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Ecosystem Ecology Community (biotic factors) interacts with abiotic factors Objectives • Compare the processes of energy flow and chemical cycling as they relate to ecosystem dynamics. • Define and list examples of producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and Detritivores in an ecosystem. • Distinguish between a food chain and a food web. • Define a energy pyramid and its relationship to human’s diet • Describe how a biogeochemical cycle works and specifically the cycle of carbon and nitrogen • Describe how human activities have disrupted the carbon cycle • Describe the green house effect and its connection to our current global warming. Describe the possible consequences of global warming. • Abiotic Factors that the community interacts with • Energy it is needed by organisms to do the processes to keep alive Forms: light, chemical, heat Type of energy used by living things: • Chemical elements carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, oxygen They are what organisms are made of (matter) Type of matter that organisms are made of: Remember the law of matter and energy! Two processes that transform energy and matter Photosynthesis Energy transformation Matter transformation Autotrophic organisms (producers) are the ONLY ones that can do photosynthesis Heterotrophic organisms (consumers) can not do photosynthesis in plants Cellular Respiration Energy transformation Matter transformation This occurs in autotrophs AND in the heterotrophs that eat them These processes allow for the movement of energy and chemicals in an ecosystem in plants and animals Movement of energy and chemicals Movement of energy and chemicals in an ecosystem is different Energy flows - not recyclable - energy as heat can’t be used again - Ecosystem always needs an external input of energy Chemicals cycle - recyclable - carbon dioxide can be used again - Ecosystem does not need external input of chemicals if cycling is complete Their movement is linked because both depend on transfer of food. We can represent their movement Via a food chain: Simplified linear diagram of who eats whom In an ecosystem, food chains interconnect forming Food Web Complex network of who eats whom We can group organisms by the level at which they feed Trophic structure: The different feeding relationships in an ecosystem What trophic level are you if you eat an apple? What trophic level are you if you eat a steak? Amount of energy and Trophic structure What happens to the energy at each trophic level? Which energy is available to the next trophic level? Energy available to all the consumers and decomposers in an ecosystem comes from the energy in the producers Energy pyramid shows the available energy to the next trophic level The higher the trophic level a species is at, the less available energy that it has from the original energy stored as photosynthesis Implication: Animals at higher trophic levels require more vegetation to provide for their food than animals at lower trophic levels We can apply this information to the human diet! Meat eaters vs. Plant eaters 3,000 lbs of corn and soybeans is capable of supporting ONE person if converted to beef, however, the same amount of soybeans and corn utilized directly without converting to beef will support 22 people! If the world population ate like in the US, ONLY less than ½ of the population could be fed. If the world population ate strict vegetarian diets we could feed 1 billion MORE than present Biogeochemical cycles describe the movement of elements in the ecosystem Elements are found in: Living things biotic reservoirs Non-living things abiotic reservoirs And they can move: Between these reservoirs And within each reservoir Carbon cycle Nitrogen cycle Presence of Carbon Dioxide allows for life on earth The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere determines the temperature, by the GREEN HOUSE EFFECT Some of the sun energy is absorbed by Earth some of this absorbed energy is reflected back some of this reflected energy is reemitted back by Carbon Dioxide and other GH gases Without these gases the Earth would be 59oF cooler!!! What will be the effect of changing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? The IPCC reports summarize evidence of recent changes in global climate • Since 1990, the world’s climate scientists have been gathering to produce the single most comprehensive and authoritative research summary on climate change: Is climate the same as weather? Should climate be stable? Is the current change natural or human driven ? THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HUMAN HEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES: A SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT Health2016.globalchange.go v The impacts of climate change on human health • Temperature • Air quality • Extremes • Vector • Water • Food Temperature Even Small Differences from Seasonal Average Temperatures Result in Illness and Death Air quality impacts • Exacerbated Ozone Health Impacts: these climate-driven increases in ozone will cause premature deaths, hospital visits, lost school days, and acute respiratory symptoms • Increased Health Impacts from Wildfires: Wildfires emit fine particles and ozone precursors that in turn increase the risk of premature death and adverse chronic and acute cardiovascular and respiratory health outcomes • Worsened Allergy and Asthma Conditions Increase in extreme events Vector borne diseases Mosquito-Borne Disease Dynamics: Rising temperatures, changing • Changing precipitation patterns, and a higher frequency of some extreme weather events associated with climate change will influence the distribution, abundance, and prevalence of infection in the mosquitoes that transmit West Nile virus and other pathogens What can you do? 40 min Continuation on animals Phylum Platyhelminthes : flatworms • • • • • • • Worms flat, unsegmented body First animals to exhibit bilateral symmetry, three tissue layers Flatworms are acoelomates Flatworms can be free living or parasitic The have a nervous system with cephalization They have sac like gut Lack respiratory, how do they exchange gases? • Lack circulatory systems, how do they get food and O2 to all the cells? Planaria is a freeliving flatworm Tapeworms • • • • Parasites of vertebrates, in the digestive system Lack a mouth and digestive tract Anterior end with hooks and suckers (scolex) Body has repeating units (proglottids) Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms Cylindrical worms with unsegmented body Body covered by a collagen cuticle (elastic but restricts growth), molted 4 times during growth Body wall has only longitudinal muscles Found in virtually all habitats (poles, deserts, hot springs) Handful of soil contains thousands of nematodes Nematode parasites exist in nearly all animal and plant species Ascaris Ascaris lumbricoides is one of the largest and most common parasites found in humans. It is estimated that 25% of the world's population is infected with this nematode. Host swallows embryonated eggs, juveniles hatch, and burrow through intestinal wall Carried through the heart to the lungs, coughed up and swallowed, they mature in the intestine after two months They feed on intestinal contents and may block or perforate the intestines Vinegar eel Vinegar eels Feed on bacteria and fungi found in nonpasteurized vinegar. They are raised by aquarists, who use them to feed newly hatched fish. Make your own mount with slowing agent Ex. 13 • Procedure 3: Sketch planaria and label Observe the tape worm specimens • Procedure 4: Sketch vinegar eels Observe Ascaris specimens