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Battle M A R A T H O N 490BC Assessment of Importance of Battle T H E R M O P Y L A E 480BC Assessment of Importance of Battle 1 Good Strategic Decisions Greek battle position Greek Delaying tactics Greek Battle tactics (flanking wing ) Greek decision to attack after cavalry departed By Who? Poor Strategic Decisions Miltiades Persian battle position Cavalry departs to attack a defenceless Athens Persian battle tactics By Who? Athenian Contribution Artaphernes + Datis Around half of the Greeks present at the battle Great leadership 1st attempt at alliance with Sparta Spartan Contribution promised Athens that they would come to their aid, but came when the battle was over, due to festival examined Persian dead Athenians full of pride and honour Athens now realise that the might of Persia can be defeated Persians now want to avenge defeat even more Persuaded by Themistocles, Athenians now prepared for further Persian invasions (fortifying the Piraeus and ship building programme) Leonidas Greek position, meant that Phocians defending Mt. None, did not send Leadership of King massive Persian numbers pass any troops Leonidas and his battle Leonidas Xerxes were ineffective and easy tactics Persians unaware of the to attack, retreat topography of the Illustrated courage, fury Greek military tactics terrain they were going and determination to the to fight in last Persians guided by Xerxes Panhellenic Ephialtes, climb Mt. and Sending only 7000 League attack Greeks from behind soldiers to defend Panhellenic Thermopylae (now all Sending only 7000 soldiers League of northern and central to defend Thermopylae (to Greece was handed over stall the Persian advance) to the Persians) Stalling tactics of battle enabled Athens to be evacuated, and the Isthmus of Corinth to be fortified (Themistocles view) Only sending a small contingent of troops ended in defeat, resulting in all of Northern and Central Greece to be unguarded (Herodotus view) Highlights the importance of local knowledge Xerxes very wary of the bravery and skills of the Spartan soldiers Battle Good Strategic Decisions A R T E M I S I U M 480BC Assessment of Importance of Battle S A L A M I S 480BC Assessment of Importance of Battle 2 Position of Greek fleet, easy to get to shelter, retreat and attack, between Persian fleet and army, interrupted communication and supplies Greek raids on depleted Persian fleet By Who? Poor Strategic Decisions Eurybiades + Themistocles Position of Persian fleet, exposed, lost many hundreds of ships to storms and Greek attacks Decision to send 200 ships around the island of Euboea, all destroyed. By Who? Athenian Contribution ??? Over half of the 271 Greek fleet Leadership of Themistocles Local knowledge Persian fleet severely depleted, would effect the outcome at Salamis, now fleet only 500, originally 1200 Interrupted contact between Army + Navy, Persian battle tactic Again highlights the importance of local knowledge Illustrates Eurybiades and Themistocles as valuable battle tacticians Themistocles Xerxes Themistocles sends slave Persians on advice of Athenians supplied to Xerxes pretending to Themistocles slave, around 200 ships betray Themistocles, Siccinus, move position Themistocles battle claming that Greeks are at night to surround tactics trying to flee Greek fleet, fall into trap Themistocles Xerxes Greek fleet position, In confusion lost all enables them to ram battle tactics and began Persian ships when they to ram each other come into position Themistocles Greeks worked as a whole unit with one goal Aristides Greek soldiers slaughter all Persian soldiers on the island of Psyttaleia Persians lost all of their fleet, had no way to supply army, Asia Minor vulnerable to attack from Greek fleet Xerxes leaves control of army to Mardonius, sign of defeat, goes home with remaining fleet to Persia Greeks suffered minimal losses, Themistocles seen as hero of battle again End of the combined land-sea invasion Spartan Contribution Leadership of Eurybiades Contribution of 100 ships Uncertain number of Spartan ships Eurybiades Battle tactics Battle P L A T A E A 479BC Assessment of Importance of Battle Good Strategic Decisions M Y C A L E 479BC Assessment of Importance of Battle 3 By Who? Poor Strategic Decisions Strong strategic position Greeks water supply poisoned and supply lines raided several times Greeks attack and slaughter remaining troops in stockade Supporting huge army over two weeks with limited water and supplies Mardonius Persians fleet at Samos retreated to Mycale, to a 60 thousand strong army Greek force slaughter all Persians Tigranes By Who? Athenian Contribution Spartan Contribution Mardonius Sends cavalry lead by 8000 troops 5000 Spartan troops Masistius to attack 20 – 30 thousand helot stationary Greek force infantry. Masistius is Pausanias leadership Pausanias killed Persians retreat This was Sparta biggest Mardonius Persians believe Greeks contribution in the Persian forces are fleeing and Wars Pausanias run into battle without formation Artabazes Mardonius killed, Persian retreat to stockade, (there leader and therefore motivation is gone) Persian invasion finished, with a combined effort, the hopelessly outnumbered Greeks defeated the Persian force of around 200,000 troops All of the free Greek states unite to overcome the Persians – combined action Persians never attack mainland Greece again – Asia Minor revolts soon after battle Spartans ‘offered’ leadership of Greek alliance but Pausanias’ behaviour leads to Athenian leadership King Leoctychides Persians force not strong enough to hold onslaught Tigranes Included in the Greek force of 250 naval vessels and 6000 troops The 1st time that the Greeks took an offensive tactic The Aegean Sea was now free of Persian threat, Athenians took advantage of this and established trade routes Revolt of the Ionian Greeks (only lasted for a short time, Persian defeated them at a later date) Greeks combined to defeat the Persian Empire from their homeland King Leotychides Included in the Greek force of 250 naval vessels and 6000 troops