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Spanish III El 20 de octubre 2016 Capítulo 2A Realidades-2 Lección A (NOTEBOOKS) 5-10 minutes each night reviewing gramar and vocbulary of the current lesson. To be completed in the regular notebooks (or JOURNALS) Monday through Friday JOURNAL (Notebook) Mini Lessons -5 minutes at least every school night in notebooks (JOURNALS) Tarea para mañana jueves Realidades 2 Página 81 Actividad 10 Complete as directed in class Para mañana, el 20 de octubre 2016 ¡¡¡Buena Suerte!!! La Lección de hoy 2. A PRIMERA VISTA Capítulo 2A Las Obras La Fecha El Tiempo Vocabulario Los Verbos- Los Verbos Reflexivos Using Reflexive Verbs and identifying infinitives, the stem of the verbs and the root of the verbs. Infinitive forms and finding stems for regular verbs Overview The infinitive is the most basic verb form in all languages. In English, the verb is always preceded by the preposition “to” as in “to speak,” “to read,” or “to write.” In Spanish, infinitives consist of only one word and are separated into three different conjugation sets according to their endings, -AR, -ER, and -IR such as “hablar,” “leer,” and “escribir.” Verbs in the infinitive form indicate what an action is, but do not indicate anything about who is doing the action or at what point in time the action is taking place. Most verb tenses use a form of the infinitive as the stem for their conjugations. In general, for regular verbs, you simply need to remove the infinitive ending to find the stem, and then you can the add tense’s endings. Finding the Stem from an Infinitive -AR Verbs There are more -AR verbs than the other two categories. There are also fewer irregular -AR verbs than -ER and -IR verbs. Some examples of common -AR infinitives and their stems are: infinitivedefinition stem buscar to look for busc- cantar to sing cant- comprar to buy compr- escuchar to listen to escuch- extrañar to miss/to yearn forextrañ- hablar to speak habl- llamar to call llam- llenar to fill llen- llevar to carry llev- mirar to watch mir- visitar to visit visit- -ER Verbs -ER verbs make up the second largest group of infinitives in Spanish. Some common examples of -ER infinitives are: infinitive definition stem beber to drink beb- comer to eat com- comprenderto understandcomprendcorrer to run corr- creer to believe cre- deber to owe deb- leer to read le- meter to put into met- romper to break romp- vender to sell vend- -IR Verbs -IR verbs are the smallest group of Spanish infinitives. Some examples of common -IR verbs are: infinitivedefinitionstem abrir to open asistir to attend asist- cubrir to cover escribir to write abrcubrescrib- incluir to include inclu- pedir to order permitir to allow pedpermit- recibir to receive recib- servir to serve serv- vivir to live viv- Stem changing verbs Stem Changing Verbs In all three conjugations of verbs (-ar, -er, and -ir) there are some verbs whose vowels change within the stem. These stem-changes occur in all persons except nosotros and vosotros. These two persons maintain the regular stem. There are six varieties of stem-changes: o->ue, e -> ie, e -> i, i -> ie, u -> ue, o -> hue. Each of these is described below with examples. 1. e to ie This is the most common stem change for Spanish verbs. Conjugation Example querer - to want quiero queremos quieres queréis quiere quieren The Boot! As you can see, the stem change is only applied in 1st, 2nd, 3rd person singular and 3rd person plural, forming the shape of a boot in the conjugation chart. The "boot" is a good way to remember which persons have the stem change. Some Common e -> ie Verbs acertar to guess divertirseto have fun pensar (en) to think (about) atender to attend empezar to begin to perder to lose atravesar to cross preferir to prefer calentar to warm encerrar to enclose querer to want cerrar to close recomendar to recommend comenzar to begin fregar confesar encender to light/ignite, to turn on entender to understand remendar to mend/patch to confess gobernar to govern sentar (se) to sit down helar to freeze sentir to feel sugerir to suggest defender to defend mentir to lie tropezar (con) to stumble (into, across) descender to negar descend to deny despertar (se) to wake up to snow nevar to scrub/wash 2. o to ue This is the 2nd most common stem change after e->ie. Conjugation Example soñar - to dream sueño soñamos sueñas soñáis sueña sueñan Some Common o -> ue Verbs absolver to absolve doler to hurt recordarto remember acordarse to agree on dormir to sleep remover to remove (de) almorzar to have lunch encontrarto find resolver to resolve aprobar to approve envolver to wrap retorcer to twist cocer to boil/bake llover to rain revolver to mix/shake colgar to hang (up) morder to bite rogar to beg conmover to move (emotionally) moler to grind soler to be accustomed to contar to count morir to die sonar to sound costar to cost mostrar to show soñar to dream demoler to demolish mover to move torcer to twist demostrar to poder demonstrate/prove to be able to tronar to thunder devolver to return (something) probar to taste, to prove volar to fly disolver to dissolve promoverto promote 3. e to i Conjugation Example repetir - to repeat repito repetimos repites repetís repite repiten Some Common e -> i Verbs conseguirto get repetir corregir to correct reírse (de)to laugh/to make fun of despedir to fire/to say goodbyeseguir to repeat to follow elegir to elect servir to serve impedir to impede sonreírse to smile medir vestirse to measure to get dressed perseguir to follow 4. i to ie There are only only two commonly used verbs whose stem changes from i to ie: Conjugation Examples adquirir - to acquire inquirir - to inquire adquiero adquirimosinquiero inquirimos adquieresadquirís inquieresinquirís adquiere adquieren inquiere inquieren 5. u to ue There is only one commonly used verb whose stem changes from u to ue, and it is a very common verb. Conjugation Example jugar - to play juego jugamos juegasjugáis juega juegan 6. o to hue STEM CHANGING VERBS E:IE The main form of the verb is called the infinitive. The infinitive consists of two parts: theending and the stem. The ending is the last two letters. There are only three different endings: -ar, -er, and -ir. The stem is everything else, except the ending. hablar: ending = ar, stem = habl comer: ending = er, stem = com vivir: ending = ir, stem = viv Some spanish verbs are called stemchangers because when they are conjugated, the stem changes in a predictable way. In one group of stem-changing verbs, the letter e in the stem changes to ie in all but the nosotros and vosotros forms. This particular type of stemchanging verb is found in all three verb types. cerrar yo cierro tú cierras él, ella, Ud. cierra nosotros/as cerramos vosotros/as cerráis ellos, ellas, Uds. cierran For a more complete discussion of verbs that change e:ie click here. Here are some common e:ie stem-changing verbs. acertar to manage to advertir to alert atender to attend to atravesar to cross calentar to heat cerrar to close comenzar to begin confesar to confess convertir to convert defender to defend despertar to wake up divertir to amuse empezar to begin encender to light entender to understand enterrar to bury fregar to scrub herir to injure hervir to boil mentir to lie merendar to have lunch negar to deny pensar to think perder to lose preferir to prefer querer to want regar to water sugerir to suggest temblar to tremble tender to spread over tropezar to stumble on verter to spill STEM-CHANGING VERBS: O:UE Remember, there are three types of infinitives: -ar, -er, -ir. Infinitives are made up of two parts: the ending and the stem. In the following examples, the stem is underlined and the ending is in bold. hablar comer vivir With regular verbs, the stem stays the same, and the ending changes as they are conjugated. hablo como vivo hablas comes vives habla come vive hablamos comemos vivimos habláis coméis vivís hablan comen viven With some verbs, the stem also changes when you conjugate them. In the present tense, there are three groups of stemchanging verbs: o:ue e:ie e:i With the first group of stem-changing verbs, the letter o in the stem changes to ue in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros. contar cuento cuentas cuenta contamos contáis cuentan Here’s another o:ue stem changing verb. Compare it to the regular verb comer. Notice that the endings are the same for regular verbs and stem-changing verbs. mover (o:ue) comer (regular -er verb) muevo como mueves comes mueve come movemos comemos movéis coméis mueven comen Here’s another o:ue stem-changing verb. Notice how the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros and vosotros forms. dormir (o:ue) duermo duermes duerme dormimos dormís duermen Here is a list of common o:ue stem-changing verbs. almorzar to eat lunch morir to die aprobar to approve mostrar to show colgar to hang mover to move (an object) contar to count, to tell probar to prove, test, sample, taste costar to cost recordar to remember devolver to return (an object) resolver to solve volver to return (from someplace) rogar to beg, pray dormir to sleep sonar to sound, ring encontrar to find soñar (con) to dream (about) envolver to wrap tostar to toast morder to bite volar to fly Let’s add a flashcard for o:ue stem-changers: VERB o:ue stem-changers (dormir) duermo duermes duerme dormimos dormís duermen (almorzar, contar, costar, volver, recordar, volar) STEM-CHANGING VERBS: E:I parts: the ending Remember, there are three types of infinitives: -ar, -er, -ir. Infinitives are made up of two and the stem. In the following examples, the stem is underlined and the ending is in bold. hablar comer vivir With regular verbs, the stem stays the same, and the ending changes as they are conjugated. hablo como vivo hablas comes vives habla come vive hablamos comemos vivimos habláis coméis vivís hablan comen viven With some verbs, the stem also changes when you conjugate them. In the present tense, there are three groups of stem-changing verbs: o:ue e:ie e:i With the third group of stem-changing verbs, the letter e in the stem changes to i in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros. repetir repito repites repite repetimos repetís repiten Here’s another e:i stem changing verb. Compare it to the regular verb vivir. Notice that the endings are the same for regular verbs and stem-changing verbs. competir (e:i) vivir (regular -ir verb) compito vivo compites vives compite vive competimos vivimos competís vivís compiten viven Here’s another e:i stem-changing verb. Notice how the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros and vosotros forms. pedir (e:i) pido pides pide pedimos pedís piden Here is a list of common e:i stem-changing verbs. bendecir (*) to bless impedir to impede colegir to deduce maldecir (*) to curse competir to compete medir to measure conseguir to get, obtain pedir to ask for, to order corregir to correct perseguir to pursue, to persecute decir (*) to say, tell reír to laugh despedir to dismiss, fire repetir to repeat elegir to elect seguir to follow, continue freír to fry servir to serve gemir to groan, moan sonreír to smile * Note: The verb “decir” and its derivitive forms are irregular in the first person: yo digo, etc. Let’s add a flashcard for e:i stem-changers: VERBS e:i stem-changers (repetir) repito repites repite repetimos repetís repiten (decir (yo digo), despedir, medir, pedir, servir) There is only one commonly used verb whose stem changes from o to hue. Conjugation Example oler - to smell huelo olemos hueles oléis huele huelen REFLEXIVE VERBS: PART I A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same. There is no object here The subject IS the object so to speak I wash myself. subject: I verb: wash object: myself Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive. I wash the car. subject: I verb: wash object: car Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not reflexive. Here’s another example of how a verb can be either reflexive or non-reflexive. I scratch myself. subject: I verb: scratch object: myself Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive. I scratch the dog. subject: I verb: scratch object: dog Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not reflexive. When a verb is reflexive, the infinitive ends in “se.” lavar to wash (non-reflexive) lavarse to wash oneself (reflexive) rascar to scratch (non-reflexive) rascarse to scratch oneself (reflexive) There is one reflexive verb you have been using since you began studying Spanish. llamarse – to call oneself ¿Cómo se llama usted? What do you call yourself? Me llamo Juan. I call myself Juan. Note: A more “natural” translation would be “What is your name?” and “My name is Juan.” When you learned to conjugate regular verbs, you needed to learn a set of pronouns called “subject pronouns.” lavar yo lavo tú lavas él, ella, usted lava nosotros/as lavamos vosotros/as laváis ellos, ellas, ustedes lavan To learn to conjugate reflexive verbs, you need to learn a different set of pronouns called “reflexive pronouns.” These pronouns are positioned before the verb, while the ending “se” is dropped and the verb is conjugated normally. Lavarse Singular yo me lavo I wash (myself) tú te lavas you wash (yourself) (informal) él se lava he washes (himself) ella se lava she washes (herself) usted se lava you wash (yourself) (formal) Plural nosotros nos lavamos we wash (ourselves) nosotras nos lavamos we wash (ourselves) (feminine) vosotros os laváis you-all wash (yourselves) (informal) vosotras os laváis you-all wash (yourselves) (informal, feminine) ustedes se lavan you-all wash (yourselves)(formal) ellos se lavan they wash (themselves) ellas se lavan they wash (themselves) (feminine) The reflexive pronouns are not subject pronouns; rather they are object pronouns. me (myself) te (yourself) se (himself, herself, yourself) nos (ourselves) os (yourselves) se (themselves, yourselves) The purpose of the reflexive object pronouns is to show that the action of the verb remains with the subject. Juan se lava la cara. Juan washes his face. (reflexive) Juan lava su carro (auto, coche) (non-reflexive) but Juan washes his car. Note: When referring to body parts, use the definite article, thus “la cara” not “su cara.” Note that many, many verbs can be made reflexive. All it means when a verb is reflexive is that the action remains with the subject. wash the dog (non-reflexive) wash your face (reflexive) raise the book (non-reflexive) raise your arm (reflexive) put the baby to bed (non-reflexive) go to bed (reflexive) wake up your son (non-reflexive) wake up yourself (reflexive) …and so on ANOTHER INTRODUCTION TO : Reflexive Verbs and Pronouns Reflexive pronouns work with a reflexive verb to indicate that a person is performing the action toward or for him- or herself. These types of verbs are not very common in English, but are used frequently in Spanish. Many actions related to personal care or daily routines are reflexive, but other verbs can be reflexive as well. Me ducho cada mañana. (I shower (myself) every morning.) Te peinas el pelo. (You brush your hair (yourself). Se hablaba. (He was talking to himself.) Me veo en el espejo. (I see myself in the mirror.) The subject is performing the action on him- or herself, making the object of the verb, the same as the subject. Compare two sentences in which one is reflexive and one is not. I wash myself. (Me lavo.) - myself is the object of wash I wash the dog. (Lavo el perro.) - the dog is the object of wash When the object of the verb is the same person as the subject, you will need to use a reflexive pronoun that matches the subject of the verb in both number (singular, plural) and person (1st, 2nd, 3rd). Me lavo. (I wash myself.) Te lavas. (You wash yourself.) Se lava. (He washes himself./She washes herself./It washes itself./You wash yourself.) Nos lavamos. (We wash ourselves.) Os laváis. (You wash yourselves.) Se lavan. (They wash themselves./You wash yourselves.) Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive pronouns have almost the same forms as indirect object pronouns except se is used in place of le and les for the third person. The reflexive pronoun will always be the same person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and number (singular, plural) as the subject of the sentence. Reflexive Pronoun Forms Singular Plural 1st me (to, for, from, or off person myself) nos (to, for, from, or off ourselves) 2nd te (to, for, from, or off person yourself) os (to, for, from, or off yourselves) se (to, for, from, or off 3rd himself, herself, itself, person yourself) se (to, for, from, or off themselves, yourselves) Reflexive Pronoun Uses: Reflexive verbs will require the use of reflexive pronouns to indicate that the direct object of the verb is also the subject, that the subject is performing the action on him- or her-self. Notice that the reflexive pronoun has the same person as the verb ending. lavarse (to wash one’s self) - Me lavo las manos. (I wash my hands.) sacarse (to take something off one’s self) - Nos sacamos los guantes. (We our gloves off (ourselves). despertarse (to wake up) - Se despiertan a las seis cada mañana. (They wake themselves up at six o’clock every morning.) As mentioned before, you can also add reflexive pronouns to verbs not regularly reflexive verbs in order to make them reflexive. You borrow from the reflexive pronouns to make a specific point verse (to see one’s self) hablarse (to talk to one’s self) escribirse (to write to one’s self) comprarse (to buy (something) for one’s self) Reflexive verbs can also be used to indicate an emotional response to something. When a person becomes angry, sad, happy, etc., you can express this by using reflexive verbs. Me enojé rápidamente. (I got angry quickly.) Te alegras de hablar español. (It makes you happy to speak Spanish.) Se aburre en la clase de matemáticas. (He gets bored in Math class.) Reflexive pronouns can also be used to add emphasis to a seemingly regular situation. The pronouns are not normally translated directly into English, but the sense of something extra is there in Spanish. Comí el pastel. (I ate the cake.) Me comí el pastel. (I ate up the cake/I ate the whole cake.) Estúdialo. (Study it.) Estúdiatelo. (Really study it./Study it thoroughly.) Reflexive Pronoun Placement POSITION LAWS Reflexive pronouns are placed immediately before simple conjugated verbs and negative commands. sacarse - Yo me saco los guantes. (I take off my gloves.) afeitarse - Tú te afeitas la cara. (You shave your face.) acostarse - Ellas se acuestan. (They go to bed.) escribirse - No se escriba notas. (Don’t write notes to yourself.) REMEMBER THE POSITION LAW …..OBJECT PRONOUNS COME BEFORE THE CONJUGATED VERS OR THEY FOLLOW THE INFINITIVES AND ARE ATACHED OR THEY FOLLOW THE PRESENT PARTICIPLES AND ARE ATTACHED OR THEY FOLLOW THE AFFIRMATIVE COMMANDS AND ARE ATACHED YO TE CONOZCO. VOY VOY A CONOCERTE. Estoy hablándote. Yo te estoy hablando. ¡Háblame! ¡Díme la verdad! Reflexive Pronouns are attached to affirmative commands and in the case of compound verbs (present progressive, ir+a+infinitive, etc.) the pronoun can either be attached to the infinitive or present participle or go before the conjugated verb. ducharhse - Estoy duchándome. Me estoy duchando. (I am showering (myself).) quitarse - Quítate el sombrero. (Take off your hat.) sentarse - Voy a sentarme. Me voy a sentar. (I am going to sit (myself) down. ‘ Reflexive Verb Examples Below is a list of common reflexive verbs. This is not a complete list, but rather a reference to help you understand which kinds of verbs are reflexive. aburrirse (de) (t enojarse despertarse (to quitarse (to o get bored (con) (to get wake up) take off) with) mad about) acordarse (de) (to remember) destaparse (to reponerse (t irse (to leave) uncover) o get better) acostarse (to go desvestirse (to limarse (las secarse (to to bed) get undressed) uñas) (to file) dry off) afeitarse (to shave) disgustarse maquillarse (t sentarse (to (de) (to becomeo put on sit down) upset about) makeup) alegrarse distraerse (to (de) (to be glad distract about) oneself) mirarse (to look at oneself) sostenerse (t o support) bañarse (to bathe) divertirse olvidarse subirse (to (con) (to enjoy (de) (to forget get up) oneself with) about) cepillarse (to brush) dormirse (to go peinarse (to to sleep) comb one's taparse (to cover up hair) convertirse (en) (to become) ducharse (to shower) oneself) pintarse (los torcerse (to labios) (to put twist) on lipstick) desayunarse (to enfermarse (to probarse (to vestirse (to eat breakfast) become ill) try on) get dressed) despedirse (to say good-bye) enloquecerse (t ponerse (to o go crazy) put on) volverse (to become) Reflexive Verbs with Meaning Changes Making a verb reflexive can change its meaning in ways that you wouldn’t find very logical. Some are more subtle than others, while some are quite different. Some of these verbs are listed below. abonar to pay money abonarse to subscribe to (a magazine, newspaper, etc.) abrir to open abrirse to open up (confide in someone) acordar to agree/to acordarse to remember decide acusar to accuse acusarse callar to be quiet callarse to become quiet cerrar to close to close oneself off emotionally cerrarse to confess combinarto combine combinarseto take turns dormir to sleep dormirse to fall asleep ir to go irse to go away llevar to carry llevarse to take away poner to put ponerse to put on/to wear …de corregir: TRABAJOS Y TAREAS Work given to class by sub 29 September 2016 THURSDAY TAREA TAREA TAREA TAREA LA TAREA – Mini lesson in journals (notebooks ) every school night!!! Review grammar from class Write out as simple review for practice!!!!! 15-20 minutes each night!!!!!!! ¡¡¡Capitulo 1A and 1B!!! A Primera Vista