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prefixes 445 445 prefixes and suffixes The following suffixes. 1 and suffixes are some of the most common and useful English prefixes and prefixes prefix aAngloanteantiarch- mainly added adj. adj, adj., verbs, nouns adj., nouns nouns auto- adj., nouns self bicent(i)cocounter- adj., nouns nouns verbs, nouns adj., verbs, nouns nouns two hundredth together (with) against cyberde- to usual meaning not, without English before against supreme, most computer, internet reversing action take away not, opposite e- verbs verbs adj., verbs, nouns verbs nouns eco- adj., nouns reversing action electronic, internet environment en- foregeohyper- nouns adj. adj., nouns nouns adj. adj. verbs, nouns adj., nouns adj., nouns put in make European former exceptionally outside before earth extreme (ly) illin- past participles adj. badly not, opposite dis- Euroexextra- (im- before p) (il- before 1) (ir - before r) interadj., verbs between, among examples amoral, asexual Anglo -American antenatal, antedate anteroom antisocial, anti-war archbishop, arch-enemy automatic, autobiography bilingual, bicycle centimetre, centilitre co-operate, co-pilot counteract counter -revolution( aryl cybercrime, cyberculture defrost, deregulate deforest disloyal, disappear disorder disconnect, disinfect email, e-commerce, e-book eco-friendly, eco-tourism endanger, encircle enrich, enable Eurocentric, Europop ex-husband extra-special extra-terrestrial foretell, foreknowledge geothermal, geophysics hypercritical, hypertension ill-advised, ill-expressed incomplete, insensitive impossible illegible irregular international, intermarry ~ page 419 prefixes and suffixes 445 prefix kilomal- micro- mainly added to usual meaning nouns thousand bad(ly) adj., verbs, nouns million nouns adj. (informal) extremely very small adj., nouns mid- nouns milliminimis- nouns nouns verbs, nouns in the middle of thousandth little wrong(ly) mono- adj., nouns one multi- adj., nouns many neonon- adj., nouns nouns, adj. new(ly) not omniout- adj. verbs, nouns overpanphoto- adj., verbs adj. adj., nouns all do/be more than too much right across light polypostprepro- adj., adj., adj., adj., many after before for, in favour of pseudopsychoresemi- adj. adj., nouns verbs, nouns adj., nouns false mind, mental again, back half sociosub- adj., nouns adj., nouns society below super- adj. nouns telethermo- nouns adj., nouns more than, special distant heat transtri- adj., verbs adj., nouns across three mega- nouns nouns nouns nouns examples kilometre, kilogram maltreat, malformed malfunction megabyte mega-rich microlight (aircraft), micrometer mid-December, mid-afternoon millisecond miniskirt, minicab misunderstand, misconduct monogamous, monorail multilingual, multi-purpose neo-classical, neo-Nazi non-smoker, non- returnable omnipresent outrun, outnumber (vb.) over-confident, overeat pan-American photoelectric, photosynthesis polyglot, polygon post-modern, postwar premarital, prewar pro-communist, pro-government (adj.) pseudo-academic psycho-analysis rebuild, reconstruction semi-conscious, semicircle socio-economic sub-standard, subconscious, subway supernatural, supermarket telescope thermo-electric, thermometer transatlantic, transplant tripartite, triangle page 420 prefixes and suffixes prefix ultra- mainly added to usual meaning extreme, beyond adj., nouns un- adj., participles verbs verbs, participles adj., nouns nouns underunivice- 2 not, opposite reverse action too little one deputy 445 examples ultra- modern, ultrasound uncertain, unexpected untie, undress underestimate, under-developed unilateral, unicycle vice-chairman suffixes that form nouns suffix mainly added to usual meaning -age verbs instance of -al verbs instance of -ance, -ancy adj., verbs process/state of -ation verbs verbs -ee verbs -ence, -ency adj., verbs -er nouns -er/or verbs -ess -ette -ful -hood nouns nouns nouns nouns -ing nouns -ism nouns nouns -ity -ment adj. verbs -ness -ocracy -ology -phile -phobe -phobia nouns nouns nouns nouns nouns -ship nouns adj, examples breakage, shrinkage refusal, dismissal reluctance, performance, expectancy exploration, starvation process/state of product of organisation, foundation object of verb payee, employee process/state of independence, presidency belonging to teenager, Londoner person/thing that writer, driver, starter, does editor lioness, waitress female small kitchenette spoonful, cupful amount held in quality, group, brotherhood, childhood time of quantity of carpeting, tubing material activity farming, surfing belief, practice communism, impressionism quality of elasticity, falsity process/result of government, arrangement quality of meanness, happiness democracy government by sociology study of lover of Anglophile hater, fearer of Anglophobe irrational fear of arachnophobia (fear of spiders) status, state, friendship, dictatorship quality of • page 421 prefixes and suffixes 3 4 suffixes that form nouns or adjectives suffix -ese mainly added place nouns -(i)an nouns -ist nouns nouns -al -centric -ed -ful -ic -ical -ish -ive -less -like -ly -ous -proof -ward -y usual meaning inhabitant of, language of supporter of, related to citizen of practitioner of examples Chinese, Vietnamese Darwinian, republican Parisian, Moroccan pianist, racist mainly verbs nouns nouns nouns added to nouns nouns nouns adj., nouns place nouns usual meaning can be (done) related to centred on having examples full of, providing related to related to rather (like) inhabitant of, language of can do, does without like with the quality of having protected/- ing against towards like, characterised by verbs nouns nouns nouns nouns nouns adj. nouns washable, drinkable accidental Euroceruric wooded, pointed, blue-eyed useful, helpful electric philosophical, logical greenish, childish Scottish, Turkish attractive, selective careless, homeless childlike friendly, motherly virtuous, ambitious bullet-proof, waterproof backward, northward creamy, wealthy suffixes that form adverbs suffix -Iy -wardis) 6 to suffixes that form adjectives suffix -able 5 445 mainly adj, adj, added to usual meaning in an (adjective) towards examples way calmly, slowly backwards, northward(s) suffixes that form verbs suffix -ate -en -ify -ise/-ize mainly added nouns adj. adj., nouns adj., nouns to usual meaning causative make, become causative: make various examples orchestrate, chlorinate deafen, ripen, harden simplify, electrify modernise, symbolise page 422