Download 6. Culture and Subculture 12. Cybercrime 2. Definitions, terminology

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6. Culture and Subculture
David Downes, Paul Rock, and Eugene McLaughlin
Print Publication Year: 2016 Published Online: Sep 2016
ISBN: 9780198747345 eISBN: 9780191809569
Item type: chapter
Publisher: Oxford University Press
DOI: 10.1093/he/9780198747345.003.0006
This chapter examines the cultural and subcultural theories of crime and delinquency,
beginning with Albert Cohen’s 1955 analysis of ‘subculture’ in relation to delinquent
behaviour by gangs and how his approach to subculture as a ‘way of life’ evolved to
resolve problems facing lower-class youth in a highly competitive society. It then looks
at the work of other scholars who challenged Cohen’s theory but retained much of his
analytic framework, including Richard Cloward, Lloyd Ohlin, and David Matza. In
particular, it discusses various theoretical perspectives linking culture and subculture to
delinquency, from strain theories to Matza’s drift theory, labelling theory, and culture
conflict theories. It also explores the relationship between crime and the labour market,
particularly unemployment. The chapter concludes by reviewing the criticisms against
subcultural theory.
12. Cybercrime
Matthew Williams and David Wall
Print Publication Year: 2013 Published Online: Jun 2014
ISBN: 9780199691296 eISBN: 9780191783937
Item type: chapter
Publisher: Oxford University Press
DOI: 10.1093/he/9780199691296.003.0012
This chapter examines the nature of cybercrime and its implications for criminology. It is
organized as follows. The first part traces the evolution of the Internet as an environment
for the emergence of cybercrime. The second considers the various conflicting definitional
problems of cybercrime and offers a method of resolving them. The third part outlines the
problems with measuring cybercrime before providing an indication of the scale of the
problem. The fourth part briefly explores how those problems are being resolved. The fifth
part looks at the governance and regulation of cybercrime, while the final part provides an
overview of the various theoretical explanations.
2. Definitions, terminology and the criminal process
Katherine S. Williams
Print Publication Year: 2012 Published Online: Jun 2014
Page 1 of 4
date: 14 June 2017
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 9780199592708 eISBN: 9780191783753
Item type: chapter
DOI: 10.1093/he/9780199592708.003.0002
Course-focused and comprehensive, the Textbook on series provides an accessible overview
of the key areas on the law curriculum. This chapter explains the definition of crime and
how it is differently interpreted. The discussions cover the judicial process; formal sources
of criminal law; enforcement of criminal laws; the criminal; terminology and classification
(felonies and misdemeanours, arrestable and non-arrestable offences, and indictable and
summary offences); appeals; limits of prosecution; evidence; and punishment.
5. Demystifying the PoliceSocial Research and Police Practice
Robert Reiner
Print Publication Year: 2010 Published Online: Oct 2014
ISBN: 9780199283392 eISBN: 9780191799402
Item type: chapter
Publisher: Oxford University Press
DOI: 10.1093/he/9780199283392.003.0005
This chapter explores some of the myths about police and policing in Britain by reviewing
the research evidence about police practice. More specifically, it considers the police
role and how effectively and fairly it is performed. It looks at studies showing whether
police tactics have an impact as far as reducing crime is concerned, together with three
innovative policing strategies aimed at remedying a key perceived defect of traditional
patrol and detective work: ‘hard cop’, ‘good cop’, and ‘smart cop’. It also examines issues
of discrimination among the police against ethnic and other minorities, women, and the
socially less powerful, when dealing with them as suspects, victims, or fellow employees.
16. Developing Socio-Spatial Criminology
Anthony Bottoms
Print Publication Year: 2012 Published Online: Jun 2014
ISBN: 9780199590278 eISBN: 9780191783760
Item type: chapter
Publisher: Oxford University Press
DOI: 10.1093/he/9780199590278.003.0016
This chapter, which examines socio-spatial criminology, a field that deals with the spatial
distribution of crimes and offenders, first describes three scholarly traditions in the field of
socio-spatial criminology. The first, the ‘neo-Chicagoan’ criminological tradition, focuses
on criminal events, and primarily employs the routine activities theory and the rational
choice theory. The second tradition stresses the social structures and social dynamics
of neighbourhoods, and the neighbourhood effects on criminality, especially among
adolescents, while the third follows a more ethnographic and/or ‘cultural criminology’
approach. Drawing on these three traditions, the chapter considers neighbourhoods and
neighbourhood effects, as well as micro-locations within neighbourhoods, particularly crime
hotspots. It also looks at incivilities in public spaces and the ‘broken windows theory’ in
relation to crime and criminality.
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12. Deviance Theories and Social Policy
David Downes and Paul Rock
Print Publication Year: 2011 Published Online: Oct 2014
ISBN: 9780199569830 eISBN: 9780191799396
Item type: chapter
Publisher: Oxford University Press
DOI: 10.1093/he/9780199569830.003.0012
This chapter examines the implications of the sociology of deviance for social policy.
It first considers why sociologists devote few of their resources to political activity in
general and the making of social policy in particular, with emphasis on the issues of roledefinition, translatability, and salience. It then turns to some theoretical perspectives about
the relationship between deviance and social policy, focusing on the work of the Chicago
‘School’ of Sociology as well as functionalist theories, anomie theory, and the Mobilisation
for Youth project that put forward a theory based on a detailed analysis of the links between
delinquency and social structure. It also looks at the work of Thomas Mathiesen in the field
of penal reform and Ken Pease's Kirkholt project aimed at restoring informal control in
estates characterised by high crime rates.
10. Dissertations and research reports
Emily Finch and Stefan Fafinski
Print Publication Year: 2016 Published Online: Sep 2016
ISBN: 9780198718819 eISBN: 9780191793172
Item type: chapter
Publisher: Oxford University Press
DOI: 10.1093/he/9780198718819.003.0011
Many criminology students will be required to produce a dissertation or research report
in their final year. This chapter distinguishes between these two pieces of work and
offers practical advice on the requirements of each. It addresses skills such as selecting a
workable research question and developing an effective relationship with supervisors, and
also provides guidance on how to organize workload and create a suitable structure for a
dissertation or report.
9. Dissertations and research reports
Emily Finch and Stefan Fafinski
Print Publication Year: 2012 Published Online: Jun 2014
ISBN: 9780199597376 eISBN: 9780191783746
Item type: chapter
Publisher: Oxford University Press
DOI: 10.1093/he/9780199597376.003.0010
Many criminology students will be required to produce a dissertation or research report
in their final year. This chapter distinguishes between these two pieces of work and
offers practical advice on the requirements of each. It addresses skills such as selecting a
workable research question and developing an effective relationship with supervisors, and
also provides guidance on how to organize workload and create a suitable structure for a
dissertation or report.
Page 3 of 4
date: 14 June 2017
8. Drugs, alcohol, and crime
Emma Wincup and Peter Traynor
Print Publication Year: 2013 Published Online: Jun 2014
ISBN: 9780199691296 eISBN: 9780191783937
Item type: chapter
Publisher: Oxford University Press
DOI: 10.1093/he/9780199691296.003.0008
This chapter examines the relationship between crime and drug and alcohol use. The first
part focuses on drug use and addresses three key issues: (a) the nature and extent of drug
use; (b) the relationship between drug use and crime; and (c) strategies for reducing drugrelated crime. The second part explores the same issues in relation to alcohol use.
23. Drugs, Alcohol, and Crime
Fiona Measham and Nigel South
Print Publication Year: 2012 Published Online: Jun 2014
ISBN: 9780199590278 eISBN: 9780191783760
Item type: chapter
Publisher: Oxford University Press
DOI: 10.1093/he/9780199590278.003.0023
This chapter examines trends in drug and alcohol use and their relation to crime and
criminal justice. It looks at drug control in Britain and other parts of the world, along
with debates concerning the role of drug use and alcohol consumption in the proliferation
of crime. The chapter also discusses law enforcement and the control of illicit drugs,
highlighting criminal justice and multi-agency initiatives, and, in addition, considers drug
use within ethnic minorities as well as the correlation between drug use, high rates of
deprivation, and social exclusion. Finally, it explores issues associated with the treatment
and rehabilitation of drug and alcohol users, and the debate over decriminalisation versus
prohibition.
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date: 14 June 2017