Download stem-changing verbs: e:i - Haverford School District

Spanish III
El 20 de octubre
2016
Capítulo 2A
Realidades-2
Lección A
(NOTEBOOKS)
5-10 minutes each night
reviewing gramar and
vocbulary of the current lesson.
To be completed in the regular
notebooks (or JOURNALS)
Monday through Friday
JOURNAL (Notebook)
Mini Lessons -5
minutes at least every
school night in
notebooks
(JOURNALS)
Tarea para mañana
jueves
Realidades 2 Página 81 Actividad 10
Complete as directed in class
Para mañana, el 20 de octubre 2016
¡¡¡Buena Suerte!!!
La Lección de hoy
2. A PRIMERA VISTA Capítulo 2A
Las Obras
La Fecha
El Tiempo
Vocabulario
Los Verbos- Los Verbos
Reflexivos
Using Reflexive Verbs and
identifying infinitives, the stem of
the verbs and the root of the
verbs.
Infinitive forms and finding stems for
regular verbs
Overview
The infinitive is the most basic verb
form in all languages. In English, the
verb is always preceded by the
preposition “to” as in “to speak,” “to
read,” or “to write.” In Spanish,
infinitives consist of only one word
and are separated into three
different conjugation sets according
to their endings, -AR, -ER, and -IR
such as “hablar,” “leer,” and
“escribir.”
Verbs in the infinitive form indicate
what an action is, but do not
indicate anything about who is
doing the action or at what point in
time the action is taking place. Most
verb tenses use a form of the
infinitive as the stem for their
conjugations. In general, for regular
verbs, you simply need to remove
the infinitive ending to find the
stem, and then you can the add
tense’s endings.
Finding the Stem from an Infinitive
-AR Verbs
There are more -AR verbs than the
other two categories. There are also
fewer irregular -AR verbs than -ER
and -IR verbs.
Some examples of common -AR
infinitives and their stems
are:
infinitivedefinition
stem
buscar
to look for
busc-
cantar
to sing
cant-
comprar to buy
compr-
escuchar to listen to
escuch-
extrañar to miss/to yearn forextrañ-
hablar
to speak
habl-
llamar
to call
llam-
llenar
to fill
llen-
llevar
to carry
llev-
mirar
to watch
mir-
visitar
to visit
visit-
-ER Verbs
-ER verbs make up the second
largest group of infinitives in
Spanish. Some common examples
of -ER infinitives are:
infinitive
definition
stem
beber
to drink
beb-
comer
to eat
com-
comprenderto understandcomprendcorrer
to run
corr-
creer
to believe
cre-
deber
to owe
deb-
leer
to read
le-
meter
to put into
met-
romper
to break
romp-
vender
to sell
vend-
-IR Verbs
-IR verbs are the smallest group of
Spanish infinitives. Some examples
of common -IR verbs are:
infinitivedefinitionstem
abrir
to open
asistir
to attend asist-
cubrir
to cover
escribir to write
abrcubrescrib-
incluir
to include inclu-
pedir
to order
permitir to allow
pedpermit-
recibir
to receive recib-
servir
to serve
serv-
vivir
to live
viv-
Stem changing verbs
Stem Changing Verbs
In all three conjugations of verbs (-ar, -er,
and -ir) there are some verbs whose
vowels change within the stem. These
stem-changes occur in all persons except
nosotros and vosotros. These two persons
maintain the regular stem. There are six
varieties of stem-changes: o->ue, e -> ie,
e -> i, i -> ie, u -> ue, o -> hue. Each of
these is described below with examples.
1. e to ie
This is the most common stem change for
Spanish verbs.
Conjugation Example
querer - to want
quiero queremos
quieres queréis
quiere quieren
The Boot!
As you can see, the stem change is only
applied in 1st, 2nd, 3rd person singular
and 3rd person plural, forming the shape
of a boot in the conjugation chart. The
"boot" is a good way to remember which
persons have the stem change.
Some Common e -> ie Verbs
acertar
to guess divertirseto have fun
pensar (en) to think (about)
atender
to attend
empezar to begin
to
perder
to lose
atravesar
to cross
preferir
to prefer
calentar
to warm encerrar to enclose
querer
to want
cerrar
to close
recomendar to recommend
comenzar
to begin fregar
confesar
encender
to light/ignite, to
turn on
entender to understand
remendar
to mend/patch
to confess gobernar to govern
sentar (se)
to sit down
helar
to freeze sentir
to feel
sugerir
to suggest
defender
to defend mentir
to lie
tropezar
(con)
to stumble (into,
across)
descender
to
negar
descend
to deny
despertar
(se)
to wake
up
to snow
nevar
to scrub/wash
2. o to ue
This is the 2nd most common stem change after e->ie.
Conjugation Example
soñar - to dream
sueño soñamos
sueñas soñáis
sueña sueñan
Some Common o -> ue Verbs
absolver
to absolve
doler
to hurt
recordarto remember
acordarse
to agree on
dormir
to sleep
remover to remove
(de)
almorzar
to have lunch
encontrarto find
resolver to resolve
aprobar
to approve
envolver to wrap
retorcer to twist
cocer
to boil/bake
llover
to rain
revolver to mix/shake
colgar
to hang (up)
morder
to bite
rogar
to beg
conmover
to move
(emotionally)
moler
to grind
soler
to be accustomed
to
contar
to count
morir
to die
sonar
to sound
costar
to cost
mostrar to show
soñar
to dream
demoler
to demolish
mover
to move
torcer
to twist
demostrar
to
poder
demonstrate/prove
to be able to
tronar
to thunder
devolver
to return
(something)
probar
to taste, to
prove
volar
to fly
disolver
to dissolve
promoverto promote
3. e to i
Conjugation Example
repetir - to repeat
repito repetimos
repites repetís
repite repiten
Some Common e -> i Verbs
conseguirto get
repetir
corregir to correct
reírse (de)to laugh/to make fun of
despedir to fire/to say goodbyeseguir
to repeat
to follow
elegir
to elect
servir
to serve
impedir to impede
sonreírse to smile
medir
vestirse
to measure
to get dressed
perseguir to follow
4. i to ie
There are only only two commonly used verbs whose stem changes from i to ie:
Conjugation Examples
adquirir - to acquire inquirir - to inquire
adquiero adquirimosinquiero inquirimos
adquieresadquirís
inquieresinquirís
adquiere adquieren inquiere inquieren
5. u to ue
There is only one commonly used verb whose stem changes from u to ue, and it
is a very common verb.
Conjugation Example
jugar - to play
juego jugamos
juegasjugáis
juega juegan
6. o to hue
STEM CHANGING VERBS E:IE
The main form of the verb is called the infinitive.
The infinitive consists of two parts:
theending and the stem. The ending is the last
two letters. There are only three different
endings: -ar, -er, and -ir. The stem is everything
else, except the ending.
hablar: ending = ar, stem = habl
comer: ending = er, stem = com
vivir: ending = ir, stem = viv
Some spanish verbs are called stemchangers because when they are conjugated,
the stem changes in a predictable way. In one
group of stem-changing verbs, the letter e in the
stem changes to ie in all but the nosotros and
vosotros forms. This particular type of stemchanging verb is found in all three verb types.
cerrar
yo cierro
tú cierras
él, ella, Ud. cierra
nosotros/as cerramos
vosotros/as cerráis
ellos, ellas, Uds. cierran
For a more complete discussion of verbs that
change e:ie click here.
Here are some common e:ie stem-changing
verbs.
acertar
to manage to
advertir
to alert
atender
to attend to
atravesar
to cross
calentar
to heat
cerrar
to close
comenzar
to begin
confesar
to confess
convertir
to convert
defender
to defend
despertar
to wake up
divertir
to amuse
empezar
to begin
encender
to light
entender
to understand
enterrar
to bury
fregar
to scrub
herir
to injure
hervir
to boil
mentir
to lie
merendar
to have lunch
negar
to deny
pensar
to think
perder
to lose
preferir
to prefer
querer
to want
regar
to water
sugerir
to suggest
temblar
to tremble
tender
to spread over
tropezar
to stumble on
verter
to spill
STEM-CHANGING VERBS: O:UE
Remember, there are three types of
infinitives: -ar, -er, -ir. Infinitives are made
up of two parts: the ending and the stem. In
the following examples, the stem
is underlined and the ending is in bold.
hablar
comer
vivir
With regular verbs, the stem stays the
same, and the ending changes as they are
conjugated.
hablo
como
vivo
hablas
comes
vives
habla
come
vive
hablamos
comemos
vivimos
habláis
coméis
vivís
hablan
comen
viven
With some verbs, the stem also changes
when you conjugate them. In the present
tense, there are three groups of stemchanging verbs:
o:ue
e:ie
e:i
With the first group of stem-changing
verbs, the letter o in the stem changes to
ue in all forms except the nosotros and
vosotros.
contar
cuento
cuentas
cuenta
contamos
contáis
cuentan
Here’s another o:ue stem changing verb.
Compare it to the regular verb comer. Notice
that the endings are the same for regular verbs
and stem-changing verbs.
mover (o:ue)
comer (regular -er verb)
muevo
como
mueves
comes
mueve
come
movemos
comemos
movéis
coméis
mueven
comen
Here’s another o:ue stem-changing verb. Notice
how the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros
and vosotros forms.
dormir (o:ue)
duermo
duermes
duerme
dormimos
dormís
duermen
Here is a list of common o:ue stem-changing
verbs.
almorzar
to eat lunch
morir
to die
aprobar
to approve
mostrar
to show
colgar
to hang
mover
to move (an object)
contar
to count, to tell
probar
to prove, test, sample, taste
costar
to cost
recordar
to remember
devolver
to return (an object)
resolver
to solve
volver
to return (from someplace)
rogar
to beg, pray
dormir
to sleep
sonar
to sound, ring
encontrar
to find
soñar (con)
to dream (about)
envolver
to wrap
tostar
to toast
morder
to bite
volar
to fly
Let’s add a flashcard for o:ue stem-changers:
VERB
o:ue stem-changers (dormir)
duermo
duermes
duerme
dormimos
dormís
duermen
(almorzar, contar, costar, volver, recordar,
volar)
STEM-CHANGING VERBS: E:I
parts: the ending Remember, there are three types
of infinitives: -ar, -er, -ir. Infinitives are made up of
two and the stem. In the following examples, the
stem is underlined and the ending is in bold.
hablar
comer
vivir
With regular verbs, the stem stays the same, and the
ending changes as they are conjugated.
hablo
como
vivo
hablas
comes
vives
habla
come
vive
hablamos
comemos
vivimos
habláis
coméis
vivís
hablan
comen
viven
With some verbs, the stem also changes when you
conjugate them. In the present tense, there are three
groups of stem-changing verbs:
o:ue
e:ie
e:i
With the third group of stem-changing
verbs, the letter e in the stem changes to i
in all forms except the nosotros and
vosotros.
repetir
repito
repites
repite
repetimos
repetís
repiten
Here’s another e:i stem changing verb.
Compare it to the regular verb vivir. Notice
that the endings are the same for regular
verbs and stem-changing verbs.
competir (e:i)
vivir (regular -ir verb)
compito
vivo
compites
vives
compite
vive
competimos
vivimos
competís
vivís
compiten
viven
Here’s another e:i stem-changing verb.
Notice how the stem doesn’t change in the
nosotros and vosotros forms.
pedir (e:i)
pido
pides
pide
pedimos
pedís
piden
Here is a list of common e:i stem-changing
verbs.
bendecir (*)
to bless
impedir
to impede
colegir
to deduce
maldecir (*)
to curse
competir
to compete
medir
to measure
conseguir
to get, obtain
pedir
to ask for, to order
corregir
to correct
perseguir
to pursue, to persecute
decir (*)
to say, tell
reír
to laugh
despedir
to dismiss, fire
repetir
to repeat
elegir
to elect
seguir
to follow, continue
freír
to fry
servir
to serve
gemir
to groan, moan
sonreír
to smile
* Note: The verb “decir” and its derivitive
forms are irregular in the first person: yo
digo, etc.
Let’s add a flashcard for e:i stem-changers:
VERBS
e:i stem-changers (repetir)
repito
repites
repite
repetimos
repetís
repiten
(decir (yo digo), despedir, medir, pedir, servir)
There is only one commonly used verb whose
stem changes from o to hue.
Conjugation Example
oler - to smell
huelo olemos
hueles oléis
huele huelen
REFLEXIVE VERBS: PART I
A verb is reflexive when the
subject and the object are the
same.
There is no object here
The subject IS the object so to speak
I wash myself.
subject: I
verb: wash
object: myself
Since the subject and object are the
same, the verb is reflexive.
I wash the car.
subject: I
verb: wash
object: car
Since the subject and object are different,
the verb is not reflexive.
Here’s another example of how a verb can be
either reflexive or non-reflexive.
I scratch myself.
subject: I
verb: scratch
object: myself
Since the subject and object are the same,
the verb is reflexive.
I scratch the dog.
subject: I
verb: scratch
object: dog
Since the subject and object are different,
the verb is not reflexive.
When a verb is reflexive, the infinitive
ends in “se.”
lavar
to wash (non-reflexive)
lavarse
to wash oneself (reflexive)
rascar
to scratch (non-reflexive)
rascarse
to scratch oneself (reflexive)
There is one reflexive verb you have been
using since you began studying Spanish.
llamarse – to call oneself
¿Cómo se llama usted?
What do you call yourself?
Me llamo Juan.
I call myself Juan.
Note: A more “natural” translation would be
“What is your name?” and “My name is Juan.”
When you learned to conjugate regular verbs,
you needed to learn a set of pronouns called
“subject pronouns.”
lavar
yo lavo
tú lavas
él, ella, usted lava
nosotros/as lavamos
vosotros/as laváis
ellos, ellas, ustedes lavan
To learn to conjugate reflexive verbs, you need
to learn a different set of pronouns called
“reflexive pronouns.” These pronouns are
positioned before the verb, while the ending
“se” is dropped and the verb is conjugated
normally.
Lavarse
Singular
yo me lavo
I wash (myself)
tú te lavas
you wash (yourself) (informal)
él se lava
he washes (himself)
ella se lava
she washes (herself)
usted se lava
you wash (yourself) (formal)
Plural
nosotros nos lavamos
we wash (ourselves)
nosotras nos lavamos
we wash (ourselves) (feminine)
vosotros os laváis
you-all wash (yourselves) (informal)
vosotras os laváis
you-all wash (yourselves) (informal, feminine)
ustedes se lavan
you-all wash (yourselves)(formal)
ellos se lavan
they wash (themselves)
ellas se lavan
they wash (themselves) (feminine)
The reflexive pronouns are not subject
pronouns; rather they are object pronouns.
me (myself)
te (yourself)
se (himself, herself, yourself)
nos (ourselves)
os (yourselves)
se (themselves, yourselves)
The purpose of the
reflexive object
pronouns is to
show that the action
of the verb remains
with the subject.
Juan se lava la cara.
Juan washes his face. (reflexive)
Juan lava su carro (auto,
coche)
(non-reflexive)
but
Juan washes his car.
Note: When referring to body parts, use the
definite article, thus “la cara” not “su cara.”
Note that many, many verbs can be made
reflexive. All it means when a verb is reflexive is
that the action remains with the subject.
wash the dog (non-reflexive)
wash your face (reflexive)
raise the book (non-reflexive)
raise your arm (reflexive)
put the baby to bed (non-reflexive)
go to bed (reflexive)
wake up your son (non-reflexive)
wake up yourself (reflexive)
…and so on
ANOTHER INTRODUCTION TO :
Reflexive Verbs and Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns work with a reflexive verb to indicate
that a person is performing the action toward or for
him- or herself. These types of verbs are not very
common in English, but are used frequently in Spanish.
Many actions related to personal care or daily routines
are reflexive, but other verbs can be reflexive as well.

Me ducho cada mañana. (I shower (myself) every
morning.)

Te peinas el pelo. (You brush your hair (yourself).

Se hablaba. (He was talking to himself.)

Me veo en el espejo. (I see myself in the mirror.)
The subject is performing the action on
him- or herself, making the object of
the verb, the same as the subject.
Compare two sentences in which one is reflexive and
one is not.

I wash myself. (Me lavo.) - myself is the object
of wash

I wash the dog. (Lavo el perro.) - the dog is the
object of wash
When the object of the verb is the same person as the
subject, you will need to use a reflexive pronoun that
matches the subject of the verb in both number
(singular, plural) and person (1st, 2nd, 3rd).

Me lavo. (I wash myself.)

Te lavas. (You wash yourself.)

Se lava. (He washes himself./She washes herself./It
washes itself./You wash yourself.)

Nos lavamos. (We wash ourselves.)

Os laváis. (You wash yourselves.)

Se lavan. (They wash themselves./You wash
yourselves.)
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns have almost the same forms
as indirect object pronouns except se is used in place
of le and les for the third person. The reflexive pronoun
will always be the same person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and
number (singular, plural) as the subject of the sentence.
Reflexive Pronoun Forms
Singular
Plural
1st
me (to, for, from, or off
person myself)
nos (to, for, from, or off
ourselves)
2nd
te (to, for, from, or off
person yourself)
os (to, for, from, or off
yourselves)
se (to, for, from, or off
3rd
himself, herself, itself,
person
yourself)
se (to, for, from, or off
themselves, yourselves)
Reflexive Pronoun Uses:
Reflexive verbs will require the use of reflexive pronouns
to indicate that the direct object of the verb is also the
subject, that the subject is performing the action on
him- or her-self. Notice that the reflexive pronoun has
the same person as the verb ending.

lavarse (to wash one’s self) - Me lavo las manos. (I
wash my hands.)

sacarse (to take something off one’s self) - Nos

sacamos los guantes. (We our gloves off (ourselves).

despertarse (to wake up) - Se despiertan a las seis
cada mañana.

(They wake themselves up at six o’clock every
morning.)
As mentioned before, you can also add reflexive
pronouns to verbs not regularly reflexive verbs in
order to make them reflexive.
You borrow from the reflexive pronouns to make a
specific point

verse (to see one’s self)

hablarse (to talk to one’s self)

escribirse (to write to one’s self)

comprarse (to buy (something) for one’s self)
Reflexive verbs can also be used to indicate an
emotional response to something. When a person
becomes angry, sad, happy, etc., you can express
this by using reflexive verbs.

Me enojé rápidamente. (I got angry quickly.)

Te alegras de hablar español. (It makes you happy
to speak Spanish.)

Se aburre en la clase de matemáticas. (He gets
bored in Math class.)
Reflexive pronouns can also be used to add emphasis to
a seemingly regular situation. The pronouns are not
normally translated directly into English, but the sense
of something extra is there in Spanish.

Comí el pastel. (I ate the cake.)

Me comí el pastel. (I ate up the cake/I ate the whole
cake.)

Estúdialo. (Study it.)

Estúdiatelo. (Really study it./Study it thoroughly.)
Reflexive Pronoun Placement
POSITION LAWS
Reflexive pronouns are placed immediately before
simple conjugated verbs and negative commands.

sacarse - Yo me saco los guantes. (I take off my
gloves.)

afeitarse - Tú te afeitas la cara. (You shave your
face.)

acostarse - Ellas se acuestan. (They go to bed.)

escribirse - No se escriba notas. (Don’t write notes
to yourself.)
REMEMBER THE POSITION LAW
…..OBJECT PRONOUNS COME BEFORE THE
CONJUGATED VERS OR THEY FOLLOW THE INFINITIVES
AND ARE ATACHED
OR THEY FOLLOW THE PRESENT PARTICIPLES AND ARE
ATTACHED
OR THEY FOLLOW THE AFFIRMATIVE COMMANDS AND
ARE ATACHED
YO TE CONOZCO.
VOY VOY A CONOCERTE.
Estoy hablándote. Yo te estoy hablando.
¡Háblame!
¡Díme la verdad!
Reflexive Pronouns are attached
to affirmative commands and in
the case of compound verbs
(present progressive,
ir+a+infinitive, etc.)
the pronoun can either be
attached to the infinitive or
present participle or go before the
conjugated verb.

ducharhse - Estoy duchándome.

Me estoy duchando. (I am showering (myself).)
quitarse - Quítate el sombrero. (Take off your hat.)
sentarse - Voy a sentarme.
Me voy a sentar. (I am going to sit (myself) down.
‘
Reflexive Verb Examples
Below is a list of common reflexive verbs. This is not a
complete list, but rather a reference to help you
understand which kinds of verbs are reflexive.
aburrirse (de) (t
enojarse
despertarse (to
quitarse (to
o get bored
(con) (to get
wake up)
take off)
with)
mad about)
acordarse
(de) (to
remember)
destaparse (to
reponerse (t
irse (to leave)
uncover)
o get better)
acostarse (to go desvestirse (to limarse (las secarse (to
to bed)
get undressed) uñas) (to file) dry off)
afeitarse (to
shave)
disgustarse
maquillarse (t
sentarse (to
(de) (to becomeo put on
sit down)
upset about) makeup)
alegrarse
distraerse (to
(de) (to be glad distract
about)
oneself)
mirarse (to
look at
oneself)
sostenerse (t
o support)
bañarse (to
bathe)
divertirse
olvidarse
subirse (to
(con) (to enjoy (de) (to forget
get up)
oneself with) about)
cepillarse (to
brush)
dormirse (to go peinarse (to
to sleep)
comb one's
taparse (to
cover up
hair)
convertirse
(en) (to
become)
ducharse (to
shower)
oneself)
pintarse (los
torcerse (to
labios) (to put
twist)
on lipstick)
desayunarse (to enfermarse (to probarse (to vestirse (to
eat breakfast) become ill)
try on)
get dressed)
despedirse (to
say good-bye)
enloquecerse (t ponerse (to
o go crazy)
put on)
volverse (to
become)
Reflexive Verbs with Meaning
Changes
Making a verb reflexive can change its meaning in
ways that you wouldn’t find very logical. Some are
more subtle than others, while some are quite
different. Some of these verbs are listed below.
abonar
to pay
money
abonarse
to subscribe to (a
magazine, newspaper,
etc.)
abrir
to open
abrirse
to open up (confide in
someone)
acordar to agree/to acordarse to remember
decide
acusar
to accuse
acusarse
callar
to be quiet callarse
to become quiet
cerrar
to close
to close oneself off
emotionally
cerrarse
to confess
combinarto combine combinarseto take turns
dormir
to sleep
dormirse
to fall asleep
ir
to go
irse
to go away
llevar
to carry
llevarse
to take away
poner
to put
ponerse
to put on/to wear
…de corregir:
TRABAJOS Y
TAREAS
Work given to class by sub
29 September 2016
THURSDAY
TAREA TAREA
TAREA
TAREA
LA TAREA –
Mini lesson in journals
(notebooks )
every school night!!!
Review grammar from class
Write out as simple review for
practice!!!!! 15-20 minutes each
night!!!!!!!
¡¡¡Capitulo 1A and 1B!!!
A Primera Vista