
i. Cell wall
a. protein synthesis
ii. Flagella
b. for protection
iii. Ribosome
c. movement
______
21. Draw the 3 bacterial shapes in the boxes below.
Coccus
Bacillus
Spirillum
Be able to describe reproduction in prokaryotes.
22. Bacteria reproduce through _______________________________________________.
23. Are the cells produced in question #1 above genetically identical to the parent cell? __________ Explain. _____________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Describe both helpful and harmful roles of bacteria.
24. Some bacteria are decomposers. Explain the role of decomposers in an ecosystem.
25. What is the role of nitrogen- fixing bacteria? __________________________________________________________
26. What roles do bacteria play in the human digestive system? ___________________________________________________________
27. What type of symbiotic relationship is described in the previous question?__________________________
28. What is a pathogen? _______________________________________________________________________________________
29. Antibiotics are used to treat which of the following types of pathogens? (Circle all that apply)
viruses
bacteria
fungi
protists
Review Section 6: Protists and Fungi (Chapter 19)
Identify characteristics of protists and classify.
1. Protists are found in the Domain ____________________ and the kingdom _____________________.
2. Protists are:
a. Unicellular or multicellular or both? ______________________
b. Autotrophic or heterotrophic or both? ______________________
c. Eukaryotic or prokaryotic or both? ______________________
3. Protists can be classified by how they obtain nutrition:
a. Animal-like protists are heterotrophs, which means _______________________________________________. These are also
called ___________________
b. Plant-like protists contain chloroplasts, which means they are ____________________.
What is the purpose of the chloroplasts? ____________________________________________________
c. Fungus-like protists are decomposers or parasites.
4. Protozoans can also be classified by how they move:
a. Zooflagellates
b. Sarcodines
c. Ciliates
move by _______________
move by _______________
move by _______________
5. Draw a line to and label the nucleus and the mode of transportation on each of the below protists.
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6. How are the four phyla of animal-like protists distinguished from one another?
a. By their method of reproduction
c. By their method of obtaining nutrition
b. By their general shape
d. By their method of movement
7. Some protists serve as direct sources of nourishment for other organisms. For example, whales ingest huge quantities of phytoplankton.
Which word best describes the relationship between the whale and the phytoplankton?
a. Predation
b. Commensalism
c. Parasitism
d. Mutualism
Identify characteristics of Fungi.
8. Fungi are found in the Domain ____________________ and the kingdom _____________________.
9. Fungi are:
a. Unicellular or multicellular or both? ______________________
b. Autotrophic or heterotrophic or both? ______________________
c. Eukaryotic or prokaryotic or both? ______________________
10. Fungi have cell walls made of ______________, which is a material also found in the external skeletons of insects.
11. What are lichens? _________________________________________________________________________________________
12. What are mycorrhizae? ________________________________________________________________________________________
13. Why are mycorrhizae considered a mutualistic relationship? ____________________________________________________________
Review Section 7: Plants (Chapters 20-22)
Describe characteristics of Plants.
1. Plants are found in the Domain ____________________ and the Kingdom _____________________.
2. Plants are:
a. Unicellular or multicellular? ______________________
b. Autotrophic or heterotrophic? ______________________
c. Eukaryotic or prokaryotic? ______________________
3. Name three characteristics of plant cells that are not found in animal cells:
1) _________________________ 2) ___________________________ 3) _________________________
Explain adaptations of plants to their environment.
4. Fill in the following chart with examples of each adaptation:
Biome
Root Adaptations
Desert
Leaf Adaptations
Seed or Flower adaptations
Tropical Rain Forest
Aquatic
5. The seed shown to the left is probably dispersed by ___________________. Other methods of seed dispersal are
_________________________________________________________________.
6. Why do seeds need to be dispersed instead of falling directly from their parent plant? __________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Which of the following characteristics could help short plants survive in areas with limited sunlight?
a. Broad leaf surfaces
c. Brightly colored flowers
b. Thick stems
d. Shallow roots
Compare parts of plants such as the roots, leaf and flower.
8. What are the components of the tissue that make up the leaf’s veins?
9. In what organelle does photosynthesis occur? ___________________________________
10. Identify the parts labeled on the following leaf cross-section explain the function of each.
A: _________________________________________________
C
B: _________________________________________________
C: _________________________________________________
D
D: _________________________________________________
E: _________________________________________________
E
F: _________________________________________________
F
G: ________________________________________________
G
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A
B
11. Label the parts of the flower on the diagram (know the function of each).
Understand the parts and functions of the microscope
12. Name the functions of the following microscope parts:
a. Eyepiece: ___________________________________________________
b. Coarse adjustment knob: ______________________________________
c. Fine adjustment knob: _________________________________________
d. Diaphragm: __________________________________________________
13. How do you calculate the total magnification of the microscope?
14. What are the steps you would follow to making a wet mount of a leaf?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Review Section 9: Animals (Chapters 23, 25)
Know characteristics of animal cells.
1. Animals cells are:
a. Unicellular or multicellular? _______________________
b. Autotrophic or heterotrophic? ______________________
c. Eukaryotic or prokaryotic? ______________________
2. Organelles you would not find in animal cells include _______________________, ____________________, and a large vacuole.
(Animal cells have several small vacuoles).
3. One organelle unique to animal cells is _________________________________. The function of this organelle is
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
4. An animal is each of the following EXCEPT
a. multicellular
b. eukaryotic
c. autotrophic
d. heterotrophic
Know the variations of body systems found in Kingdom Animalia.
5. How are sea sponges (Phylum Porifera) different from other animals?
6. Cephalization refers to the –
a. division of the body into upper and lower sides.
b. concentration of sense organs and nerve cells in the front of the body.
c. joining together of specialized cells to form tissues.
d. formation of a body cavity between the germ layers.
7. The earthworms we dissected are considered hermaphrodites. This means the worms have both male and female reproductive structures
and can produce _____________ and _______________.
8. The function of a skeleton is ______________________________________________________________________.
Type of Skeleton
Description
Example Phyla
Hydrostatic
Endoskeleton
Exoskeleton
9. The distinguishing feature of a closed circulatory system is that –
a. it does not include a heart.
c. blood is contained within vessels that extend throughout the body.
b. blood is kept at low pressure.
d. blood is circulated less efficiently than in an open system.
10. Controlling body temperature is essential for organisms to maintain homeostasis. What is homeostasis? __________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
11.Method of controlling body temp.
Description
Example Organisms
Endotherm
Ectotherm
12. The main difference between ectotherms and endotherms is –
a. the source of their body heat.
c. how they obtain food to provide for their metabolism.
b. whether they control their body temperature.
d. whether they conserve or eliminate body heat.
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Describe different types of body plans, how they form, and how they produce the body systems.
13. Fill in the following chart.
Type of Symmetry
Description
Example Phyla and drawing
Bilateral Symmetry
Radial Symmetry
14. A coleom is a _________________________________________________________________________________.
What is the advantage of having a coelom? _______________________________________________________________
15. One way organisms are classified is by how their digestive tract develops.
Type of Development
Description
Example Phyla
Protostome
Deuterostome
Know how to classify and characterize mammals.
16. What characteristics are shared by all mammals? __________________________________________________________________
17. Fill in the following chart:
Type of Mammal
Describe method of birth
Example Organisms
Monotreme
Marsupial
Placental Mammals
Describe adaptations in Kingdom Animalia.
18. Each group of vertebrate has unique adaptations that make them successful in their habitats. Some of these adaptations are listed in the
table below. Fill in the following chart.
Adaptation
How is this adaptation useful?
Example Organisms
Lungs
Placenta
Scaly skin
Gills
Amniotic eggs with protective internal
membranes
19. Most reptiles exchange gases through their –
a. gills
b. skin
c. lungs
d. limbs
20. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of most amphibians?
a. They live on land as adults.
b. They breathe with lungs as adults.
c. They have moist skin that contains mucus glands.
d. They have scales and claws.
Know how to read and interpret graphs and charts with information relating to Kingdom Animalia.
21. The graph labeled “Metabolic Rates of Fish” shows metabolic rates for two types of fish at different environmental temperatures. Which
of the following conclusions can be drawn from these data?
a. Fish metabolism responds to temperature changes.
b. Metabolic rates decrease as environmental temperatures increase.
c. Fish body temperature results from a high metabolism.
d. Metabolic rates are independent of environmental temperature.
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22. Based on the data in Figure 31-3, what appears to be the lizard’s optimal daytime
body temperature? _____
23. Based on the data in Figure 31-3, is the lizard endothermic or ectothermic? _____
Review Section 10: Body Systems (Chapters 28,29,31,34)
Know the function(s) of selected body systems and organs are found in each system.
1. Fill in the following chart:
Structures
Function (s)
Endocrine System
Immune System
Reproductive System
11. In males, gametes are formed in the ______________________; in females, gametes are formed in the __________________ by the
process of ____________________.
12. Human gametes contain ______ chromosomes.
13. What are the anatomical directions?
Explain and give examples of homeostasis in the human body.
14. How do the body systems maintain homeostasis? List at least 2 examples.
1)
2)
15. Name the levels of organization in a living organism from smallest to largest.
16. Insulin and _____________are the two hormones that regulate blood sugar.
Explain the purpose of the immune system.
17. What is an antigen? ______________________________________________________________________
18. Circle the antigens that might be recognized by the immune system of an individual:
a. viral protein
b. viruses
c. bacteria
d. carbon dioxide
19. Explain what causes an autoimmune response. ________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Understand the body’s defense mechanism.
20. What is the function of a B- Cell?_____________________________________________________________________
21. Which type of cells become memory cells? __________________________________
22. True or False? If a person has memory B cells against a certain pathogen, the likelihood of getting the disease a second time is very high.
23. What is the function of antibodies? _________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
24. In humans, the most important nonspecific defense is the ____________
25. The Sabin vaccine is a liquid containing weakened polio viruses. Vaccinated individuals become protected against polio because the
weakened viruses –
a. prevent further viral invasion.
c. promote production of antibodies.
b. induce an inflammatory response.
d. are too weak to cause illness.
26. What causes redness and swelling if you cut your finger? ___________________________________________________________
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