Download ITC Iowa EnvIronmEnTal ovErvIEw: rarE SpECIES

ITC Iowa Environmental Overview:
Rare Species and Habitats
Linn County, IA
June 8th, 2016
SCHEDULE
MEETING PLACE: Days Inn and Suites of Cedar Rapids (Depart at 7:00 am)
• 2215 Blairs Ferry Rd NE, Cedar Rapids, IA 52402
STOP 1: Highway 100 Extension Project and Rock Island Botanical Preserve (7:15 am-10:45 am)
• Ecosystems: Emergent Wetland, Dry Sand Prairie, Sand Oak Savanna, River Floodplain Forest
• T&E Species : Northern long-eared bat, Prairie vole, Western harvest mouse, Southern flying squirrel, Blanding’s turtle, Bullsnake, Ornate
box turtle, Blue racer, Byssus skipper, Zabulon skipper, Wild Indigo duskywing, Acadian hairstreak, Woodland horsetail, Prairie moonwort,
Northern Adder’s-tongue, Soft rush, Northern panic-grass, Great Plains Ladies’-tresses, Glomerate sedge, Goats-rue, Field sedge, Flat top
white aster
• Invasive Species: Garlic mustard, Common buckthorn, Eurasian honeysuckles, Autumn-olive, Yellow & White sweet-clover, Common mullein,
Bouncing bet, Kentucky bluegrass, Siberian elm, Japanese barberry, White mulberry, Smooth brome
LUNCH: BurgerFeen (11:00 am – 12:00 pm)
• 3980 Center Point Rd NE, Cedar Rapids, IA 52402
STOP 2: McLoud Run (12:15 pm – 2:45 pm)
• Current Ecosystems: Disturbed Floodplain Forest
• T&E Species: none
• Invasive Species: Black locust, Bird’s-foot trefoil, Bouncing bet, Crown vetch, Cut-leaved teasel, Eurasian Honeysuckles, Garlic mustard,
Japanese knotweed, Reed canary grass, Siberian elm, Tree-of-heaven, White mulberry, Wild parsnip
RETURN TO HOTEL (3:00 pm)
Martha Holzheuer, LLA, CE, CA
LANDSCAPE ECOLOGIST
1403 S. Valley Center Drive
Bay City, MI 48706
Office: 734-769-3004
Mobile: 989-277-3311
1
Matt Carmer, PWS, CWB
SENIOR SCIENTIST
2200 Commonwealth Blvd, Suite 300
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
Office: 734-769-3004
Direct: 734-272-0294
Cell: 248-890-7612
AREA MAP
Credit: Google Earth
PUBLIC LAND
** Much of the content of this educational booklet is based on data provided by the Iowa Natural Areas Inventory, Iowa Department of Natural Resources; Natural
Heritage Information System, Division of Ecological and Water Resources, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Michigan’s Natural Heritage Database,
and Michigan Natural Features Inventory. These data are based on a variety of sources, including surveys to locate rare plants and animals in their natural habitats,
collection of information from museums, herbaria, and scientific literature, and observations from naturalists around the state. These data are not based on an
exhaustive inventory of the state. The lack of data for any geographic area shall not be construed to mean that no significant features are present.
***T&E Species Prescriptions are not set in stone. Dates and prescriptions may vary depending on region, site characteristics, and additional species present.
2
INTRODUCTION
| LANDSCAPE ECOSYSTEM |
Perceptible topographic and volumetric entity composed of air, land, and organic contents extended spatially over a particular part of the Earth’s surface for a
certain time.102
Abiotic Components
(Physical environmental - site or
habitat)
Climate (macro and micro)
Physiography (form of land and parent material)
Soil (edaphic factors of water, air, nutrients, etc.)
| ECOSYSTEM |
Plants - Plant communities
Biota (Biotic community)
Animals - Animal communities
Microbes - Microbial communities
Credit: Barnes, B.V.
| LANDSCAPE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH |
•
•
Multi-scale, multi-factor, hierarchical approach to understanding the landscape
Considers bedrock geology, physiography, climate, soil, hydrology, and vegetation
Credit: Albert et. al. 1986
3
REGIONAL LANDSCAPE ECOSYSTEMS
Ecoregion Level I & Level II
ECOREGIONS LEVEL I
Credit: US EPA
ECOREGIONS LEVEL II
Credit: US EPA
Ecological Regions are areas of general similarity in ecosystem and in the type, quality, and quantity of environmental resources. Past mapping approaches
recognized the need to consider a full range of physical and biotic characteristics including geology, physiography, vegetation, climate, soils, land use, wildlife, and
hydrology to explain ecosystem regions. Equally, they recognized that the relative importance of each characteristic varies from one ecological region to another
regardless of the hierarchical level. Developing and refining a framework of North American ecological regions has been the product of research and consultation
between federal, state, provincial, and territorial agencies. These agencies were open government departments, but the initiative also involved nongovernmental
groups, universities, and institutes. These maps represent the working group’s best consensus on the distribution and characteristics of major ecosystems on two
levels throughout the three North American countries.
The methodology incorporated these points in mapping ecological regions:
• Ecological classification incorporates all major components of ecosystems: air, water, land, and biota (including humans).
• The number and relative importance of factors that are helpful in the delineation process vary from one area to another, regardless of the level of
generalization.
• Ecological classification is based on hierarchy - ecosystems are nested within ecosystems as mapped, although in reality, they may not always nest.
• Such classification integrates knowledge, it is not an overlay process.
• It recognizes that ecosystems are interactive - characteristics of one ecosystem blend with those of another.
• Map lines depicting ecological classification boundaries generally coincide with the location of transition zones.185
4
REGIONAL LANDSCAPE ECOSYSTEMS
Ecoregion Level I: Great Plains
| REGIONAL CLIMATE & PHYSIOGRAPHY |
The Great Plains ecological region is found in the central part of the continent and extends over the widest latitudinal range of any single North American ecological
region covering about 1.4 million square miles. The North American prairies extend for about 900 miles from Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba in Canada,
south through the Great Plains of the United States to southern Texas and adjacent Mexico, and approximately 400 miles from western Indiana to the foothills
of the Rockies and into northeastern Mexico. This ecological region is distinguished particularly by relatively little topographic relief, grasslands and a paucity
of forests, and subhumid to semiarid climate. The landscape of the northern prairies of the United States have been shaped by a variety of glacial deposits
consisting mostly of undulating and kettled glacial till, and level to gently rolling lacustrine deposits. These landforms are associated with intermittent sloughs and
ponds. Surficial geology in the remainder of the Great Plains ecological
region is varied. In the northern and central Great Plains, most of the
rivers have their origins in the Rockies, where rainfall, snowmelt and
glacial runoff in the north contribute to their formation. The soils are
commonly deep and throughout most of the region were originally
highly fertile. Today, soils of agricultural potential throughout the Great
Plains face problems of reduced nutrient potential, increasing salinity,
and susceptibility to wind and water erosion. The climate is dry and
continental, characterized in the north by short, hot summers and
long, cold winters. High winds are an important climatic factor in this
ecological region. It is also subject to periodic, intense droughts and
frosts. The Great Plains were once covered with natural grasslands that
supported rich and highly specialized plant and animal communities.
The interaction of climate, fire, and grazing influenced the development
and maintenance of the Great Plains. Rainfall increases from west
to east, defining different types of native prairies. Shortgrass prairie
occurs in the west, in the rain shadow of the Rocky Mountains, with
Credit: US EPA
mixed-grass prairie in the central Great Plains and tallgrass prairie in GREAT PLAINS LEVEL I ECOREGION
the wetter eastern region. Because of the suitability of the Great Plains for agricultural production, many native prairie vegetation types have been radically
transformed. The short, mixed, and tallgrass prairies now correspond to the western rangelands, the wheat belt and the corn/soybean regions, respectively, to the
central and eastern Great Plains. Drier northern sites are home to yellow cactus and prickly pear, with sagebrush also abundant. Native prairie vegetation ranges
from grama grass, wheatgrass, and bluestem prairie in the north to different shrub and grassland combinations and grassland and forest combinations in the
south. The eastern border of the region, stretching from central Iowa to Texas, shows patterns of grassland and forest combinations mixed with oak-hickory forest.
Throughout the remainder of the Great Plains there are few native deciduous trees that occur, except in the eastern regions or in very sheltered locations along
waterways or at upper elevations. Wetland concentrations are generally greatest in the glaciated, subhumid northern grasslands and adjacent aspen parkland
of the northern Great Plains, where up to half of the land is wetland. Significant wetlands are also found in the Nebraska Sandhills and a large area of playas is
located in the southwestern United States. During winter, the Mexican bodies of water provide habitat for numerous migrant waterfowl from Canada and the
United States. Prairie wetlands provide major breeding, staging, and nesting habitat for migratory waterfowl using the central North American flyway. Prior to
European settlement, the Great Plains supported millions of bison, pronghorn antelope, elk and mule deer, plains grizzly bears, and plains wolves. Today, the
Great Plains is home to a disproportionately high number of rare, threatened, vulnerable, and endangered species. The draining of wetlands and conversion
of wildlife habitat for agriculture, industry, and urban development are significant issues in this ecological region. The prairie grasslands are among the largest
farming and ranching areas of the Earth, and agriculture is the main stressor.168, 16
5
REGIONAL LANDSCAPE ECOSYSTEMS
Ecoregion Level II: Temperate Prairies
TEMPERATE PRAIRIES LEVEL II ECOREGION
Credit: US EPA
Credit: Greg Lasley
| REGIONAL CLIMATE & PHYSIOGRAPHY |
The Temperate Prairie covers 303,200 square miles in the United States and Canada. Mean annual low temperature is 360º, and mean annual high temperature
is 550º. Mean annual precipitation has a low of 16 inches and a high of 39 inches. This region is characterized by mainly irregular plains, which are flatter to the
northwest, interspersed with numerous small lakes and wetlands. Landforms include moraines with some loess in the south, and some lacustrine landforms,
consisting of mainly calcareous soils. The vegetation was formerly tallgrass prairie and aspen parkland, but is currently almost entirely cropland. Typical wildlife
includes white-tailed deer, waterfowl, pheasant, and meadowlark. Human land use in the region is mostly agriculture (cereal grain, livestock, and feedlots).194,
17, 33, 91
6
REGIONAL LANDSCAPE ECOSYSTEMS
Ecoregion Level III: Western Corn Belt Plains
Credit: US EPA
| REGIONAL CLIMATE & PHYSIOGRAPHY |
Credit: AG Web
The Western Corn Belt Plains stretches across southern Minnesota, most of central and western Iowa, eastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, northwest
Missouri, and northeast Kansas. The ecoregion has a severe mid-lattitude humid continental climate, marked by hot summers and cold winters. The mean
annual temperature is 430º in the north to 540º in the south. The frost-free period ranges from 140 to 200 days. The mean annual precipitation is 31 inches,
ranging from 24 to 39 inches and occurring mainly during the growing season. Once covered with tallgrass prairie of little bluestem, big bluestem, Indiangrass,
switchgrass, and numerous forbs, with small areas of bur oak and oak-hickory woodlands, this region has nearly all been converted to agricultural land. There are
many intermittent and perennial streams, many of which have been channelized. A few areas have natural lakes. Surface and groundwater contamination from
fertilizer and pesticide applications as well as from concentrated livestock production is a regional issue. The topography consists of nearly level to gently rolling
glaciated till plains and hilly loess plains. Thick loess and glacial till cover the Mesozoic and Paleozoic shale, sandstone, and limestone. Mollisols and Alfisols are
dominant with mesic soil temperatures and udic soil moisture. Regional wildlife includes white-tailed deer, beaver, raccoon, red-tailed hawk, barn owl, bobwhite
quail, western meadowlark, Canada goose, pheasant, gray partridge, mallard, teal, Great Plains toad, walleye, northern pike, bluegill, and sunfish. Over 75% of
the Western Corn Belt Plains is now used for cropland agriculture and much of the remainder is in forage or livestock. It is one of the most productive areas in the
world for growing corn and soybeans. Hog and cattle production and some dairies also occur. Larger towns and cities include Mankato, Worthington, Albert Lea,
Austin, Sioux Falls, Sioux City, Fort Dodge, Mason City, Des Moines, Ames, Marshalltown, Waterloo, Cedar Falls, Cedar Rapids, Iowa City, Omaha, Council Bluffs,
Lincoln, Atchison, Maryville, and St. Joseph.11, 193
7
REGIONAL LANDSCAPE ECOSYSTEMS
Ecoregion Level IV: Eastern Iowa and Minnesota Drift Plains
Credit: US EPA
Credit: USGS
| REGIONAL CLIMATE, PHYSIOGRAPHY, & SOILS |
The Eastern Iowa and Minnesota Drift Plains ecoregion, formerly known as the Iowan Surface, is located between the bedrock-dominated landforms of the
Paleozoic Plateau/Coulee Section (steep slopes, bluffs, sedimentary rock outcrops, and dense forest) and the relatively recent glacial drift landforms of the Des
Moines Lobe (flat, lack of loess over the glacial drift, morainal ridges). This geologically complex area can be broadly characterized by long, gentle slopes and
mature drainage patterns occurring in the south and thin glacial deposits and karst features such as sinkholes and sags occurring on shallow limestone bedrock
in the north. The upland, deeply lobed, tongue-shaped protrusions have loess-capped knobs and ridges called paha located on the southern terminus. Low
gradient streams and rivers result from the general lack of topography. Lakes of glacial origin do not exist in this region, but overflow areas and backwater ponds
occur along some of the larger river channels and contribute to the diversity of aquatic habitat.69, 24
In undeveloped areas, the Ecoregion soils are generally characterized by a thin cover of loess over loamy till underlain by Devonian and Silurian limestone and
dolomite. Additionally, natural vegetation includes big bluestem-Indian grass prairie with areas of savanna and bur oak woodlands.12
8
STOP 1
Highway 100 Extension Project and Rock Island Botanical Preserve
Greenbranch Ln
Preserve Lane
ITC CORRIDOR
PUBLIC LAND
et
tre
dS
42n
Source: Google Earth
Credit: Google Earth
| GEOLOGY / LANDFORM |
The project site for the Highway 100 extension project (Hwy 100) spans 8 miles and utilizes a section of abandoned railroad corridor. The project site crosses
over the Cedar River, a tributary of the Iowa River which flows to the Mississippi River and its floodplains. Hence the site crosses a variety of artificial and natural
landforms. Rock Island Botanical Preserve is approximately 20 acres located just south of the Hwy 100 project on the east side of the Cedar River. Across both
sites, fractured carbonate bedrock consisting of limestones, dolostones, and shale from the Devonian System is prominent. In and along the floodplain of the
Cedar River, fractured carbonate bedrock from the Silurian System, which is the principal bedrock aquifer in Linn County, includes fossiliferous dolostones with
lime packstone, wackstone, to mudstone fabrics. Generally, the bedrock is deeply buried beneath glacial deposits (except in the north) and therefore it has little
influence on plant distribution and abundance. However, bedrock outcrops occur along some of the major rivers, including the Cedar River, which extends the
range of some of the northern and eastern plant species. Extensive sandy areas, mostly wind-deposited, are also common along the Cedar River. 68
| SOILS |
Of the 75 soil types present on and adjacent to the 8 mile long Highway 100 Extension project, the majorities are loam (~28%), silty clay loam (~24%), and loamy
fine sand (~15%) .l165
9
Highway 100 Extension
Dinsdale Silty Clay Loam 11.4%
Colo Silty Clay Loam 5.9%
Spillville Loam 5.7%
Klinger-Maxfield Silty Clay Loams Complex
5.6%
LANDFORM
Hillslopes
Floodplains
Floodplains
Hillslopes
PARENT MATERIAL
Loess over subglacial till
Silty alluvium
Loam alluvium
Loess over subglacial till
DRAINAGE CLASS
Moderately well drained
Poorly drained
Poorly drained
Somewhat poorly drained/poorly drained
AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY
High
High
High
High
TEXTURE
Silty clay loam over loam
Silty clay loam
Loam
Silt clay loam over loam
Of the 7 soil types present on the Rock Island Botanical Preserve, the majorities are loamy fine sand (59.3%) and sand and gravel pits (22.1%).165
Rock Island Botanical Preserve
Chelsea Loamy Fine Sand 57.0%
Pits, Sand, and Gravel 22.1%
Orthents, Loamy 10.9%
Lawler Loam 4%
LANDFORM
Interfluves
N/A - used as source of fill
N/A - result of mining
Stream terraces
PARENT MATERIAL
Eolian sands
Sand and gravel manipulated materials
Loamy manipulated materials
Loamy alluvium over sandy and gravelly
alluvium
DRAINAGE CLASS
Excessively drained
Unknown
Unknown
Somewhat poorly drained
AVAILABLE WATER CAPACITY
Moderate
Unknown
Unknown
Moderate
TEXTURE
Loamy fine sand over fine sand
Sand and gravel
Loam
Loam over gravelly sand
| ECOSYSTEMS |
The Highway 100 project will cross through or run adjacent to multiple natural communities, including those on the Rock Island State Preserve, such as: dry sand
prairie, sand oak savanna, floodplain forest, emergent wetland, and sandy mesic woodland.
| T&E SPECIES |
MAMMALS: Northern long-eared bat, Prairie vole, Southern flying squirrel, Western harvest mouse
REPTILES: Blanding’s turtle, Blue race, Bullsnake, Ornate box turtle
INSECTS: Acadian hairstreak, Byssus skipper, Wild indigo duskywing, Zabulon skipper
PLANTS: Field sedge, Flat top white aster, Glomerate sedge, Goats-rue, Great Plains ladies’-tresses, Northern Adder’s-tongue, Northern panic-grass, Prairie
moonwort, Soft rush, Woodland horsetail
| INVASIVE SPECIES |
Autumn-olive, Bouncing bet, Common buckthorn, Common mullein, Eurasian honeysuckles, Garlic mustard, Japanese barberry, Kentucky bluegrass, Siberian elm,
Smooth brome, White mulberry, White & Yellow sweet-clover
10
STOP 1
| SIZE / LOCATION / OWNERSHIP / MANAGEMENT |
HIGHWAY 100 RIGHT-OF-WAY: 8 mile-long project corridor located on the west side of Cedar Rapids in Linn County, connecting the current Highway 100 terminus
(at Edgewood Road) with US 30 to the southwest. Iowa Department of Transportation (IDOT), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA).
ROCK ISLAND BOTANICAL PRESERVE: Approximately 20 acre property located south of the Hwy 100 project at 4401 Preserve Lane, Cedar Rapids, IA 52411. Owned
by Linn County and managed by Linn County Conservation Board
| HISTORY |
HIGHWAY 100
In 2001, IDOT and FHWA approved a Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (DSEIS) for the Highway 100 Extension project to supplement the
approved Final Environmental Impact Statement from 1979, outlining existing and predicted future traffic trends, project alternatives and their impacts, as well
as socioeconomic and environmental resources. In 2007 a Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement was approved with Alternative 1, the addition of
Above Photo: Animal passage way under constructed segment of Highway 100.
11
Credit: ECT, Inc.
an 8 mile-long section from Edgewood Road to US 30 generally via an abandoned railroad right-of-way, as the proposed action. The proposed pathway, would
directly impact suitable habitat for two state threatened species - the ornate box turtle and Blanding’s turtle – on the Rock Island Botanical Preserve property.
To accommodate these species and others known from the site, such as state endangered northern panic grass and Byssus skipper butterfly, IDOT adjusted the
highway’s alignment near the preserve. To further mitigate adverse impacts, IDOT agreed to purchase and restore 30 acres of cropland to prairie as well as move
and expand Seeman’s Pond, after transmitter studies determined that the most utilized Blanding’s turtle path runs from overwintering habitat in Seeman’s Pond
on the preserve to feeding habitat in Swan Pond, north of and across the highway from the preserve. To ensure that turtles can still access both ponds via their
preferred path, IDOT has incorporated a 10 x 10 box culvert under the highway and plans to install appropriate fencing to funnel all wildlife to the culvert, thus,
reducing the number of anticipated wildlife fatalities caused by vehicles.152, 48
In winter 2014-2015, ITC partnered with IDOT to perform two structure replacements on either side of the Cedar River adjacent to the new Hwy 100 alignment.
Although not protected at the time, now federally threatened northern long-eared bat (NLEB) was observed during mist netting surveys along the project corridor.
Per standard IDOT specifications, necessary tree removals were performed before April 1st to abide by USFWS guidelines to protect listed bat species. All
vegetation management and construction activities were performed between December 15th and February 15th to avoid impacting state threatened Blanding’s
turtles. Cutting, and herbicide application have been used to combat woody encroachment of savanna and prairie habitats as well as to combat invasive species.
ROCK ISLAND BOTANICAL PRESERVE
Prior to acquisition by Linn County, the area of land south of the Hwy 100 project (see map on page 9) was owned by the Rock Island Railroad Company. As
evidenced in 1930 aerial photographs and historical accounts, portions of the upland were farmed, and the wetland areas were created as a result of soil removal
used in railroad construction. The approximately 20-acre tract of land was subsequently ignored, allowing a diversity of flora and fauna to recolonize the site.
In 1962, the land was gifted by the Rock Island Railroad Company with the understanding that the Linn County Conservation Board would manage the area as
a biological preserve. In 1978 the land was accepted into the Iowa preserve system, which provides special protection to lands either maintained near natural
condition or that contain rare flora, fauna, or other significant scientific or historical features. In 2002, 100 acres of nearby land, which included upland sand
prairie, wetlands, and forested areas which support Byssus skipper butterfly and Blanding’s turtle, were gifted by James Buresh and James LaMorgese of James
Properties, Incorporated and placed in the custody of the Linn County Conservation Board. Surveys conducted in 1989 – 2003 have documented eight animal and
nine plant species currently recognized as Threatened (T), Endangered (E) or Special Concern (SC) in Iowa and one federally threatened bird at the Preserve.7,
189, 141, 84
12
STOP 2
McLoud Run
42nd St NE
Center Point Rd NE
Redbud Rd NE
32
nd
Coldstream Ave NE
Highway 27
J Ave NE
ITC CORRIDOR
PUBLIC LAND
Credit: Google Earth
| GEOLOGY / LANDFORM |
McLoud Run, which is fed by both surface runoff and groundwater, is Iowa’s only urban stream with cool enough water temperatures to support trout. The cold
water is supplied by a spring near 42nd Street (1.25 miles to the north of the site). For approximately two of its four miles, it runs adjacent to I-380, Cedar Nature
Trail, and the Illinois Central Railroad, until entering the Cedar River confluence near the center of downtown Cedar Rapids. Due to the significant portion of
impervious surfaces in the watershed, McLoud Run experiences extreme flashiness, with water levels quickly rising during storm events.74, 47
| SOILS |
Of the nine soil types present on the McLoud Run property, the majority are silt loam (~44%), silty clay loam (~33%), or loam (~13%).165
13
McLoud Run
Ackmore-NodawayUrban Land Complex 43.8%
Clyde-Floyd-Urban
Land Complex 28.1%
Udorthents-Interstate
Highway Complex 13.1%
Sattre Loam 7.7%
LANDFORM
Drainageways
Drainageways
Hillslopes
Stream terraces
PARENT MATERIAL
Silty alluvium
Erosional sediments fine-loamy till over loamy till;
human-transported material
Loam depositys
Loamy alluvium over sandy and gravelly
alluvium
DRAINAGE CLASS
Somewhat poorly drained;
Moderately well drained
Poorly drained; Somewhat poorly drained
N/A
Well drained
AVAILABLE WATER
CAPACITY
Very high
High
N/A
Moderate
TEXTURE
Silt loam over silty clay loam; silt
loam over stratified silt loam to silty
clay loam
Silty clay loam over clay loam; loam over sandy clay
loam
Variable
Loam over sand
| ECOSYSTEMS |
Currently, McLoud Run Park is primarily a disturbed floodplain forest with sections of turf grass and a number of invasive species. However, ITC plans to seed two
formerly turf grass areas with a mesic tallgrass prairie seed mix and dry-mesic shortgrass prairie seed mix in 2016. These areas will help prevent rapid surface
flow into McLoud Run and will support native fauna, including pollinator species.
| T&E SPECIES |
None
| INVASIVE SPECIES |
PLANTS: Bird’s-foot trefoil, Black locust, Bouncing bet, Crown vetch, Cut-leaved teasel, Eurasian Honeysuckles, Garlic mustard, Japanese knotweed, Reed canary
grass, Siberian elm, Tree-of-heaven, White mulberry, Wild parsnip
| SIZE / LOCATION / OWNERSHIP / MANAGEMENT |
4 miles of stream and approximately 43 acres of adjacent property with the 5.7 mile located within the Cedar River Trail-North. Parking lot off of McLoud Place and
another trail access point near intersection of J Ave NE and 11th St NE, Cedar Rapids, IA 52402 and City of Cedar Rapids, Linn County Trails Association
| HISTORY |
Located in Linn County, Iowa, in the City of Cedar Rapids, McLoud Run is widely praised as Iowa’s only urban trout stream. Occasionally stocked with trout by the
Iowa DNR, the perennial stream is fed by both storm and cold groundwater and flows for approximately 4 miles prior to joining the Cedar River. It has been used
as a source of cold water for local residents and as a state fish hatchery in the 1870’s. Today, it primarily functions as a recreational amenity (approximately 4,600
people use the adjacent trail during summer months) and drainage system for the populations of Cedar Rapids and Hiawatha. Due to increasing urbanization,
which has continued to increase the percentage of impervious area in the watershed, McLoud Run experiences extreme flashiness as water levels quickly rise
during storm events due to rapid surface runoff entering the stream. Average annual flow in the stream is approximately 2 cubic feet per second (cfs), but stream
volumes during storm events can rapidly increase from 1 cfs to 30-45 cfs. Monitoring data from 2006 reported storm flows as high as 112 cfs. Flashy flows can alter
the biota of the stream by washing away or smothering benthic macroinvertebrates (aquatic insects important to fish diets) and by changing the water chemistry,
14
STOP 2
including temperature and pollution levels. Thus in response to these degradations, which can impair trout and other fish populations, McLoud Run has become
the focus of increased monitoring and restoration efforts since 2007.75, 122
ITC has been surveying and implementing integrated vegetation management in their corridors at McLoud Run Park since 2012. In January 2016, ITC removed
vegetation along the southern portion of the stream, including cottonwood and the invasive Siberian elm, while attempting to retain northern hackberry and black
walnut when possible to maintain shade and lower stream temperatures. The majority of invasive shrubs were removed with the exception of some Eurasian
honeysuckle, which was deemed important for bank stabilization. Planned for spring 2016, 0.86 acres will be seeded with a combination of tallgrass prairie
pollinator mix and dry-mesic short grass prairie mix near the Saints Run Substation on Coldstream Ave NE. Where feasible, natural fiber erosion control matting
will be installed on slopes to prevent erosion while lowering the risk of entrapment for reptiles. The resulting habitat will improve water quality by infiltrating
more storm water than the current turf grass and, hence, reducing direct runoff into the stream. Additionally, the prairie will enhance pollinator habitat by
providing diverse native larval host plants and flowers throughout the growing season. ITC and the City of Cedar Rapids Parks & Recreation Department will pursue
Conservation Certification for McLoud Run Park through the Wildlife Habitat Council, which recognizes conservation efforts by corporations that collaborate with
management, employees, and the community to conserve and restore wildlife habitats on corporate lands. ITC has participated in the program since 2008 and
currently has 14 successfully certified sites, including Beverly Park, Sac & Fox Trail Park, and Squaw Creek Park which were newly certified in 2015.
Above Photo: McLoud Run, Iowa’s only urban trout stream.
15
Credit: ECT, Inc.
NOTES
16
ECOSYSTEMS
| SAND PRAIRIE |
DESCRIPTION: A native grassland occurring on sandy glacial
outwash plains, sandy lake plains, steep slopes, alluvial
deposits, and occasionally on sand ridges, such as inland
dunes, coarse textured end-moraines, or sand blowouts
caused by wind storms. Often associated with white oak
barrens, oak-pine barrens, and pine barrens, the dry sand
prairie is characterized by short, patchy vegetation, large
areas of native grasses, and less than one mature tree per
acre.103
Credit: ECT, Inc.
LANDFORM AND SOILS: Primarily occurs on sandy glacial
outwash plains and lakebeds, but occasionally on coarsetextured end and ground moraines as well as sandy, hilly
deposits in ice-contact terrain and post-glacial Eolian
(wind-deposited) landforms. Relatively stable welldrained to excessively drained coarse textured sands,
loamy sands, and sandy loams facilitate sand prairie
establishment. Loamy sand soils, which have an average
pH of 5.1 and average water retention capacity of 38%, are
generally loose, well-drained, unconsolidated, and lacking
in organic matter, which makes them poor for agricultural
purposes. Overall, the low nutrient levels, lack of organic
matter, and low water retention capacities of the soils
strongly influences species composition and structure.
NATURAL PROCESSES: Frequent fires and droughty
Credit: Brad Slaughter
Credit: Joshua Mayer
17
soils were historically responsible for maintaining open
conditions by limiting tree establishment. Prior to
settlement, fire frequency was dependent upon the type
and volume of fuel, topography, and natural firebreaks,
as well as the practices of Native Americans, which were a
significant source of ignition. Fires increased visibility across
the land by clearing vegetation, which facilitated large game
hunting and advance notice of attack by neighboring tribes.
In the absence of fire, species diversity is often found to
decline. Since fires often burn patchily, fire-adapted and
early successional colonizer species establish quickly on
burned sections, while unburned refugia patches continue
to support later successional species. Without fire,
system variability decreases and studies suggest that the
accumulation of litter and the decrease in open area favor
the establishment of taller vegetation, which
out-compete species with small growth habits,
small seeds, and nitrogen-fixing symbioses.
Other natural processes, such as nutrient
cycling, are also altered when fire is removed
from the system and can have cascading effects
on other species in the prairie environment that
depend on particular host plants or an open
grassland structure. In addition to fire, animals
also play an important role in shaping the prairie
ecosystem. Ants, especially the genus Formica,
frequently create and abandon large mounds,
which consequently mixes and aerates the
prairie soils. Records indicate that ant mounds,
which can measure 1.5’ (.5 m) in height and
span 3.3’ (1 m) wide, can number 40 to 50 per
acre. Moles, mice, skunks, and badgers also
contribute to prairie soil aeration. Historically,
large herbivores also played an influential
role in plant species diversity and community
composition through selective foraging and
trampling. These activities altered community
dynamics by reducing the populations of
favored vegetation and through the creation
of microsites for seed germination and
establishment. These localized disturbances
created open spaces with distinctive moisture
and light conditions, creating niches suitable
to early or mid-successional species, and thus,
allowing for more heterogeneity within the
prairie ecosystem.62, 103
ANIMALS: Prior to market hunting and habitat
destruction in the 1800s, prairies contained a
wide variety of wildlife adapted to the grassland
habitat. Large mammals such as bison, elk,
antelope, and wolves were an important
component of the prairie ecosystem, but are
unlikely to be reintroduced given the widespread conversion of land to agriculture. The
following animals can still be found in Iowa
prairies: pocket gopher, ground squirrel,
grasshopper mice, white-tailed deer, coyote, fox,
ornate box turtle, skink spp., chorus frog, American toad,
dickcissel, red-winged blackbird, goldfinch, meadowlark,
bobolink, bluebird, nighthawk, grasshopper sparrow, redtailed hawk, northern harrier, and American kestrel.62
VEGETATION: The ecosystem is dominated by little
bluestem, June grass, poverty oat grass, porcupine grass,
and Pennsylvania sedge. Others graminoids include hairy
grama, fall witchgrass, panic grass, and sand dropseed.
Forbs include whorled milkweed, western ragweed, prairie
sagewort, flowering spurge, bird’s-foot violet, everlasting,
hawkweed, slender-leaved pinweed, tall and rough blazing
star, frost weed, toadflax, hoary puccoon, wild lupine, sand
primrose, purple milkwort, prairie ragwort, gray goldenrod,
goats-rue, ladies’ tobacco, large-flowered beardtongue,
hairy puccoon, and false heather.62, 103
INVASIVE THREATS: Spotted knapweed, common St. John’s
wort, autumn-olive, multiflora rose, common buckthorn,
Eurasian honeysuckles, and black locust.
To protect and enhance
species diversity and prevent tall shrub and
tree encroachment, an appropriate prescribed
fire regime should be determined and
implemented. To reduce the negative impact
of fire on intolerant species such as insects,
adjacent management units should generally
be burned in alternating cycles to maintain a
refuge and allow for recolonization. To combat
re-sprouting native woody species and invasive
species establishment, brush cutting and
herbicide stump application may need to be
employed. The reduction of woody vegetation
and detritus due to prescribed fire has also has
been shown to promote prairie ants (Formica)
as opposed to carpenter and woodland ants
due to a lack of litter for nest construction. In
addition to reestablishing ecological processes,
MANAGEMENT:
small, isolated sand prairie remnants will also
necessitate seeding or seedling transplants of
native species and genotypes to increase gene
flow. Lastly, general grassland management
and restoration efforts are critical to grassland
bird populations, which have suffered due
to habitat loss and agricultural practices. To
encourage grassland bird populations: avoid
fragmentation, protect large tracts (125+ acres),
maximize the interior space by avoiding narrow
plantings, and create a feathered edge with
border habitats rather than sharply contrasting
edges (i.e. if possible, allow fire to enter the
forest stand rather than creating stark breaks).103,
159, 196
Credit: ECT, Inc.
18
the vegetation. Today, the lack of these
disturbances allows for woody vegetation to
148
DESCRIPTION: Oak savanna is a fire-dependent encroach, creating forested areas.
community that typically has spreading, open-grown oak
ANIMALS: American kestrel, barn owl, wild
trees with sun-loving grasses, sedges, and wildflowers
turkey, red-headed woodpecker, northern
growing under them. Oak savannas have open canopies,
flicker, loggerhead shrike, blue jay, gray catbird,
allowing light to reach the ground layer. Older trees that
great crested flycatcher, eastern bluebird,
initially established in a savanna setting often have widely
eastern towhee, indigo bunting, orchard
spreading branches, indicating they grew under conditions
oriole, black-capped chickadee, white-breasted
where they did not have to compete for light. Savannas
nuthatch, tufted titmouse, Karner blue butterfly,
are mosaic communities with variation of sunny, shaded,
elk, bison.146
and partially shaded areas. The shifting light under the
canopy provides an environment for a unique mixture VEGETATION: Dominant trees include bur oak
of herbaceous plants. Savanna understory consists of and white oak interspersed with northern red
a mosaic of both sun-loving plants typical of prairie and oak, black oak, shagbark hickory, and bitternut
species adapted to dappled or heavy shade environments hickory. Other plants include: Pennsylvania
under trees, depending on whether the tree canopy is sedge, creamy gentian, purple milkweed, wild
more open or closed. Herbaceous species typical of prairie lupine, and leather flower.
and forest co-occur, in addition to a set of very specific
savanna species that have high fidelity to the savanna INVASIVE THREATS: Autumn-olive, common
community. The non-woody plants and oak leaves provide buckthorn, Eurasian honeysuckles, multiflora
fuel for fire that is often slow and creeping, compared to rose, wild parsnip.
the fast-moving prairie fires.173
MANAGEMENT: Oak savannas, which once
LANDFORM AND SOILS: Oak savannas in the Midwest comprised an estimated 10% of Iowa’s native
occur on dry or dry-mesic sites across varied topography, landscape, are now considered one of the
including flat, rolling, and very steep terrain. Today, least understood and most rare ecosystems.
areas of hilly terrain or sandy soils are more likely to have Restoring oak savannas requires removing fireremnant oak savanna ecosystems, since areas with those intolerant trees and burning the understory
characteristics are generally not conducive to agriculture.
In Iowa, savannas occur in the transition zone between
eastern forests and the prairies.147, 37
| SAND OAK SAVANNA |
Credit: Oak Savannas
Credit: Oak Savannas
Credit: INHF
19
NATURAL PROCESSES: Prior to human settlement,
Midwest oak savannas were maintained by low-frequency
fires resulting from lightning. These fires were integral
because oaks are extremely fire-resistant, but very shade
intolerant, meaning they cannot survive in the shade of
other species. As the Wisconsin glaciation receded, the
land was colonized by Native peoples who altered the
landscape by setting more frequent fires. Additionally,
the grazing, browsing, and rubbing of bison and elk also
provided disturbance in oak savannas and influenced
Credit: US EPA
to allow light to reach the ground so that herbaceous
vegetation, including grasses and sedges, can grow.
Grasses and sedges burn easily, so their presence makes
prescribed burning easier to initiate and spread across
the site. If a remnant oak savanna is overgrown with fireintolerant species, it may be necessary to begin with tree
thinning, which will improve air circulation through the
site and reduce the risks of initiating a prescribed burn
program. Oaks are shade intolerant species, so removing
other trees through thinning and fire allows for improved
oak regeneration.
Although not all oak seedlings will survive repeated fires,
a small number will be able to reach maturity. Oak trees
are long-lived, surviving 200 years or more. Unlike some
other tree species, mature oaks have thicker bark that can
withstand low intensity burns. In fact, oaks
promote fire through the chemical composition
and physical form of their leaf litter. For
example, lobed oak leaves curl as they dry,
creating air pockets that promote fire movement
along the ground.
ages, so that younger trees will be ready to fill in
when old trees die. Even after death, oak trees
provide habitat for wildlife species including
many cavity-nesting birds and bats.166, 77, 149
Establishing the correct fire regime, specifically
the timing, frequency, intensity, and type
(patchy burns with refugia vs. complete
burns) are dependent upon the geographic
location, site history, and desired vegetative
community. A considerable amount of research
and experienced help is required to restore a
savanna ecosystem. It is important to remember
that a healthy savanna will have trees of varying
Credit: Little Mountain 5
20
| FLOODPLAIN FOREST |
DESCRIPTION: A bottomland deciduous or deciduous-
conifer forest community occupying low-lying areas
adjacent to streams and rivers of third order or greater
subject to periodic over-the-bank flooding and cycles of
erosion and deposition.
Credit: Joshua G. Cohen
Credit: Joshua G. Cohen
Credit: Joshua G. Cohen
21
LANDFORM & SOILS: In the Midwest, generally occur
on the following physiographic systems (landforms):
moraine, outwash plain, ice-contact terrain, and lakeplain.
Soil is highly variable and strongly correlated with fluvial
landforms. The coarsest sediment is deposited on
the natural levee, immediately adjacent to the stream
channel, where the soil texture is often sandy loam to
loam. Progressively finer soil particles are deposited with
increasing distance from the stream. Soil texture of the
first bottom is often silt loam, with silty clay loam to claytextured soil often occurring in swales and backswamps.
Cycles of periodic over-the-bank flooding followed by soil
aeration when the floodwaters recede generally prevent
the accumulation of organic soils. Floodplain soils are
generally circumneutral to mildly alkaline and characterized
by high nutrient availability and an abundance of soil water
throughout much of the growing season.
NATURAL PROCESSES: Direct interaction between
terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems occurs in floodplain
forests through the processes of over-the-bank flooding,
bank cutting, and sedimentation. Over-the bank flooding
can directly cause treefall or indirectly lead to windthrow
through increased soil saturation. Spring floodwaters
often carry ice flows and debris that can scour trees,
leading to the development of multiple-stemmed canopy
trees. The input of organic matter from the floodplain
forest provides sources of energy for aquatic organisms.
Shade from streamside vegetation moderates temperature
regimes in aquatic systems, preventing excessive warming
of the river during summer months. Woody debris from
floodplain vegetation influences the development of
channel morphology and provides necessary habitat for
many aquatic organisms. Riparian vegetation reduces
overland water flow and sediment transport. The
dynamic process of channel migration creates
a diversity of landscape features in floodplains.
Hydrogeomorphic processes such as overthe-bank flooding, transport and deposition
of sediment, and erosive and abrasive water
movement cause the floodplains of large
rivers to exhibit a variety of fluvial landforms,
each of which is associated with a particular
kind of vegetation. Such fluvial landforms are
distinguished by their size, shape, elevation,
soil characteristics, and location in relation
to the stream channel. Several of the most
characteristic fluvial landforms are natural levee,
first bottom, backswamp, oxbow, and terrace.
ANIMALS: Large contiguous tracts of old-
growth and mature floodplain forest provide
important habitat for cavity nesters, species of
detritus-based food webs, canopy-dwelling
species, and interior forest obligates, including
numerous neotropical migrants such as Blackthroated green warbler, Scarlet tanager, and
Ovenbird. Floodplain forests often support
disproportionately large numbers of breeding
bird species compared to upland landscapes
and provide critical habitat for species closely
associated with wetlands including several more
rare species such as Prothonotary warbler and
Louisiana waterthrush. Indiana bats establish
roosts and maternity colonies in standing snags
within floodplain forests. Great blue herons
often construct rookeries within floodplain
forests. Seasonally inundated portions of
floodplains provide crucial habitat for reptiles
and amphibians.
VEGETATION: As a result of the dynamic, local
nature of natural disturbance along stream
channels, a typical floodplain forest consists of
many small patches of vegetation with different
species composition and successional stages
often correlated with fluvial landforms. Within
a single floodplain forest, vegetation changes
along a gradient of flooding frequency and duration.
Fluvial landforms, defined by their size, shape, elevation,
soil, and position in relation to the stream channel,
exert a strong influence on the patterning of floodplain
vegetation. New land deposits immediately adjacent to the
stream channel are generally dominated by black willow,
eastern cottonwood, and black ash. The natural levee
is often dominated by silver maple and green ash, but a
variety of additional tree species may also be common,
including basswood, swamp white oak, bur oak, sycamore,
hackberry, and box elder. The low frequency and short
duration of flooding on the levee result in dense cover of
shrubs and small trees that might include: musclewood,
alternate-leaved dogwood, gray dogwood, prickly-ash,
redbud, hawthorns, nannyberry, elderberry, bladdernut,
and choke cherry. Adjacent to the levee, the first bottom flat
is flooded more frequently and for a longer period, limiting
the tree canopy to flood-tolerant species such as: silver
maple, green ash, black ash, and American elm. Shrubs
are typically rare within the first bottom flat, but vines
including riverbank grape, poison ivy, Virginia creeper,
and moonseed may be abundant. Second bottoms are
typically dominated by the same tree and shrub species
common to the levee but can also include bitternut hickory,
butternut, black walnut, black maple, and white ash.
Occasionally, royal fern can be found in the ground cover.
Low terraces, within the floodplain but above the influence
of floodwaters, often contain oaks and hickories as well
as basswood, butternut, black cherry, and sugar maple.
Higher terraces are often dominated by oak and hickory.
located downstream. The natural spatial and
temporal patterns of stream flow rates, water
levels, and runoff patterns must be maintained
or reestablished where feasible, because
these hydrologic processes create the diverse
structure that characterizes floodplain forests.
Maintaining vegetated buffers in the uplands
bordering floodplain forests will help improve
stream water quality. Restoration of channel
morphology may be important in areas where
stream channelization, channel constriction,
and dams have altered water delivery and
geomorphology. Additionally, floodplain forests
are highly susceptible to invasions by nonnative species. Because of their linear shape
and location between aquatic and terrestrial
environments, floodplain forests have a high
ratio of edge to interior habitat that may
facilitate the movement of opportunistic species.
Rivers and streams provide a route of transport
that facilitates the spread of species across
the landscape. Floodplain forests are highly
and frequently disturbed systems that contain
extensive areas of exposed mineral soil with high
nutrient availability which are characteristics
that facilitate invasion by non-native species.
Preemptive measures to minimize impacts of
invasive species include maintaining mature
floodplain forest, minimizing and eliminating
trails and roads through floodplains, and
buffering riparian areas with mature, continuous
uplands.97, 136, 14
INVASIVE THREATS: Garlic mustard, dame’s rocket, ground
ivy, purple loosestrife, narrow-leaved cattail, hybrid cattail,
phragmites, reed canarygrass, glossy buckthorn, common
buckthorn, Eurasian honeysuckles, Japanese barberry,
multiflora rose, autumn-olive, and white mulberry.29
MANAGEMENT: Conservation and management of
floodplain forests require an ecosystem management
perspective because of the complex longitudinal, lateral,
and vertical dimensions of river systems. It is crucial to
maintain the connectivity and longitudinal environmental
gradients from headwater streams to the broad floodplains
Credit: Barnes et al. 1998
22
across the community, reducing litter levels and
facilitating seed bank expression and seedling
DESCRIPTION: Wetlands are transitional areas between establishment.
aquatic and terrestrial systems where either a depression
in the land is covered by shallow water or the water table ANIMALS: Depending on wetland size and
exists at or near the surface. Wetlands have one or more location, animals that might be encountered
of the following attributes: 1) at least periodically, the site include: beaver, muskrat, mink, bats, great blue
vegetation is dominated by hydrophytes (plants adapted to heron, eastern kingbird, red-winged blackbird,
grow in water), 2) the substrate is mostly undrained hydric bitterns, rails, northern harrier, mallard, wood
soil, or 3) the non-soil substrate is saturated with water duck, blue-winged teal, leopard frog, pickerel
at some time during the growing season of each year. frog, chorus frog, bullfrog, American toad,
Emergent wetlands are characterized by erect, rooted, tiger salamander, snapping turtle, softshell
herbaceous hydrophytes that are present for most of the turtle, water snake, garter snake, bull snake,
bluegill, crappie, largemouth bass, crayfish, and
growing season most years.18
bullheads.63
LANDFORM & SOILS: Emergent wetlands can be fed by
rain and ground water in upland areas, such as prairie VEGETATION: Swamp horsetail, pussy willow,
potholes, or receive a combination of surface water, soft rush, giant bur reed, common cattail, water
groundwater, and floodwaters of adjacent waterbodies plantain, arrowhead, spikerush, American
in bottomland areas, such as oxbows. Wetland hydric sloughgrass, soft stem bulrush, river bulrush,
85, 64, 3
soils form under conditions of saturation long enough to water smartweed.
develop anaerobic features such as the accumulation or
loss of iron, manganese, sulfur, or carbon compounds. INVASIVE THREATS: Reed canary grass, narrow30
The features that develop due to these processes include: leaved cattail, and purple loosestrife.
bluish-gray or greenish-gray color (reduced iron); redox
depletions or concentrations (gray and reddish gray colors MANAGEMENT: Eliminate off-road vehicle
related to iron loss or accumulation); “rotten egg” smell traffic; nutrient and sediment inputs; dredging,
(microbial conversion of sulfate to hydrogen sulfide); ditching, and draining activity; dumping
and accumulated, partially decomposed, black organic and placement of fill; and invasive species
matter, such as peat or muck (lower rate of carbon use by establishment. Ditching alters the hydroperiod
and allows shrubs and trees to establish,
microbes).126, 164
eventually replacing emergent herbaceous
NATURAL PROCESSES: Emergent wetlands are subject species. Wetlands should be monitored for
to frequent or seasonal flooding. Periods of low water invasive species, which, if found, should be
facilitate seed bank expression and seedling establishment removed after researching effective and safe
when litter levels are low. Beaver dams in nearby streams techniques. A licensed commercial herbicide
cause major changes to soils and vegetation. One of applicator should be employed if herbicide
the most important results of flooding is the creation is determined to be the preferred option. A
of oxygen-deprived sediments and accumulation of surfactant, a product added to enhance an
peat. Muskrat feeding within emergent marshes can herbicide’s performance that improves sticking
create openings that are colonized by submergent and of the herbicide to the invasive plant, should
floating vegetation. Historically, where emergent marshes be employed. Additionally, the technique that
bordered fire-dependent uplands, wildfires likely burned is most effective for the job and will cause the
| EMERGENT WETLAND |
Credit: Joshua G. Cohen
Credit: Joshua G. Cohen
Credit: USGS
23
least damage to neighboring desirable species should be
utilized. For example, if the infestation is small, handwicking (i.e. applying herbicide via a soaked glove directly
to the plant) may be appropriate. The upland adjacent
to the wetland should also be managed for invasive
species and disturbance in the area should be limited so
as to prevent tracking in non-native species, damaging
sensitive plants, or altering the hydrology of the area.
When bordered by fire-dependent upland helpful BMP document created by the Wisconsin
communities, management should include DNR.65, 4, 197, 82
prescribed fire in both the marsh and adjacent
uplands to encourage the establishment of Wisconsin DNR BMP Documents
native species from the seed bank. Prevention
of invasive species establishment is key since it http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Wetlands/documents/
WetlandInvasiveBMP.pdf
saves time and money and maintains a healthy,
native ecosystem. See the box for a link to a
Credit: ECT Inc.
24
INVASIVE SPECIES MANAGEMENT PROTOCOLS
Credit: USNPS.
DEFINITION: According to the National Invasive Species Council, invasive species are “species that are non-native to the ecosystem under consideration, and
whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health.” The Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies takes the
position: “at this point in time, the greatest single threat to wildlife of all kinds and sizes is the spread of exotic species, especially invasive plants”.45
PROBLEMS AND IMPACTS: Environmental harm comes from invasive species aggressively colonizing sites at the exclusion of other species. The result is a reduction
in biodiversity that not only affects the plant community but also affects the other biological constituents of the ecosystem that depend on plants, including the
microbial community, micro- and macroinvertebrates, mammals, reptiles,
amphibians, and birds.
The Northeastern Agricultural and Resource Economics Association reported
a negative economic impact of $34.5 billion per year caused by invasive
terrestrial plants in the United States. A still widely cited scholarly paper,
published in 2005, estimated the total cost of all invasive species in the
United States to exceed $120 billion per year. In 2011, the Department of
the Interior allocated $100 million for invasive species prevention, detection,
management, research, outreach, and habitat restoration. Today, the cost of
invasive species has presumably grown significantly, given that globalization
and further research has likely expanded the documented number of plants,
animals, and microbes determined to be detrimental to the U.S. economy.130,
135, 179
SEVEN MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS: Managing invasive species can be
Credit: ECT, Inc.
25
difficult and may require several years of intense, costly, and repetitive effort.
Depending upon site conditions, complete eradication may not be a realistic
goal. Since biota, including humans, and the landscape ecosystems they
inhabit are in a constant flux, managing invasive species will continue to be an ongoing challenge, responsibility, and act of environmental stewardship. The seven
critical aspects of invasive species control are as follows:
1. Prevention
2. Early Detection and Rapid Response
3. Containment and Control
4. Monitoring
Prevention is the most important step in control of invasive species and starts with awareness and recognition of the most common types of invasive species. Learning to recognize invasive species can begin by reviewing published photos and descriptions. Taking a field trip with
someone who knows the plants can aid in the process of learning to identify invasive plant species. See the call-out box below for online
references to get started with invasive plant recognition. Knowledge of how plants reproduce and spread, such as through seed dispersal,
fragmentation, sending out lateral shoots, and stump sprouting, allows managers to develop strategies to recognize and avoid practices that
may cause invasive plants to spread to new areas. For example, when feasible, avoid disturbance of areas that have invasive species with
mature seed heads. Disturbance is likely to launch seeds airborne or collect on clothing or vehicles to be carried offsite. If invasive shrubs
are to be cut, cuttings should be collected and removed to an appropriate disposal facility. The cut stumps often require treatment with an
approved herbicide to prevent regrowth.
Early detection and swift treatment of invasive species generally offers the best chance of success and lowest cost of treatment and effort. It is
critically important to stay informed about current and potential invasive species in your area. Once location and abundance of invasive plants
have been documented, strive to treat new infestations during the current growing season to prevent additional spread via sexual and asexual
reproduction. Priority treatment areas should be (1) isolated plants, then (2) the “advancing front” of a dense stand, and (3) the established
dense stand.
Too often, the invasive species are too dense and widespread to be eradicated without unacceptable costs. At that point, it is advisable to stop
the spread of the invasive plants and develop an integrated pest management plan to address the problem long term.
It is important to regularly inspect sites for occurrence of invasive species, both to evaluate the efficacy of previous treatment efforts and to
detect the early onset of a new invasive species infestation.
Invasive Plant Online Identification Resources
a. A Field Identification Guide to Invasive Plants of Michigan’s Natural Communities
http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/invasive-species/fieldguide.cfm
b. A Field Guide to Invasive Plants of Aquatic and Wetland Habitats for Michigan
http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/invasive-species/aquaticsfieldguide.cfm
c. Minnesota Invasive Non-Native Terrestrial Plants: an Identification Guide for Natural Resource Managers
http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/ttterrestrialplan/index.html
d. Iowa DNR Invasive Plant Species
http://www.iowadnr.gov/Environment/Forestry/ForestHealth/InvasivePlants.asas
e. A Field Guide to Terrestrial Invasive Plants in Wisconsin
http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/invasives/docudocum/wi%20inv%20plant%20field%20gguid%20web%20version.pdf
f. A Field Guide to Invasive Plants of the Midwest & MIPN Fact Sheets
http://mipn.org/publications.html
g. Bugwood and Invasive.org: The University of Georgia Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health
http://www.invasive.org/species/weeds.cfmf
26
INVASIVE SPECIES MANAGEMENT PROTOCOLS
5. Come Clean, Leave Clean
Inspect and clean boots, clothing, equipment and personal gear for soil, seeds, plant parts, and invertebrates before and after field activities.
Prior to moving equipment out of an infested area or into a non-infested area, clean equipment by removing plant parts, soil, seed, and invertebrates off of equipment wheels, tracks and other surfaces.
Pack cleaning tools such as hoof picks for boots, brushes or brooms for equipment, and spray bottles of 10% bleach solution for sterilization.
Clean equipment and clothing at cleaning stations designated for containment and disposal of debris.
6. Restoration of Disturbed Sites
7. Communication and Education
When feasible, locate staging and access areas in places free of invasive species to avoid their spread via contamination of equipment and
clothing with seeds, other plant parts, or invertebrates.
Minimize soil disturbance by using existing corridors, strive to reduce the size of staging areas, access points, and construction footprints.
Invasive species often get a “foothold” in disturbed soils, such as construction sites, new road construction, and utility corridors. By replacing
topsoil and reseeding or replanting with native species, the invasive species can be denied the opportunity to establish and spread.
When feasible, use soil and plant materials onsite, rather than exporting and importing material that may contain invasive species.
If importing soil, fill, mulch, or plants, verify that they are from sources free of invasive species, such as certified weed-free straw.
Monitoring of newly restored sites is a key step in preventing invasive species from colonizing an area before mature plants are established.
The small size and low density of invasive plants found during the revegetation phase of a restoration provides the most opportune time
to employ management actions that result in eradication of invasive species.
Training field personnel to recognize and treat invasive species is recommended on an ongoing basis. Some management strategies, especially
those proposed for wetlands, require permits from government agencies. State natural resource management agencies typically post
information regarding new infestations and treatment methods.9, 119, 155, 162, 195
Credit: ECT, Inc.
27
NOTES
28
POLLINATORS
DEFINITION: Pollination is the transference of pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. When picturing a “pollinator,” the most
common agent that comes to mind is a bee. However, in addition to the 4,000 native bee species identified in the USA, many other pollinators provide this vital
ecosystem service. These include species of moths, butterflies, ants, beetles, bats, birds, flies, and wasps. These animals, along with wind and water, are vital to
the act of pollination and maintaining a functioning ecosystem. Pollinators are important because they facilitate plant reproduction and ensure viable seed for
propagation, genetic diversity within a plant population, and food resources for animals.200
With respect to human requirements, the USDA reports that “worldwide, approximately 1,000 plants grown for food, beverages, fibers, spices, and medicines
depend upon pollination by animals in order to produce the goods which we require”. In a joint publication from NRCS and the Wildlife Habitat Council, the
economic value of pollinators, which includes insect-pollinated crops and indirect products such as milk and beef from cattle fed on alfalfa, is estimated at $40
billion in the USA alone.161, 128
Credit: John Sullivan
PROBLEMS: Recently, in a widely documented phenomenon, insect pollinators have suffered substantial declines in abundance and diversity. For example,
native bee species and introduced honey bees, both of which are integral to agricultural production, have suffered alarming population and/or range declines.
Reports of honey bee colony collapse disorder, a “syndrome defined as a dead colony with no adult bees or bee bodies but with a live queen and usually honey
and immature bees still present,” have risen in recent years and no scientific cause has been proven.199, 1 However, scientists suspect that synergistic effects caused
by the following threats are likely to blame:
Habitat loss and Degradation
Agriculture is a major land use comprising around 50% of the world’s habitable land and 38% of the world’s overall land area. Today,
agriculture often takes the form of large-scale intensive crop monocultures, which fewer species find suitable; therefore, the diversity of species
29
over a given land area is reduced. A scientific study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science used a model to estimate
that between 2008 and 2013, bee abundance declined across 23% of US land area. This decline was generally associated with conversion of
natural habitats to row crops.198, 80
Lack of Native Plants and Plant Diversity
Unsurprisingly, the diversity of plants at a site, or lack thereof, impacts the diversity of pollinators. This is acutely observed in agricultural
monocultures, where the crop may only be suitable for a limited number of pollinators and/or might support them for only a few weeks during
peak bloom time. Increasing the abundance and diversity of floral resources, with particular attention to providing a consistent supply over
the pollinator flight season, has a significant impact on site suitability. Additionally, a study in Restoration Ecology found that both native bees
and honey bees displayed a preference for native plants over co-occurring exotic plants.Currently, farmland borders and fringes are attractive
sites for non-native, weedy species that can out-compete natives in
disturbed or altered landscapes.121
Pesticides
As defined by the Environmental Protection Agency, “a pesticide
is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing,
destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest; use as a plant regulator,
defoliant, or desiccant; or use as a nitrogen stabilizer. In a report from
the USDA’s Economic Research Service, pesticide use for 21 crops in
2008 included the use of 516 million pounds of active ingredient, the
chemical agent that controls pests. Unfortunately, pollinators, which
are extremely valuable assets in an agricultural system, are equally
impacted by pesticide usage. One category of pesticides that have
received media attention are neonicotinoids, a relatively new group
of systemic insecticides introduced in the last 20 years. Over time,
they have demonstrated the following effects on honey bee health:
compromised immune system, shortened adult life cycles, impaired
memory and learning, reduced social communication (reduces foraging
efficiency), disorientation, delayed larval development and disrupted
brood cycle, and gut microbe disruption leading to malnutrition. In
addition, residential property owners who use pesticides are also
impacting pollinator health. Although the pesticides available for
homeowner use are used in significantly smaller quantities, they are
often incorrectly applied, which can lead to unnecessary environmental impacts.167, 131, 34
Credit: Bob Peterson
Non-native Species and Diseases
In addition to exotic plants outcompeting native flora, which provide specialist pollinator species with nutritional nectar and pollen, non-native
pollinators present a potential threat to native pollinator species. Further scientific studies regarding these interactions are required before any
generalizations can be made, but given the history of introductions there could be significant ecological impacts. Less speculative is the damage
caused by introduced parasites and diseases - Varroa and Tracheal mites, African hive beetles, and Nosema - that have had severe impacts on
pollinator populations, although the effects have generally been species-specific.
30
POLLINATORS
Climate Change
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the human-induced current warming trend is
proceeding at a rate that is unprecedented in the past 1,300 years, and the panel of 1,300 scientists forecasts
a temperature rise between 2.5 to 10°F over the next century. Not all areas will be uniformly impacted nor
impacted simultaneously, since different societal and environmental systems will be better or less suited to
mitigating changes or adapting. Similarly, pollinators are likely to be directly and/or indirectly impacted by
changes to the growing season length, precipitation patterns, and the frequency and intensity of extreme
weather events.123
Credit: Revital Salomon
Credit: John Flannery
SOLUTIONS: In June 2014 amid rising concern for pollinator welfare, President Obama created The Pollinator
Health Task Force, which used federal agency collaboration to develop plans aimed at reversing pollinator
loss and restoring populations to self-sustaining levels. The resulting 2015 documents outlined strategies for
reaching three overarching goals: 1) the reduction of honey bee colony losses during winter to no more than
15% within 10 years, 2) an increase in Eastern monarch butterfly populations to 225 million butterflies/15
acres in overwintering grounds in Mexico, and 3) the restoration or enhancement of 7 million acres of land
suitable for pollinators over the next five years. Although this strategy is a step in the right direction, critics
lambasted the plans for not taking a harder stance on pesticides, particularly neonicotinoids that have been
reported to cause chronic neurotoxicity. Regardless of federal restrictions, all landowners – whether farmers,
suburban homeowners, or corporations – should seek out information about pesticide use and application
to better protect the environment, employees, customers, and themselves (recommended sites can be found
in the call-out box on the next page). Pesticides should only be used when other means (such as mechanical
removal) are not effective, efficient, or applicable. The pesticide with the lowest toxicity, fastest degradation
rate (i.e. rate at which it becomes benign), highest selectivity (i.e. targets only the intended pest) should be
chosen and the smallest effective amount applied.90
Through the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), the United States Department of Agriculture’s Farm Service
Agency has promoted the Pollinator Habitat Initiative (CP-42). The program is designed to offer farmers
support in the installation of high-quality, native wildflowers that will sustain pollinators and other wildlife
throughout the growing season. Newly enrolled participants receive compensation and subsidies to support
the implementation of suitable pollinator habitat.160
Credit:Bob Peterson
Other organizations have risen to promote pollinator health and protection, such as the non-profit Pollinator
Partnership and the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. These organizations and others encourage
individuals, corporations, farmers, etc. to institute practices on their property that promote pollinator health
and habitat. These practices include: 1) establishing native plants with overlapping bloom times to provide
nutrition throughout the growing season, 2) provide potential homes for pollinators by leaving patches of bare
ground, brush piles, or installing nesting blocks, 3) eliminate or reduce pesticide use, and 4) educate others
about the importance of pollinators and how they can aid in pollinator protection. Once areas have been
restored, landowners are encouraged to register the location of suitable pollinator habitats via an online map
database called S.H.A.R.E., which documents the spatial pattern of pollinator habitat establishment.
Credit: Joe Schneid
31
ITC has already begun implementing these practices
at many of their Wildlife Habitat Council certified sites
(Sac and Fox Trail Park, Beverly Park, and Squaw
Invasive Plant Online Identification Resources
Creek Park) as well as along their other transmission
1. The Pollinator Partnership
line corridors (McLoud Run Park and Cedar Valley
www.pollinator.org
Nature Trail). Additionally, the City of Cedar Rapids
2. S.H.A.R.E. Map
Parks & Recreation Department (City) and Linn
http://www.pollinator.org/SHARE.htm
County Conservation are partnering on a 1,000
3. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation
acre Pollinator Initiative, with the goal of increasing
www.xerces.org
pollinator habitat by 1,000 acres in and around Cedar
4. National Pesticide Information Center
Rapids. To reach this goal, the partners plan to target
http://npic.orst.edu/index.html
underutilized public land, such as areas around bike
5. EPA – Protecting Bees and Other Pollinators from Pesticides
trails, landscaped spaces in parks, and public rights
http://www.epa.gov/pollinator-protection
of-way, as well as convert areas currently hosting non
6. Bumble bee Identification Guide
native species, such as golf course flower beds. New
http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/Eastern_Bumble_Bee.pdf
pollinator habitat is also expected to reduce flash
flooding by decreasing the amount and rate of runoff
into storm sewers as well as lessen City labor and fuel
costs by shrinking maintenance requirements, such as mowing. Linn County Conservation is also spreading pollinator awareness by raising monarchs and placing
honey bee demonstration hives on one of their properties. By partnering with natural resource managers, such as the City and Linn County Conservation, ITC can
continue to help bolster pollinator habitats across the Midwest through the removal of invasive plants, encouragement of native plants and compatible shrubs,
and limited application of herbicides and pesticides.41, 43, 132
Credit: ECT Inc.
32
INDIANA BAT & NORTHERN LONG-EARED BAT
| STATUS |
Indiana bats are currently listed as a federally endangered species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and have been since 1967. Their range includes
a majority of the eastern half of the United States. Northern long-eared bats (NLEB) were recently listed as a federally threatened species by USFWS on April 2,
2015, and their range extends further north, east, south, and west than that of Indiana bat.
| NATURAL HISTORY |
Both bats migrate seasonally between winter hibernacula and summer roosting habitats, although NLEB tends
to migrate shorter distances from hibernacula to roost sites. Winter hibernacula include caves and abandoned
mines. Indiana bats hibernate in very large groups, while NLEB hibernacula tend to only have a few individuals.
They breed in late summer when males begin swarming near hibernacula. After copulation, females store sperm
during hibernation. In spring, they emerge from their hibernacula, ovulate, and fertilize their egg with the stored
sperm. After fertilization, pregnant females migrate to summer areas where they roost in small colonies and give
birth to a single pup. Maternity colonies are formed under the loose bark of trees (dead or alive) and/or cavities.
A single colony may utilize a number of roost trees during the summer, typically a primary roost tree and several
alternates. Indiana bat maternity colonies with young generally have 30-60 bats, although larger maternity colonies
have been observed. NLEBs tend to roost alone or in small colonies underneath bark, in cavities, or in crevices of
live or dead trees. They are more flexible than Indiana bats when it comes to roost tree selection, utilizing smaller
diameter and shorter trees and more crevices and cavities than Indiana bat. Most females within a maternity
colony give birth around the same time, which may occur from late May or early June to late July, depending on
colony location. Young bats start flying 18-21 days after birth. Both species of bats can live up to 19 years. They
emerge at dusk to fly through the understory of forested hillsides and ridges feeding on moths, flies, leafhoppers,
caddisflies, and beetles, which they catch while in flight using echolocation. They also feed by gleaning motionless
insects from vegetation and water surfaces. During the summer, the bats frequent the corridors of small streams
with riparian woods as well as mature upland forests. They forage for insects along stream corridors, within the
canopy of floodplain and upland forests, over clearings with early successional vegetation (old fields), along the
borders of croplands, along wooded fencerows, over farm ponds, and in pastures.171, 184
Credit: USNPS
| HABITAT |
SUITABLE HABITAT CONSISTS OF:
Roosting habitat: Live, dead, or dying trees with exfoliating bark, split tree trunk, split branches,
holes, cracks, crevices, or hollow trunks or branches.
Foraging habitat: Within and on the edges of wooded areas. Frequently associated with streams,
floodplain forests, forested wetlands, and impounded water bodies.
Travel corridors: Areas that link roosting and foraging habitat, including open understory forest,
wooded fence-rows, and open paths through wooded areas, including streams, trails, and
small roads with canopy cover.
Hibernacula: Caves or underground mines.
Suitable roost trees defined as live trees and/or snags ≥5 “ diameter at breast height (DBH) (12.7 cm) for Indiana
bat and ≥3” dbh (7.6 cm) for NLEB that have exfoliating bark, cracks, crevices, and/or hollows. Male bats of both
species may roost in trees 3 inches dbh or greater.172
33
Credit: KQED Science
| THREATS |
No other threat is as severe and immediate as white-nose syndrome. If this disease had not emerged, it is unlikely the Northern long-eared population would be
declining so dramatically. Since symptoms were first observed in New York in 2006, white-nose syndrome has spread rapidly from the Northeast to the Midwest
and Southeast, an area that includes the core of the NLEB’s range where it was most common before this disease. Numbers have declined by 99 percent in the
Northeast. Although there is uncertainty about the rate that white-nose syndrome will spread within the species’ range, it is expected to spread throughout the
entire United States. Although significant population declines have not been observed due to other sources of mortality, they may now be important factors affecting
this bat’s ability to persist while experiencing dramatic declines caused by white-nose syndrome. Other sources of mortality include impacts to hibernacula, loss
or degradation of summer habitat, and wind farm operation. Gates or other structures should be erected to exclude people from caves and mines that could be
used as hibernacula; However, they should not restrict bat flight and movement or change airflow and internal cave and mine microclimates. A few degrees change
can make a cave unsuitable for hibernating bats. Cave-dwelling bats are vulnerable to human disturbance while hibernating. Bats use up their energy stores when
roused and may not survive the winter or females may not successfully give birth or rear young. Highway and commercial development, surface mining, and wind
facility construction permanently remove habitat and are prevalent in many areas of this bat’s range. Timber harvest and forest management can remove or alter
(improving or degrading) summer roosting and foraging habitat. Wind turbines kill bats, including Northern long-eared bats, although only a small number have
been documented to date. There are many wind projects within a large portion of the bat’s range and many more are planned.
| MANAGEMENT |
DO NOT DISTURB HIBERNATING BATS. Many agencies and organizations have protected caves and mines that are important hibernacula for cave-dwelling bats.
Comply with all cave and mine closures, advisories, and regulations. In areas without a cave and mine closure policy, follow approved decontamination protocols
(see whitenosesyndrome.org/topics/decontamination). Under no circumstances should clothing, footwear, or equipment that was used in a white-nose syndrome
affected state or region be used in unaffected states or regions. Actions have been taken to slow the spread of white-nose syndrome through human transmission
of the fungus into caves (e.g. cave and mine closures and advisories; national decontamination protocols). A national plan was prepared by the USFWS and other
state and federal agencies that details actions needed to investigate and manage white-nose syndrome. Many state and federal agencies, universities and nongovernmental organizations are researching this disease to try to control its spread and address its effect.
Where possible and not a safety hazard, leave dead or dying trees standing on your property. Northern long-eared bats and many other animals use these trees.
Dead and dying trees are usually not left standing, so trees suitable for roosting may be in short supply.
Install bat boxes to provide additional roost sites.
USFWS and others are working to minimize bat mortality from wind turbines on several fronts. They fund and conduct research to determine why bats are
susceptible to turbines, how to operate turbines to minimize mortality, and where important bat migration routes are located. USFWS, state natural resource
agencies, and wind energy industry are developing a Midwest Wind Energy Multi-Species Habitat Conservation Plan that will provide wind farms a mechanism to
continue operating legally while minimizing and mitigating listed bat mortality.169, 98, 171, 184, 101
34
POTENTIAL INDIANA BAT IMPACTS & REGULATIONS
| SUMMARY OF THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT -16 U.S.C. §1531 ET SEQ. (1973) |
The Endangered Species Act (ESA) provides a program for the conservation of threatened and endangered plants and
animals and the habitats in which they are found. The lead federal agencies responsible for implementing the ESA
are the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Fisheries Service. The USFWS maintains a worldwide list of endangered species. Species include birds, insects, fish,
reptiles, mammals, crustaceans, flowers, grasses, and trees.
Credit: Conserve Wildlife Foundation of NJ
The ESA requires federal agencies, in consultation with the USFWS and/or the NOAA Fisheries Service, to ensure that
actions they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any listed species or
result in the destruction or adverse modification of designated critical habitat for such species. The ESA also prohibits any
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT PROJECT INDIANA BAT DECISION FLOW CHART
DOES YOUR PROJECT INVOLVE…
DOES YOUR PROJECT INVOLVE...
New build / rebuild within an Indiana
bat county?
YES
NO
Credit: Whittle Ecological
Crossing federal/state land within an
Indiana bat county?
Note: ECT provided prescriptions in the rare species layer
for this scenario.
YES
NO
Credit: Indiana DNR
IA DNR record of Indiana bat within 5
miles of the corridor?
Note: ECT provided prescriptions in the rare species layer
for this scenario.
NO
Indiana bat county with a known IA DNR
bat record & must impact potential roost
trees
Credit: USFWS
35
YES
Contact and obtain
approval from Regional
Forester & ITC
Environmental when
planning work in this
area.
If can’t abide by tree
cutting restriction dates
(4/1 – 10/15 for MI;
4/1-9/30 for Midwest),
agency correspondence
and/or additional field
surveys may be necessary
YES
NO
Proceed like
normal
* For Capital new build and rebuild projects, also consult the ITC Permit Policy Specialist when planning work.
Credit: ECT, Inc.
action that causes a “taking” of any listed species of endangered fish or wildlife. Likewise, import, export, interstate, and foreign commerce of listed species are
all generally prohibited.
If suitable habitat is present at the proposed site, it is possible that Indiana bats are also present, and an appropriate determination at this point is that the project
“may affect” the Indiana bat, and consultation with USFWS may be required, especially if tree cutting restriction dates cannot be observed. If no habitat suitable
for the Indiana bat is present, a determination of “no effect” is likely appropriate. If habitat is present or Indiana bats are known to be present, they must not be
harmed, harassed or disturbed when present, and the USFWS Regional Field Office should be contacted for further assistance per the 2016 Range-Wide Indiana
Bat Summer Survey Guidelines. The only listed critical habitat in Illinois, Iowa, Michigan and Minnesota is the Blackball Mine in LaSalle Co., Illinois.176
| TREE CLEARING RESTRICTIONS |
Seasonal tree clearing restrictions are a required avoidance measure that can minimize potential adverse effects to Indiana bats caused by timber removal, or
other disruptions of habitat, during Indiana bat occupancy periods. In general and when unavoidable, summer and swarming habitat may be removed when
bats are not likely to be present, which is typically the winter months when Indiana bats are hibernating. Tree clearing is defined as the removal of all trees ≥5
inches DBH. Per the latest verbal guidance from USFWS, tree clearing should not occur from April 1 – September 30 in the Midwest. If tree cutting restrictions
cannot be followed, species-specific surveys can be conducted to determine if impact will occur. These surveys (both mist netting & acoustic) must occur from May
15 – August 15.
ROCK ISLAND FIELD OFFICE
http://www.fws.gov/midwest/RockIsland/contactus.html
1511 47th Ave.
Moline, IL 61265
309-757-5800
Credit: ECT, Inc.
36
POTENTIAL NLEB IMPACTS & REGULATIONS
| THE FINAL 4(D) RULE FOR NLEB |
On January 14th, 2016 the USFWS published a Final 4(d) rule for northern long-eared bat, which focuses prohibition of incidental take on those activities most
harmful to the species. The Final 4(d) Rule for NLEB states:
PURPOSEFUL TAKE:
• Prohibited throughout the species range (exceptions include removal of bats from human structures, defense of human life, removal of hazardous trees,
and authorized capture).
INCIDENTAL TAKE:
• Activities not involving tree removal are exempted (e.g. prescribed burning and wind energy facilities)
• Hazardous tree removal is exempted
• Within the White-Nose Syndrome (WNS) zone (encompasses all of IA, IL, and most of MN, see map here: http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/
mammals/nleb/pdf/WNSZone.pdf), incidental take is prohibited under the following circumstances:
• If it occurs within a hibernaculum;
• If it results from tree removal activities
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT PROJECT NLEB BAT DECISION FLOW CHART
and
• The activity occurs within .25 miles of a DOES YOUR PROJECT INVOLVE...
known hibernaculum; or
Tree removal within a .25 miles of a
• The activity destroys a known,
YES
Contact and obtain
known hibernacula at any time of year?
occupied maternity roost tree (or
approval from Regional
other trees within a 150-ft radius from
the maternity roost tree) between June
Forester & ITC
NO
1 and July 31 (the pup season).
Environmental when
Crossing federal land?
Note: ECT provided prescriptions in the rare species layer
for this scenario.
planning work in this
area.*
YES
NO
Tree removal in MN Township with known
NLEB maternity roost trees or IA/IL DNR
NLEB records within 5 miles of the
corridor?
* For Capital new build and rebuild
projects, also consult the ITC Permit Policy
Specialist when planning work.
37
Note: ECT provided prescriptions in the rare species layer
for this scenario.
YES
NO
If can’t abide by tree
cutting restriction dates
(6/1-7/31), agency
correspondence and/or
additional field surveys
may be necessary.
Proceed; Incidental take
that may result is
exempted
Credit: ECT, Inc.
| 4(D) RULE CONSERVATION MEASURES/TREE CLEARING RESTRICTIONS |
To be exempted from incidental take, a qualifying project must follow these measures:
• Do not conduct activities that alter the entrance or the environment (physical or other alteration) of a NLEB hibernaculum,
• Do not remove trees within .25 miles of known, occupied hibernacula at any time of year
• Do not cut or destroy a known, occupied maternity roost tree or surrounding trees within a 150’ radius from June 1 - July 31 (the pup season)
When looking for information on the presence of maternity roost trees or hibernacula within a given project area, USFWS’s expectation is that a project proponent
will complete due diligence to determine available data, e.g. review USFWS township maps, if available for the state, or consult the state’s Natural Heritage
Inventory database. If information is not available, the project proponent must document their attempt to find the information and may then move forward with
the project.
Tree removal is defined in the 4(d) rule as cutting down, harvesting, destroying, trimming, or manipulating in any other way the trees, saplings, snags, or any other
form of woody vegetation likely to be used by northern long-eared bats, e.g. trees ≥3” dbh. If tree cutting restrictions (e.g. June 1 - July 31) cannot be followed,
species-specific surveys can be conducted to determine if impact will occur. These surveys (both mist netting & acoustic) must occur from May 15 – August 15.177, 178
ROCK ISLAND FIELD OFFICE
http://www.fws.gov/midwest/RockIsland/contactus.html
1511 47th Ave.
Moline, IL 61265
309-757-5800
Keep in mind, given that the geographic ranges of the
two species greatly overlap, the stricter prohibitions
for Indiana bat essentially protect both bat species.
According to USFW’s Environmental Conservation
Online System (ECOS) and Iowa DNR Natural Areas
Inventory, both Indiana and northern long-eared bats
are known to occur in Iowa, but only northern longeared bat is known to occur in Linn County.175, 170, 72
Credit: ECT, Inc.
38
T&E: MAMMALS
| NORTHERN LONG-EARED BAT |
IDENTIFICATION: Medium-sized bat 3-3.7” long, 9-10” wingspan,
fur medium - dark brown on the back and tawny - pale-brown on the
underside. Distinguished from other Myotis bats by long ears.
T&E STATUS: MN Special Concern, IL Threatened, Federally Threatened.
MANAGEMENT: Protect known and suspected winter hibernacula, avoid
disturbance to hibernating bats, protect summer habitat, leave dead and
dying trees standing, install bat boxes.109, 49, 174, 184
Myotis septentrionalis
HABITAT: Winter hibernacula in large caves or mines with large passages and
entrances, constant temperatures, high humidity, and no air currents. Roost in
summer singularly or in colonies underneath bark, in cavities, or in crevices of
both live and dead trees. Rarely found roosting in man-made structures like
barns and sheds.
ACTIVE SEASON: Breed in late summer, fertilize egg the following spring. In
late May to late July, give birth to a single pup in maternity colonies of 30-60 bats.
Young bats fly 18-21 days after birth. Live up to 19 years. Emerge at dusk, feed
on moths, flies, leafhoppers, caddisflies, and beetles in flight or from vegetation
and water surfaces.
39
PRESCRIPTION: Please contact and obtain approval from Regional
Forester/ITC Environmental Manager if planning work in this area & need
to trim/remove trees with 3” dbh or greater in diameter. Consultation with
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and Iowa Department of Natural Resources is
required and permit acquisition may be necessary prior to start of work.
No manual or vehicular tree trimming/removal from 6/1-7/31. Vehicular
or manual mowing/brush removal and vehicular or manual herbicide
application have no seasonal restrictions. Leave and/or create snag habitat
when possible.
Credit: Phil Swanson
Credit: James Wilson
Credit: Minnesota DNR
Credit: James Wilson
Credit: Phil Swanson
Credit: Iowa DNR
| PRAIRIE VOLE |
Microtus ochrogaster
T&E STATUS: MN Special Concern, MI Endangered.
HABITAT: Prefer dry sites, such as grasslands, prairies, upland old agricultural
fields, and thickets. Important prey species for snakes, skunks, weasels, owls,
foxes, raptors, coyotes, etc. Diet consists of grasses, forbs, sedges, leaves, seeds,
nuts, bulbs, tubers, and twigs which they store in underground caches.
belly fur is light tan and the tail is bicolored. Occasionally, color variants
(yellow, black, albino, spotted) may be identified. Adults range in length
from 5-7” and a tail length of 1-1.8”. They weigh 1-25 oz. This species has
five plantar tubercles, knobby foot pads, on their hind feet and the third
lower molar has no closed triangles and three transverse loops. Females
have three pairs of mammary glands. Grass lined nests are built in burrows,
under logs, or in above-ground grass clumps. They create extensive shallow
tunnel systems that help hide them from predators.
ACTIVE SEASON: Active year-round during both day and night, but most active
during dusk and dawn. In the summer, diurnal activity decreases, while during
the winter, nocturnal activity decreases. Breed throughout the year, but most
reproductive activity occurs between May-October.
MANAGEMENT: Leave brush piles and downed woody debris for
habitat and to provide cover. When possible refrain from or limit mowing
during the growing season to reduce nest mortality. Reduce sources of
unnecessary artificial lighting at night. To meet species dietary needs, plant
native species that produce plentiful seeds.109, 92, 188, 133, 86
IDENTIFICATION: This species is uniform in coloration throughout the year
and there is no distinction between sexes. The fur is dark brown to black and
tipped with black or brownish-yellow that creates a shabby looking effect. The
PRESCRIPTION: No manual or vehicular mowing/brush removal,
manual or vehicular herbicide application, or manual or vehicular tree
trimming/removal from 5/1 through 11/1.
Credit: theNerd Patrol
Credit: Gordon C. Snelling
Credit: Minnesota DNR
Credit: Minnesota DNR
Credit: Minnesota DNR
Credit: Minnesota DNR
40
| SOUTHERN FLYING SQUIRREL |
Glaucomys volans
T&E STATUS: IA Special Concern.
HABITAT: Upland, eastern deciduous/mixed forests, specifically oak-hickory
or beech-maple forests, and floodplain forests. Prefers hollow trees and
abandoned woodpecker holes for den sites but also uses nest boxes and
abandoned bird and squirrel nests.
ACTIVE SEASON: Nocturnal and sometimes lives in family groups. Females
produce two litters each year, generally in April-May and again in late summer.
Litters typically range from 2-4 offspring. Highly sociable with a home range of
1-3 acres; may nest communally in winter (10-20 individuals). Feed on insects,
nuts, seeds, fruits, and occasionally birds and carrion. Active at night throughout
the year, except during extreme cold during which they enter a state of torpor.
skin that extends from wrist to ankle along either side of the body, which
allows the animal to glide through the air when stretched taught. At 7-10”
in length, smaller with completely white belly hair compared to the longer
(10-12”) northern flying squirrel whose belly hair is gray at the base.
MANAGEMENT: Threats include loss of large stands of mature mast
producing trees and the removal of woody debris. Maintain older woodlots,
especially those with mature mast producing stands. Do not remove fallen
and rotting logs and maintain snag trees. Plant hickory, oak, and maple
trees along edges of existing stands. Place artificial nest boxes.67, 61, 73, 186
PRESCRIPTION: No manual or vehicular tree trimming/removal from
1/1 through 9/30. Vehicular or manual mowing/brush removal and
vehicular or manual herbicide application have no seasonal restrictions.
Leave and/or create snag habitat when possible and do not remove fallen
and rotting logs.
IDENTIFICATION: Easily distinguished from most squirrels by the flap of loose
41
Credit: Joshua Mayer
Credit: Laszlo Ilyes
Credit: Darekk2
Credit:Laurent Belanger
Credit: Ken Thomas
Credit: Iowa DNR
| WESTERN HARVEST MOUSE |
Reithrodontomys megalotis
T&E STATUS: MN Special Concern.
HABITAT: Grasslands, prairies, meadows, and marshes. Important prey
species for snakes, owls, squirrels, foxes, raptors, coyotes, etc.
ACTIVE SEASON: Nocturnal and most active before midnight. Activity level
is greatest on overcast (moonless) or rainy nights. Breed spring to late autumn
before undergoing torpor in winter months.
IDENTIFICATION: The adult mouse is long-tailed, slender bodied, pale-gray
to brown in coloration, and has naked ears. Belly fur is white to deep gray and
there is a dark stripe from the forehead along the middle of the back. Length
ranges from 4.5-6.7” and the tail is shorter than the body (2-3.8”). Weight
ranges between 0.3-0.6 oz (8-17 grams) and there is no difference in size or
coloration between sexes. However, the fur of juveniles is gray-brown, short,
and woolly, while the sub-adult has longer, thicker, and brighter fur.
Typically, the species builds spherical nests, approximately 5” in diameter,
on the ground beneath grasses, bushes, weeds, or logs. They line their
nests with soft, fine plant material and have one or more entrance holes at
the base. Occasionally, nests have been built in bushes or in burrows. The
primary diet of this species is seeds, which it will sometimes cache, but it
will also eat plant shoots and insects.
MANAGEMENT: Leave brush piles and downed woody debris for
habitat and to provide cover. When possible refrain from or limit mowing
during the growing season to reduce nest mortality. Reduce sources of
unnecessary artificial lighting at night. To meet species dietary needs, plant
native species that produce plentiful seeds.109, 81, 153
PRESCRIPTION: No manual or vehicular mowing/brush removal, manual
or vehicular herbicide application, or manual or vehicular tree trimming/
removal from 4/15 - 11/1.
Credit: USFWS
Credit: USFWS
Credit: NatureServe
Credit: USFWS
Credit: USFWS
Credit: Minnesota DNR
42
T&E: REPTILES
| AMERICAN BLUE RACER SNAKE |
Coluber constrictor
T&E STATUS: MN Special Concern.
HABITAT: Dry sunny areas with access to cover, including open woods,
meadows, hedge rows, and occasionally marshes and weedy lake edges. Midlevel predator, eat insects, spiders, small frogs, young rodents, shrews, and
small reptiles. Other prey may include nestling birds and eggs, squirrels, small
rabbits, small turtles, and other snakes. Nests often hidden in rotted stumps or
logs, abandoned mammal burrows, or nest cavities in leaf litter or sand.
ACTIVE SEASON: Inactive during cold months, takes shelter from subfreezing
temperatures. Movement to and from hibernacula peak in the fall and spring.
Mating occurs from late April to early June, lay 3-32 eggs in June or early July.
Hatch in August or early September. Occasionally, this species will deposit eggs
in a communal nest.
43
IDENTIFICATION: Adults black, bluish-gray, to olive brown with smooth
shiny scales, divided anal plate, 15 scale rows near the tail. The adult length
ranges from 3-6.25’ and have 17 scale rows at mid-body. Head narrow, but
wider than the neck with distinct brow ridges. The chin and throat white
to yellow and remainder of underbelly varies from black, dark gray, light
blue, white, cream, or yellow. Males have longer tails with wider bases
than females, whose tails taper abruptly. Juveniles patterned with grays,
browns, and reds.
MANAGEMENT: Protect and manage grasslands and savannas to retain
habitat. Educate the public about ecological role of snakes and how to
protect people and pets without causing harm to snakes. Limit pesticide
and herbicide use which impact snake populations and their prey base.109, 44
PRESCRIPTION: No manual or vehicular mowing/brush removal,
vehicular tree removal/trimming, or vehicular herbicide application
between 4/1 and 11/1. Manual herbicide application and manual tree
removal have no seasonal restrictions.
Credit: Alan Schmierer
Credit: USFWS
Credit: Minnesota DNR
Credit: CDFWS
Credit: Pierre Fidenci
Credit: Minnesota DNR
upper jaw giving appearance of a permanent grin.
| BLANDING’S TURTLE |
Emydoidea blandingii
T&E STATUS: MI Special Concern, IA & MN Threatened, IL Endangered.
HABITAT: Clean, shallow waters with abundant aquatic vegetation and soft
muddy bottoms over firm substrates, nest in open uplands adjacent to wetland
habitats, preferring sunny areas with moist but well-drained sandy or loamy soil;
if suitable natural nesting habitat is not available, will nest in lawns, gardens,
plowed fields, or gravel road embankments; downed woody debris needed in
submerged wetlands.
ACTIVE SEASON: Breed 1st week of April to 4th week of October, active 1st week
of April to 4th week of October, nest 4th week of May to 4th week of June.
IDENTIFICATION: Medium turtle 6-11”, carapace black with yellowish spots,
domed, elongated, smooth; very long neck, bright yellow chin and throat; head
dark with brown or yellow spots, flat with short rounded snout and notched
MANAGEMENT: Maintain water quality, restrict pesticide use in or near
wetlands, implement minimum development setback distances, leave
buffer zones during timber harvest, grazing and agricultural operations, and
minimize road construction in or near suitable wetlands. Timber harvesting
can benefit this species by creating or maintaining open habitat conditions
for thermoregulation and nesting. Minimize adult mortality and illegal
collection. On-site nest protection may be necessary. 92, 67, 109, 49, 96
PRESCRIPTION: No manual or vehicular mowing/brush removal,
vehicular herbicide application, or vehicular tree trimming/removal from
4/1 through 11/1. Manual herbicide application & manual tree trimming/
removal have no seasonal restrictions. Maintain natural vegetation buffers
around wetlands.
Credit: Wisconsin Parc
Credit: South Shore Conservancy
Credit: Minnesota DNR
Credit: Allen Blake Sheldon
Credit: Allen Blake Sheldon
Credit: Iowa DNR
44
| BULLSNAKE |
Pituophis catenifer sayi
T&E STATUS: IA & MN Special Concern.
HABITAT: Native open large grasslands and sand prairies bordered by woodland.
Prefer loose sandy soil for burrowing. Active in the morning and evening. Hibernate
in mammal burrows or rock crevices.
ACTIVE SEASON: Emerge in April; sun themselves on gopher mounds in spring,
spend most time underground in summer. Breed in May, lay 12 eggs in sand in
late June into July. Eggs hatch August or September. Winter dormancy in October.
Primarily eat mammals, but also birds, eggs, frogs, and lizards.
IDENTIFICATION: Largest snake in Iowa; 37-72” long, up to 100”. Ground color
variable straw yellow, white, dull yellow-brown, or bright yellow. 40 large, dark,
body blotches usually black to lighter brown becoming dark black bands or rings
on the tail. Smaller lateral spots on the side where scales tipped with brown or
45
black appear speckled. Head yellow or brown; boldly marked with a
stripe across the top of the head from eye to eye, and a stripe from the
eye to the corner of the mouth; very pointed snout. Belly porcelain white
to yellowish with brown spots. In the southern and western portions of
range, the ground color is entirely brown and all the blotches are brown.
In the northern and eastern portions of range (including Iowa), displays
black to brown appearance.
MANAGEMENT: Threats include loss and fragmentation of habitat;
need large tracks of grassland, often forced to cross roads. Prescribed
burn outside of active period. Remove encroaching woody trees.
Establish tall grassland habitat.67, 109
PRESCRIPTION: No manual or vehicular mowing/brush removal,
vehicular herbicide application or tree trimming/removal from 4/1
through 11/1. Manual herbicide application and manual tree trimming/
removal have no seasonal restrictions. Maintain natural vegetation
buffers around prairies and sandy soils.
Credit: Bill Schmoker
Credit: Wet Canvas
Credit: Minnesota DNR
Credit: Wet Canvas
Credit: Tapatio
Credit: Iowa DNR
| ORNATE BOX TURTLE |
Terrapene ornata
T&E STATUS: IA & IL Threatened.
HABITAT: Open, shifting, and unstable sand habitat important for nesting and
overwintering. The rest of the year they will use tallgrass prairie when available.
If only shortgrass prairie is available, they will prefer shrubs in order to keep cool
from the sun. Overwinter in deep sand in open canopy habitat.
ACTIVE SEASON: Eat fruits such as blackberries, wild strawberries, and
wild plums. Nest from late May through mid-June, hatch in August or early
September, active between April and October.
IDENTIFICATION: A small terrestrial turtle up to 6.1” long, upper shell dark
brown or black with conspicuous yellow lines that radiate from the center of each
plate and forms a discontinuous mid-dorsal stripe. Lower shell is brown with
yellow lines that radiate on each scale.
MANAGEMENT: Threats include loss of habitat, nest predation, illegal
pet collection, motorized recreation, farm machinery, and roads. Remove
encroaching woody species from sand dunes and adjacent grassland
habitat. Establish native grassland with a mix of tall grasses for shade and
high forb concentration to open up the grass stands for basking. Light
grazing helps keep grassland areas open and free of brush encroachment.
Prescribed fire should be conducted between late September and early
April. Nests can be protected from predators by using a mesh screen cage
during nest building and egg development. Limit cultivation to less than
6” deep in areas known to support turtles. Cease collection. Be aware of
turtles crossing roads between April and September.67, 49, 70
PRESCRIPTION: No manual or vehicular mowing/brush removal,
vehicular herbicide application, or vehicular tree trimming/removal from
3/1 through 10/15. Manual herbicide application & manual tree trimming/
removal have no seasonal restrictions. Maintain natural vegetation buffers
around prairies and open patches of sand.
Credit: Ingo Arndt
Credit: Lynn M Stone
Credit: Ninnescah Field Station
Credit: Francois Gohjer
Credit: Martin Withers
Credit: Iowa DNR
46
T&E: INSECTS
| ACADIAN HAIRSTREAK |
MANAGEMENT: Conserve habitat and populations of host plants as well
as adult nectar plants. Limit use of pesticides and herbicides to prevent
damage to butterfly population or host plants.67, 87, 19
T&E STATUS: IA Special Concern.
PRESCRIPTION: No manual or vehicular mowing/brush removal,
vehicular tree removal/trimming, or vehicular herbicide application
between 6/1 and 8/1. Operate equipment/vehicles on road/two-track or
off road on a minimum of 4” of snow cover. Manual herbicide application
and manual tree removal have no seasonal restrictions. Preserve existing
native vegetation by minimizing herbicide use and applying herbicide
directly to target woody vegetation only. Do not impact willows.
Satyrium acadica
HABITAT: Streams lined with willow species, marshes, pond edges, swamps,
wet roadside ditches, moist meadows, and moist woodlands. Willows
(Salix spp.) are the larval host plant. Adult nectar plants include: milkweed,
meadowsweet, New Jersey tea and other moisture-loving flowers.
ACTIVE SEASON: One flight from late June through mid-July.
IDENTIFICATION: The wingspan ranges from 1.125” – 1.5” (2.9 -3.8 cm).
The upperside of the wings are brown-gray with a tail on each hindwing. The
underside of the hindwing is uniform gray with a sub-marginal row of orange
crescent shaped spots and a silvery-blue patch capped with orange near each
tail. Also on the underside is a line of white-rimmed black dots near the middle
of the wing.
Credit: Tom Peterson
Credit:Yankech Gary
47
Credit: Megan McCarty
Credit:Yankech Gary
Credit: Butterflies and Moths of North America
Credit: Iowa DNR
| BYSSUS SKIPPER |
of pale spots. 1.4-1.8” wingspan.
Problema byssus
MANAGEMENT: Extirpation of local populations should be avoided by
avoiding or limiting the use of fire as a management tool.67, 66
T&E STATUS: IA Threatened.
HABITAT: Tallgrass prairie. Adult food source is nectar from flowers including
pickerelweed. Caterpillars feed on grasses such as eastern grama grass (host
plant).
ACTIVE SEASON: One brood from June-July, females lay eggs singly on host
plant leaves. Caterpillars live in shelters of rolled or tied leaves, feed on leaves,
and overwinter on their fourth stage of development. After completing their
growth in the spring, caterpillars pupate in dense silk cocoons in litter at the base
of the host plant.
PRESCRIPTION: No manual or vehicular mowing/brush removal from
6/1 through 8/15. No vehicular herbicide application or vehicular tree
trimming/removal from 6/1 through 8/15. Operate equipment/vehicles
on road/two-track only or offroad on a minimum of 4” of snow cover.
Manual herbicide application & manual tree trimming/removal have no
seasonal restrictions. Preserve existing native vegetation by minimizing
herbicide use and applying herbicide directly to target woody vegetation
only. Do not impact native prairie grasses.
IDENTIFICATION: Upper side bright yellow-orange with black borders and
a black bar at the end of the cell. Females darker than males. Underside of
hindwing is dull yellow in males and rust or orange in females; both with a band
Credit: Pondhawk
Credit: Pondhawk
Credit: Charles T. and John R. Bryson
Credit: Butterflies and Moths of North America
Credit: Pondhawk
Credit: Iowa DNR
48
| WILD INDIGO DUSKYWING |
Erynnis baptisiae
T&E STATUS: IA & MI Special Concern.
HABITAT: In the recent past, primarily restricted to dry prairies supporting large
colonies of wild indigo; however, a race from Pennsylvania that eats invasive
crown vetch has dispersed quickly along roadside ditches, and has now been
identified at sites across Iowa. Host plants include yellow wild indigo, blue wild
indigo, white wild indigo, Canada milk vetch, wild lupine, and crown vetch.
Adult nectar plants include blackberry, white sweet-clover, dogbane, sunflower,
crimson clover, etc.
ACTIVE SEASON: Three broods between May and mid-August with a possible
fourth brood between early September and early October. Populations in Loess
Hills prairies may have two broods occurring in early May and July.
IDENTIFICATION: Wingspan ranges from 1.1-1.7” (2.8-4.3 cm), subapical
49
region of forewing has 3-4 misaligned, glassy white spots and a reddishbrown patch located near the end of the cell. A faint cell-end bar can typically
be found on the hindwing. Two irregular rows of dull yellowish dots, best
seen when wings are folded, are visible on underside of hindwing.
MANAGEMENT: No reported management requirements; prevent woody
vegetation encroachment and plant/maintain host and nectar plants. Likely
susceptible to fire, so prescribed burns should be timed carefully with the
life history.67, 92, 119, 151, 105
PRESCRIPTION: No manual or vehicular mowing/brush removal,
vehicular tree removal/trimming, or vehicular herbicide application between
4/15 and 10/15. Operate equipment/vehicles on road/two-track or off
road on a minimum of 4” of snow cover. Manual herbicide application and
manual tree removal have no seasonal restrictions. Preserve existing native
vegetation by minimizing herbicide use and applying herbicide directly to
target woody vegetation only. Do not impact yellow wild indigo, blue wild
indigo, white wild indigo, Canada milk vetch, wild lupine, or crown vetch.
Credit: Aaron Carlson
Credit: PDCNR
Credit: Butterflies and Moths of North America
Credit:Melissa McMasters
Credit: Tom Peterson
Credit: Iowa DNR
| ZABULON SKIPPER |
the dark, purple-brown, dorsal forewings. The underside of the hindwing
has a violet hued outer edge but is primarily dark tan to brown. Both sexes
have a wingspan of about 1.38”–1.63” (3.5–4.2 cm).
T&E STATUS: IA Special Concern.
MANAGEMENT: No known management requirements but likely
requires both forest and grassland for survival. Woody vegetation should
be a management priority. Likely susceptible to fire so prescribed burns
should be timed carefully with the species life history.67, 71, 6, 150
Poanes zabulon
HABITAT: Brushy openings near moist forests and streams. In Iowa, woodland
edges, prairies, and remnant savannas. Host plants include lovegrass, bluegrass,
orchard grass, and wild rye. Adult nectar plants include blackberry, vetch,
milkweed, and non-natives such as Eurasian honeysuckles and red clover.
ACTIVE SEASON: Males perch in sunlit openings or edges for up to a week
and defend their territory. Females lay single eggs under grass host plant leaves.
2-3 broods occur in June, early July, and August in Iowa.
IDENTIFICATION: Adult male has black borders around wings and no stigma
(specialized scales that release pheromones). The underside of the hindwing is
predominantly yellow with a brown wing-base and outer margins where brown
flecking gives a checkered appearance. Adult female has white angular spots on
PRESCRIPTION: No manual or vehicular mowing/brush removal,
vehicular tree removal/trimming, or vehicular herbicide application
between 5/1 and 9/1. Operate equipment/vehicles on road/two-track or
off road on a minimum of 4” of snow cover. Manual herbicide application
and manual tree removal have no seasonal restrictions. Preserve existing
native vegetation by minimizing herbicide use and applying herbicide
directly to target woody vegetation only. Do not impact lovegrass, bluegrass,
orchard grass, wild rye, and other native prairie grasses.
Credit: Andy Reago & Chrissy McClarren
Credit: USFWS
Credit: Butterflies and Moths of North America
Credit: Kenneth Dwain Harrelson
Credit: Andrew C
Credit: Iowa DNR
50
T&E: PLANTS
| FIELD SEDGE |
Carex conoidea
T&E STATUS: IA Special Concern.
HABITAT: A wide variety of open sites, forests, and managed areas, including
wet to seasonally wet grasslands, meadows, prairies, shores of waterbodies,
fens, utility rights-of-way, thickets, and roadsides. In Iowa, found in sandy
swales, prairie seeps, moist meadows, and along shore lines. Often grows with
rigid sedge.
(inflorescence). The smooth achenes are about 0.07-0.1” (1.8-2.6 mm) in
length and 0.04-0.05” (1-1.4 mm) in width and the style (stalk that connects
stigma to ovary) falls off at maturity. The peduncles (stems) of the lateral
spikes are finely scabrous and the staminate spike (male inflorescence) is
on a longer peduncle.
SURVEY PERIOD: The fruiting period is spring-summer.
MANAGEMENT: Prevent woody encroachment and grazing, maintain
natural hydrology, and prevent/manage invasive species. Limit herbicide
and pesticide use; apply directly to target species; avoid unintended damage
to desirable plants. Prescribed burns, which also help to limit woody
encroachment and manage most invasive species, might be preferred
dependent upon site location and characteristics.67, 143, 125, 144, 94, 35, 40
IDENTIFICATION: A graminoid that can reach up to 2.5’ tall grows in dense
clumps. Stems yellow-brown to dark brown at base and roughly triangular
in cross-section. Leaf sheaths are green, glabrous, and generally range from
0.1-0.15” (3-3.9 mm) wide. There may be some sparse roughness along the
main viens on the underside of the leaves. The membrane sacs enclosing the
flowers or fruit are essentially beakless and are typically more than 20 per spike
PRESCRIPTION: No manual or vehicular mowing/brush removal,
vehicular herbicide application, or vehicular tree trimming/removal from
4/1 through 11/1. Manual herbicide application & manual tree trimming/
removal have no seasonal restrictions. Preserve existing native vegetation
by minimizing herbicide use and applying herbicide directly to target woody
vegetation only.
51
Credit: John Gwaltney
Credit: John Gwaltney
Credit: USDA
Credit: John Gwaltney
Credit: John Gwaltney
Credit: IA DNR
| FLAT TOP WHITE ASTER |
Doellingeria umbellata var. pubens,
aka Aster umbellatus var. pubens
T&E STATUS: IA Special Concern.
HABITAT: Shores of lakes and marshes; wet to moist sand prairies; sandy
thickets; soggy meadows; and openings in wooded areas. Flowers attract long
and short-tongued bees, wasps, flies, butterflies, beetles, etc. Swamp sparrows
and eastern goldfinch eat the seeds; white-tailed deer and cottontail rabbits
often browse on the foliage. Occurs with Joe-pye weed, blue lobelia, and false
foxglove.
SURVEY PERIOD: Blooms July–October.
IDENTIFICATION: An herbaceous perennial, 2-5’ tall, lacking basal leaves,
prefers full to partial sun. The tapering, erect, generally unbranched stems light
green, purplish red, or yellowish brown and is pubescent (unlike var. umbellatus
which is glabrous or nearly so). Alternate leaves occur along the entire
stem, 3-5” long and 0.5-1” wide except small, scale-like leaves near the
bottom. The leaves taper to a point at each end and are sessile or nearly
so. Leaves entire and feel rough. The central stem terminates in a flat,
branching cluster (3-12” across) of 0.5-0.75” wide flowers. 0.5-1.5” long,
lanceolate to narrowly elliptic leafy bracts along the inflorescence branches.
White-tufted nutty fruits replace the flowers in the fall.
MANAGEMENT: Prevent woody encroachment, maintain natural
hydrology, and prevent/manage invasive species. Limit herbicide and
pesticide use and apply directly to the target species to avoid unintended
damage to desirable plants.67, 53, 54, 21, 114
PRESCRIPTION: No manual or vehicular mowing/brush removal,
vehicular herbicide application, or vehicular tree trimming/removal from
6/1 through 12/1. Manual herbicide application & manual tree trimming/
removal have no seasonal restrictions. Preserve existing native vegetation
by minimizing herbicide use and applying herbicide directly to target woody
Credit: Peter M. Dziuk
Credit: Peter M. Dziuk
Credit: USDA
Credit: Peter M. Dziuk
Credit: Peter M. Dziuk
Credit: IA DNR
52
| GLOMERATE SEDGE |
MANAGEMENT: Maintain habitats by preventing woody encroachment
and preventing/managing invasive species. Limit herbicide and pesticide
use and apply directly to the target species to avoid unintended damage to
desirable plants.67, 124, 46, 31, 78, 95
Carex aggregata
T&E STATUS: IA Special Concern.
HABITAT: Moist to dry, open ground; algific talus slopes, meadows, thickets,
and open forests, usually on calcareous soils. Associated with common woodland
sedge, Bush’s sedge, oval-leaf sedge, Leavenworth’s sedge, greater straw sedge.
SURVEY PERIOD: Blooms April-May.
IDENTIFICATION: A graminoid that can grow 2’ tall with leaf blades measuring
from 0.1-0.4” (3-10 mm) wide. The loose leaf sheaths are white with green veins
or mottled green and white on back. The flowerhead is composed of dense
spikelets with scales that have narrowly pointy or awned tips and stigmas, which
when intact and well developed, are elongate and slender. The ventral surface
of the leaf sheath is concave and thickened at the tip. The underside structures
surrounding the ovary are green at maturity.
53
PRESCRIPTION: No manual or vehicular mowing/brush removal,
vehicular herbicide application, or vehicular tree trimming/removal from
4/1 through 11/1. Manual herbicide application & manual tree trimming/
removal have no seasonal restrictions. Preserve existing native vegetation
by minimizing herbicide use and applying herbicide directly to target woody
vegetation only.
Credit: Louisiana State University Herbarium
Credit: Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora
Credit: USDA
Credit: D.B Poindexter
Credit: Ohio Plants
Credit: IA DNR
| GOATS-RUE |
dense clusters at the tips of the stems. Fruits found in long, narrow hair
pods up to 2” (5 cm) in length. Each leaf is pinnately divided into 15–31
narrowly oval-shaped leaflets.
T&E STATUS: MN Special Concern.
MANAGEMENT: Maintain patches of open ground and prevent canopy
closure to ensure enough sunlight reaches the species; it does not grow
well in shade. Its specific need for acidic soils makes this plant difficult to
propagate. Since this species is drought tolerant and fire adapted (strong,
woody roots that can grow deep within the soil), prescribed burns may be
an appropriate management tool depending on specific site characteristics
and location.109, 111
Tephrosia virginia
HABITAT: Oak and pine woods, oak savannas, pine barrens, sand prairies,
sand dunes, and open sand barrens in the midwest. Prefers areas with abundant
sunlight, scattered trees, and acidic soils. Associated with black oak, northern
pin oak, bur oak, and occasionally white pine. Herbaceous plants include little
bluestem, horsemint, wild lupine, and spiderwort species.
SURVEY PERIOD: Leaves are visible May through September. Blooms from
mid-June through July.
IDENTIFICATION: A perennial legume with one to several stems that branch
from the base of the plant. It’s 7.9-27.6” (20-70 cm) tall with soft, gray-green
tones due to the presence of many silky hairs on leaves and stems. Pink and
cream flowers that are 0.6-0.75” (1.5-2.0 cm) wide and arrange themselves in
PRESCRIPTION: No manual or vehicular mowing/brush removal,
vehicular tree removal/trimming, or vehicular herbicide application
between 5/1 and 10/1. Manual herbicide application and manual tree
removal have no seasonal restrictions. Preserve existing native vegetation
by minimizing herbicide use and applying herbicide directly to target woody
vegetation only.
Credit: Fritzflohrreynolds
Credit: Ted Bodner
Credit: USDA
Credit: Fritzflohrreynolds
Credit: Fritzflohrreynolds
Credit: Minnesota DNR
54
| GREAT PLAINS LADIES’ - TRESSES |
Spiranthes magnicamporum
T&E STATUS: IA Special Concern.
HABITAT: Woods, fens pastures, dry bluffs, hill prairies. Associated with white
oak, black oak, little bluestem, big bluestem, Pennsylvania sedge, milkweed
spp., aster spp., northern blazing star, hoary puccoon.
SURVEY PERIOD: Blooms September - October.
IDENTIFICATION: An erect, 6-12” tall, perennial forb with stems that have
3-4 scale-like leaves between the main leaves and the inflorescence. Almond
scented white flowers are six-parted and have unconnected sepals that curl over
the top of the flower like horns. The lip of each flower is smooth, pale yellow,
and about 0.5” long. The dense, spike-like flowerhead of 20-40 flowers is a
raceme of 3-4 stalks. The 2 or 3 basal leaves have hairy leaf axils and generally
wilt when the plant is in bloom.
MANAGEMENT: Prescribed fire is important for maintaining the
ecosystems in which the plant is found. Additionally, cutting and herbicide
may be required to control woody invasives. Monitoring erosion on
hillsides and preventing foot and vehicle traffic will help to minimize
soil disturbance. Before beginning treatment, all rare species should be
identified and restoration/maintenance plan should carefully consider
potential impacts.67, 104, 140, 187
PRESCRIPTION: No manual or vehicular mowing/brush removal,
vehicular herbicide application, or vehicular tree trimming/removal from
6/1 through 11/15. Manual herbicide application & manual tree trimming/
removal have no seasonal restrictions. Preserve existing native vegetation
by minimizing herbicide use and applying herbicide directly to target woody
vegetation only.
Credit: Southeastern Flora
Credit: Southeastern Flora
55
Credit: USDA
Credit: Southeastern Flora
Credit: IA DNR
| JACK PINE |
the canopy is small and oblong and the trunk is straight. Needles 0.75-1.5”
long clustered in groups of two, pale green, divergent, and slightly twisted.
Cones in small clusters near the tips of the branchlets.
T&E STATUS: IL Endangered.
MANAGEMENT: Colonizes areas with exposed soil due to a disturbance,
such as fire. It is well adapted to fire and benefits from a moderate- or highseverity fire regime with an estimated interval of 5-30 years to maintain
open areas and spur seed dispersal. Not native to Iowa, but occasionally
found planted throughout the state.49, 59, 142, 8
pinus banksiana
HABITAT: Dry, acidic mineral-rich sandy or rocky soil, full sunlight. Sandy
woodlands, sandy savannas, sand prairies, rocky sandstone cliffs, and stabilized
sand dunes along Lake Michigan. Thrives in barren dry areas with a history of
fire and found in the northeastern U.S. and Canada. Seeds are eaten by a variety
of gamebirds, songbirds, squirrels, mice, etc. In Michigan, Kirtland’s Warbler an endangered species - nests at the base of Jack pine trees in sandy savannas.
SURVEY PERIOD: Year round.
IDENTIFICATION: A small to medium-sized (30-70’) coniferous tree with
crooked crown branches that are ascending-spreading to drooping and gray,
scaly trunk bark with reddish-brown patches. In open conditions, canopy is
globoid-ovoid in shape and the trunk is crooked and branched. In dense forest,
PRESCRIPTION: Please contact and obtain approval from Regional
Forester/ITC Environmental if planning work in this area--must confirm
identification of trees before removal or treatment. Preserve existing native
vegetation by minimizing herbicide use and applying herbicide directly to
target woody vegetation only.
Credit: Chris M
Credit: Fungus Guy
Credit: USDA
Credit: Hugo MC
Credit: Crusier
Credit: USDA
56
| NORTHERN ADDER’S-TONGUE |
Ophioglossum pusillum, aka O. vulgatum
T&E STATUS: IA Special Concern.
HABITAT: Sandy woods, sedge meadows, and calcareous seeps. Found
primarily along the Cedar River in Iowa. Associated with sedges.
SURVEY PERIOD: Becomes fertile in late June and withers by mid-summer.
IDENTIFICATION: A small, shade tolerant atypical-looking fern. The undivided
and tongue-shaped leaves, approximately 4” long and less than 1” wide, are
more akin to those of a plantain than a fern and have distinctive roughly circular
venation (areolae). A single, leathery leaf attaches halfway up the smooth,
delicate stalk, which bears a fertile spike originating near the leaf base. The
spike, which has bead-like spores in two rows, somewhat resembles a snake
tongue and inspired the plant’s common name.
Credit: Orchi
57
MANAGEMENT: Maintain habitats by preventing woody encroachment
and preventing/managing invasive species. Limit herbicide and pesticide
use and apply directly to the target species to avoid unintended damage to
desirable plants.67, 25, 145
PRESCRIPTION: No manual or vehicular mowing/brush removal,
vehicular herbicide application, or vehicular tree trimming/removal from
4/1 through 9/1. Manual herbicide application & manual tree trimming/
removal have no seasonal restrictions. Preserve existing native vegetation
by minimizing herbicide use and applying herbicide directly to target woody
vegetation only.
Credit: Orchi
Credit: USDA
Credit: Sten
Credit: IA DNR
| NORTHERN PANIC GRASS |
Dichanthelium boreale
T&E STATUS: IA & IL Endangered.
HABITAT: Prairies and meadows, generally drier, sandy soils. Associated
with sedges, clasping or sand milkweed, silky prairie clover, whitlow grass,
buttonweed, and dwarf dandelion.
SURVEY PERIOD: Two distinct blooming periods: primary flowering heads
(spikelets) bloom May into June, small secondary spikelets bloom late June into
October.
IDENTIFICATION: A small, erect to ascending grass that forms dense clumps.
The leaf blades, 0.2-0.5” (5-13 mm) in width, cut in abruptly at the narrow base
and prominent tufts of leaves are found at the base of the flowering stem. The
ligule, a collar on the leaf sheath, is characterized by fine hairs. This species is
distinguished from close relatives by delicate stems (culms) that are no more
Credit: Marilee Lovit
than 1 mm thick and have smooth nodes and relatively small, hairy spikelets
0.07-0.08” (1.7-2.1 mm) long. The egg-shaped primary spikelets differ
from the ellipsoid secondary spikelets, which are often pointed with a red
hue. The glumes, bracts at the base of the spikelet, are not as long as the
florets (flowers) and are not awned (a bristle-like appendage).
MANAGEMENT: Maintain habitats by preventing woody encroachment,
maintaining natural hydrology, and preventing/managing invasive species.
Limit herbicide and pesticide use and apply directly to the target species to
avoid unintended damage to desirable plants.67, 49, 22, 191, 13, 38
PRESCRIPTION: No manual or vehicular mowing/brush removal,
vehicular herbicide application, or vehicular tree trimming/removal from
4/1 through 12/1. Manual herbicide application & manual tree trimming/
removal have no seasonal restrictions. Preserve existing native vegetation
by minimizing herbicide use and applying herbicide directly to target woody
vegetation only.
Credit: Marilee Lovit
Credit: USDA
Credit: USDA
Credit: IA DNR
58
(photographs are not adequate) to ensure proper identification.
| PRAIRIE MOONWORT |
Botrychium campestre
T&E STATUS:IA & MN Special Concern, MI Threatened, IL Endangered.
HABITAT: Open areas on steep loess hills and gravel prairies. Associated with
little bluestem, Big bluestem, Side-oats grama grass.
SURVEY PERIOD: Mid-May to mid-July.
IDENTIFICATION: A small, inconspicuous fern manifesting as a single leaf,
which is divided into a sterile photosynthetic portion and a fertile spore-bearing
portion. The sterile portion is sessile, oblong, longitudinally folded, has a fleshy
texture, and a maximum size of about 1.5” (4 cm) in length and 0.5” (1.3 cm) in
width. The sterile portion generally has five pairs of linear or linear-spatulate
segments that are notched or cleft into additional secondary segments, all
with crenate or dentate margins. These characteristics are key to identifying
the species; however, this species often requires examination by a specialist
59
MANAGEMENT: This species is susceptible to fire so prescribed
burns should be performed in early spring prior to plant emergence.
Encroachment by woody vegetation also threatens prairie habitat.67, 109, 92,
49, 26, 27, 108
PRESCRIPTION: No manual or vehicular mowing/brush removal,
vehicular herbicide application, or vehicular tree trimming/removal from
4/1 through 10/1. Manual herbicide application & manual tree trimming/
removal have no seasonal restrictions. Preserve existing native vegetation
by minimizing herbicide use and applying herbicide directly to target woody
vegetation only.
Credit: NPS
Credit: Minnesota DNR
Credit: Minnesota DNR
Credit: TheAlphaWolf
Credit: Minnesota DNR
Credit: Iowa DNR
| SOFT RUSH |
in the umbel. Each floret consists of 3 lanceolate sepals, 3 inconspicuous
petals (look like more sepals), a central ovary with a tiny beak at the apex,
3 stamens, and one style.
T&E STATUS: IA Special Concern.
MANAGEMENT: Maintain habitats by preventing woody encroachment
and preventing/managing invasive species. Limit herbicide and pesticide
use and apply directly to the target species to avoid unintended damage to
desirable plants.67, 20, 83, 127, 56
Juncus effusus
HABITAT: In Iowa, generally found in marsh edges and alluvial woods.
Associated with sedges, spike-rushes, smartweeds, manna grasses, and common
arrowhead.
SURVEY PERIOD: Blooms June - August.
IDENTIFICATION: A 2-4’ tall perennial rush with erect to ascending stems that
forms vegetative clumps. The soft, hairless, medium green stems are round in
cross-section and taper from approximately 0.2” (4 mm) across at the base to
about 0.1” (2 mm) across at the inflorescence, a compound umbel of florets that
hangs from one side. A stem-like bract continues up from the inflorescence,
giving the impression that the stem continues beyond the flower for about 4-12”.
A single floret, 0.1-0.2” (2-3.5 mm) in length, is at the end of each terminal ray
PRESCRIPTION: No manual or vehicular mowing/brush removal,
vehicular tree removal/trimming, or vehicular herbicide application
between 5/1 and 10/1. Manual herbicide application and manual tree
removal have no seasonal restrictions. Preserve existing native vegetation
by minimizing herbicide use and applying herbicide directly to target woody
vegetation only.
Credit: Meggar
Credit: Kristian Peters
Credit: USDA
Credit: Pethan Houten
Credit: Rasbak
Credit: IA DNR
60
| WOODLAND HORSETAIL |
(spore cones) are generally 1” long and located at the top of the fertile
stems. Extensive rhizome systems means the plant often forms dense
colonies.
T&E STATUS: IA Threatened, IL Endangered.
MANAGEMENT: Maintain habitats by preventing woody encroachment
and preventing/managing invasive species. Limit herbicide and pesticide
use and apply directly to the target species to avoid unintended damage to
desirable plants.67, 49, 32, 90, 89
Equisetum sylvaticum
HABITAT: Seeps, wooded areas, sandy places and prairie swales. An indicator
of cool-temperate climates and very moist to wet, nitrogen-poor soils. In the
Midwest, associated plants include jack pine, white spruce, black spruce, willow
spp., highbush cranberry, gooseberry spp., sedge spp., and prickly rose.
SURVEY PERIOD: Throughout the growing season. Fruits in mid- to late spring.
IDENTIFICATION: A perennial, deciduous, vascular plant that reproduces and
disperses via spores and rhizomes. The sterile stems grow to about 18” in height
and are straight, ridged, green, and hollow with distinctively lacey, whorled
compound-branches densely populated at the nodes. The main stem sheaths
are 0.2-0.4” (5-10mm) long with 3-5 reddish-brown, broad lobes. Fertile stems
initially lack chlorophyll and are unbranched until spores are released. Strobili
61
PRESCRIPTION: No manual or vehicular mowing/brush removal,
vehicular herbicide application, or vehicular tree trimming/removal
from 4/1 through 10/1. Manual herbicide application and manual tree
trimming/removal have no seasonal restrictions. Preserve existing native
vegetation by minimizing herbicide use and applying herbicide directly to
target woody vegetation only.
Credit: James K. Lindsey
Credit: Aaron Carlson
Credit:USDA
Credit: Rigel7
Credit: Lode Van de Velde
Credit: IA DNR
NOTES
62
INVASIVE: PLANTS
| AMUR HONEYSUCKLE |
Lonicera maackii
NATIVITY: Asia.
HABITAT: Relatively shade tolerant; occurs in a variety of soil and moisture
conditions; invades open forests, savannas and prairies; disturbed areas are
particularly vulnerable to invasion.
ACTIVE SEASON: Leaf out mid-March, bloom May through June, fruit ripen
July to August. Identifiable year round.
IDENTIFICATION: Deciduous upright to spreading shrub up to 12-16’ tall.
Leaves simple, opposite, slightly hairy, elliptical, 1.6-3.5” (4-9cm) long, smooth
margins and a long distinctive apex or drip tip, long growing season. Multiple
stems; numerous arching branches; thick non-exfoliating gray to tan bark with
noticeable interlacing ridges; older branches often hollow. Flowers small, white
to pink in color, tubular, paired on short 0.2” (0.5 cm) stalks arising from the
63
leaf axils; fragrant. Fruits are red and paired, borne on very short stalks;
abundant; persistent; dispersed by birds.
THREAT: Common in urban areas and also occurs in rural areas where
it was recommended for wildlife until its invasive traits became apparent;
forms dense thickets; reduces tree and shrub regeneration, decreases
overall plant diversity. Reproduce by seeds dispersed by birds.
MANAGEMENT: Monitor sunny, upland sites and open forests in spring
as non-native honeysuckle leafs out before natives. Begin control efforts
in highest quality areas; hand pull or dig small plants, removing all roots;
target large, fruit-bearing plants for control/removal; foliar spray may be
effective for large populations where few natives are present; treat cut
stumps with herbicide; basal bark treatment is also effective, spray bottom
18 inches of all stems. Where fuel is present, prescribed fire may provide
effective control of seedlings in fire adapted communities.
Credit: MI Flora - A.A. Reznicek
Credit: MI Flora - B.S. Walters
Credit: USDA
Credit: MI Flora - R. Schipper
Credit: MI Flora - A.A. Reznicek
Credit: MI Flora - R.W. Smith
| AUTUMN-OLIVE |
of 1-8. Fruit a drupe, 0.25”, silvery with brown scales when immature,
speckled red or yellow when mature; begin to bear fruit at 3-5 years, each
tree can produce 2-8 lbs. of seed per year.
NATIVITY: Eurasia.
THREAT: Invades disturbed areas, can out-compete native species;
increases nitrogen levels to the detriment of native communities; had been
widely recommended for conservation planting until invasive traits became
apparent. Reproduce by prolific fruit and seed production, seeds widely
dispersed by birds.
Elaeagnus umbellata
HABITAT: Shade tolerant; occurs in a variety of soil types (pH range of 4.8-6.5),
thrives on infertile soils because of nitrogen-fixing root nodules; found in open
woods, forest edges, roadsides, fence rows, meadows, sand dunes, and other
disturbed areas.
ACTIVE SEASON: Leaf out mid-March, bloom April through June, fruit ripen
September to October. Identifiable year round.
IDENTIFICATION: Deciduous shrub or small tree growing up to 20’ in height
and 30’ wide. Leaves simple, alternate, oval, 2-4” long, margins entire and wavy,
gray-green above, silvery scaly below. Stems often thorny; silvery or golden
brown; brownish scales give stems a speckled appearance. Flowers fragrant,
tubular, 4 petals and stamens, cream to light yellow in color, borne in clusters
MANAGEMENT: Hand pull seedlings; focus on newest infestations and
highest quality areas first; cutting, girdling and burning are ineffective
without herbicide as they stimulate sprouting; basal bark/stem sprays
effective in late spring, possibly in fall; basal stem injection of herbicide
on dormant plants provides excellent control with low concentrations of
herbicide. Difficult to control.
Credit: MI Flora - L. May
Credit: MI Flora - B.S. Walters
Credit: USDA
Credit: MI Flora - L. Wallis
Credit: MI Flora - A.A. Reznicek
Credit: MI Flora - R.W. Smith
64
THREAT: As part of the pea family (Fabaceae), the root system adds
nitrogen to the soil, which can alter nutrient cycling and disrupt the
competitive dynamics of vegetative community. Can aggressively
outcompete native vegetation by forming thick, shade- producing mats.
| BIRD’S-FOOT TREFOIL |
Lotus corniculatus
NATIVITY: Eurasia.
HABITAT: Roadsides, fields, eroded hill sides, clearings, grassy turf.
ACTIVE SEASON: Blooms midsummer.
IDENTIFICATION: A perennial, 0.5-2’ tall forb with round, slightly pubescent
or hairless stems. Leaves are alternate, compound, and have long petioles.
Leaves appear trifoliate, but an additional pair of leaflets occur where the petiole
joins the stem. The lanceolate or ovate leaflets are up to 0.75” long with smooth
margins and faint, irregular veins. The umbels of 3-12 pea-like, 0.5” long, yellow
flowers can be found in the upper part of the plant on long peduncles. Each
flower has five petals arranged into a standard, wings, and keel. Following
flowering, the 1” long seedpods are arranged in clusters of five and resemble
a bird’s foot.
65
MANAGEMENT: Prescribed burns can increase seed germination, so
mechanical or chemical control methods are recommended. Frequent
mowing at a height of less than 2” for several years has been successful;
however, it also stresses native plants. Spot spraying, especially after
resumed growth following a burn or mowing, is generally recommended.93,
50, 50, 107
Credit: Christine Cimala
Credit: Cornell University
Credit: USDA
Credit: Matt Lavin
Credit: Ed Ogle
Credit: Jerzy Opiola
| BLACK LOCUST |
Robinia pseudoacacia
NATIVITY: Southern Appalachians, the Ozarks, and other portions of the
Midsouth; naturalized throughout eastern North America and parts of the west.
HABITAT: A variety of soils, except excessively dry or compact; moist to dry
conditions; occurs in woods, along fence rows, ornamental and erosion control
plantings.
ACTIVE SEASON: Year-round; blooms late April through June.
IDENTIFICATION: Deciduous, 40-100’ tall tree with rough, light brown bark
that becomes deeply furrowed with age. Pinnately compound leaves, with a
pair of long stipular spines at the base, have 7-21 small round leaflets that are
each 1.5” long. The showy, fragrant, white to yellow flowers develop in 8” long
clusters. A thin seed pod, 2.4” (5-10 cm) in length, develop after flowering.
THREAT: In the prairie and savanna regions of the Midwest, black locust
is considered an invasive species because it can dominate and shade
desirable species occurring in the naturally open habitats. Additionally, as
a legume species, nitrogen- fixing bacteria associated with the tree’s root
nodules can, over time, alter the nutrient cycle of the system.
MANAGEMENT: Since black locust can vigorously resprout, cutting and
burning (which can encourage resprouting) are not advised. Chemical
treatment has had variable success because plants that appear dead
can resprout several years later. Preventing establishment through early
detection and prevention is recommended, since established trees are very
difficult to eradicate.
Credit: J. Kelly
Credit: L. Wallis
Credit: USDA
Credit: M. Demmon
Credit: L. Wallis
Credit: R.W. Smith
66
diversity. Due to saponin content, can be toxic if ingested.
| BOUNCING BET |
Saponaria officinalis
NATIVITY: Eurasia.
HABITAT: Old fields, pastures, fencerows, gardens, roadsides as well as along
river and stream banks.
ACTIVE SEASON: Blooms June to October.
MANAGEMENT: Prescribed burning as well as mowing and cutting
treatments have shown little success. Hand pulling and tillage have
demonstrated moderate levels of success when infestations are small but
are generally not recommended since reproduction is clonal. Chemical
treatment has generally proven to be more successful, especially when
applied during the bolting to bud growth stage (late spring to midsummer).118, 139, 10, 15, 157
IDENTIFICATION: Perennial, 1-3’ tall forb with simple or branched stems
and hairless, opposite, elliptical to lance-shaped, 8” long leaves. Often forms
large colonies through vigorous rhizomes. Bracts support a long, slender tubelike flower that has five petals, each with one rounded notch. The white or pink
colored flowers are arranged in terminal clusters on the main stem and are each
0.75-1” wide with a pleasant fragrance.
THREAT: Very competitive, can out-compete native species, reducing species
67
Credit: Joan Simon
Credit: Frank Mayfield
Credit: USDA
Credit: Andrew Zharkikh
Credit: R.W. Smith
Credit: A.A. Reznicek
| COMMON BUCKTHORN |
Rhamnus cathartica
NATIVITY: Eurasia.
HABITAT: Widely planted as an ornamental shrub in hedge rows; now found
along roadsides, woodland edges, prairies, old fields.
ACTIVE SEASON: Leaf out mid-March, bloom May to June, fruit ripen August
to October. Identifiable year round.
IDENTIFICATION: Deciduous woody shrub to small tree ranging from 1025’ in height and reaching 10” in diameter. Leaves simple, opposite to subopposite, oval, dark green in color, smooth and shiny, small teeth along margins,
veins that curve from base towards leaf tip, leaf out early, long growing season.
One to several stems from the base; twigs with thorns often found near the tips;
bark brown to gray, peeling with age, dotted with vertical light-colored lenticels.
Flowers small, green-yellow, four-petaled, clustered in leaf axils, fragrant. Fruit
is a round, pea-size, blackberry (on female plants only), persistent through
the winter.
THREAT: Produces a dense shade that suppresses growth of tree and
shrub seedlings, and native herbaceous groundcover, reduces overall
plant diversity; changes nutrient cycling by increasing nitrogen and carbon;
had been widely recommended for conservation planting until invasive
characteristics became apparent. Reproduce by prolific fruit and seed
production, seeds widely dispersed by birds.
MANAGEMENT: Monitor woodland edges and paths. Buckthorn leafs out
early and retains its leaves late into fall. Begin control efforts in highest
quality areas; hand pull or dig seedlings or small plants; target large,
fruit-bearing plants for removal; foliar spraying may be effective for large
populations where there are few natives present; treat cut stumps with
herbicide as stumps sprout; basal bark treatment also effective. Where fuel
is present, prescribed fire may provide effective control of seedlings.100
Credit: Ann Arbor Natural Area Preservation
Credit: MI Flora - R. Schipper
Credit: USDA
Credit: Ann Arbor Natural Area Preservation
Credit: MI Flora - R. Schipper
Credit: MI Flora - R.W. Smith
68
branched hairs make foliage look whitish or greyish green. Central stem
terminates in a dense spike of 5-petaled pale yellow flowers about 0.5–2’
long. Central stalk and its seed capsules turn brown and persist through
the winter.
| COMMON MULLEIN |
Verbascum thapsus
NATIVITY: Eurasia.
ACTIVE SEASON: Bloom in summer for 1.5 months, length of bloom a function
of stalk height. Longer stalks may flower into early October.
THREAT: Tiny wind-dispersed seeds. Root system consists of a stout
taproot that runs deep underground. Spreads by prolific seeding. Foliage
is little bothered by pests and disease, although some of the lower leaves
may wither away during drought. Seeds can lie dormant in the soil for
several decades and remain capable of germination. A single plant can
produce 100,000-180,000 seeds which remain viable for over 100 years.
IDENTIFICATION: Biennial. 1st year is a rosette of basal leaves 1-2’ across.
2nd year becomes 3-7’ tall; usually unbranched. Alternate leaves up to 12” long
and 4” across, becoming progressively smaller and more narrow as they ascend
the central stem, obovate to oblong-ovate, smooth or slightly crenate along
the margins; covered with fine downy hairs. Lower leaves taper gradually to a
narrow winged base, while upper leaves partially decurrent against stem. Dense
MANAGEMENT: Germination is dependant on the presence of bare
ground; sow sites with early successional native grasses. Hand pull plants
in small areas, minimizing soil disturbance. Herbicide is effective; apply
during early spring to avoid native plants. Two biological control organisms
specifically target mullein, a European curculinoid weevil, and the mullein
moth.183
HABITAT: Limestone glades, rocky slopes and clay banks, pastures and fallow
fields, areas along railroads and roadsides, vacant lots, and dry waste areas.
Disturbed areas preferred.
Credit: L. Wallis
69
Credit: J. Kelly
Credit: USDA
Credit: R.W. Smith
Credit: B.S. Walters
monoculture, which does not support native fauna.
| CROWN VETCH |
Securigera varia
NATIVITY: Europe.
HABITAT: Prefers disturbed, open areas with mesic conditions and fertile
loamy soil, such as savannas, roadsides, cemeteries, weedy meadows along
rivers, highway rights-of-way, and pastures.
ACTIVE SEASON: Blooms July through September.
MANAGEMENT: For small populations, manual controls, such as: pulling
entire plants, mowing in late spring and multiple times throughout the
growing season for several consecutive years, and prescribed burning
conducted in late spring for several consecutive years, can be effective. For
larger or more established populations, chemical control will also likely
be necessary and may be most effective if applied to remaining foliage
following mechanical removal.134, 51
IDENTIFICATION: Herbaceous vine forming sprawling mats and thickets up
to three feet tall. Pinnately compound leaves, with 15-25 pairs of leaflets, in an
alternate arrangement. The 0.5” long, pea-like flowers can be white, pink, or
purple. Each fertile flower produces a seedpod, which consists of 1-7 segments,
with constrictions between segments, and tapering ends.
THREAT: Outcompetes and displaces native plants, often creating a
Credit: Mike Darlow
Credit: Rigel7
Credit: USDA
Credit: USDA
Credit: InAweofGod’sCreation
Credit: I. Strobilomyces
70
monoculture, which does not support native fauna.
| CUT-LEAVED TEASEL |
Dipsacus laciniatus
NATIVITY: Europe.
HABITAT: Prefers disturbed, open areas with mesic conditions and fertile
loamy soil, such as savannas, roadsides, cemeteries, weedy meadows along
rivers, highway rights-of-way, and pastures.
ACTIVE SEASON: Blooms July through September.
IDENTIFICATION: Grows as a basal rosette for at least one year, sends up tall
flowering stalk, then dies after flowering. During the rosette stage, leaves range
from ovoid to oblong and hairy and a large (2’ long) taproot develops. The leaves
of flowering plants are form cups to hold water and are large, oblong, sessile,
and prickly, especially along the midrib.
MANAGEMENT: In high quality natural communities with small
populations, mechanical methods (i.e. digging and pulling) provided by
volunteers is often effective and least costly. Young rosettes of cut-leaved
teasel can be removed using a dandelion digger or trowel and small
seedlings can be hand pulled when soil is moist. For more mature plants,
flowering heads should be cut and removed at flowering time to reduce
the likelihood of re-sprouting. For larger or more mature populations,
foliar herbicide application is likely the most cost effective method of
control. Spot treatment should be employed to prevent damage to native
species. For lower quality natural communities that are heavily infested, a
foliar applied herbicide, such as Glyphosate, 2,4-Damine, and Triclopyr, is
generally the preferred option. The herbicide should be applied during
the growing season and preferably before the flowering stalk appears.52, 117
THREAT: Outcompetes and displaces native plants, often creating a
Credit: Simon Eugster
Credit: Stefan.lefnaer
71
Credit: Stefan.lefnaer
Credit: USDA
Credit: Jebulon
| GARLIC MUSTARD |
Alliaria petiolata
NATIVITY: Europe.
HABITAT: Upland and floodplain forests, savannas, open wetlands, parking
lots, campgrounds, paths, and roadsides.
ACTIVE SEASON: Leafs out in spring before natives. Identifiable throughout
the growing season.
IDENTIFICATION: Herbaceous biennial, up to 4’ tall. Stem leaves simple,
alternate, triangular with toothed margins. Basal leaves rounded with heartshaped bases, scalloped edges, and palmate venation arranged in a basal
rosette. Small, white, 4-petaled flowers. Forms round basal rosette the first year,
flowers the second year and dies. Fruit a long, narrow capsule with tiny dark
seeds. Crushed leaves smell like garlic.
THREAT: Produces abundant seed; spread by floodwaters, dispersed in
soil on boots, vehicles, and equipment. Also spread by animals such as
deer. Dominates the ground layer of forests to the exclusion of almost all
other herbaceous species. Destroys mycorrhizal fungi needed by woody
plants for regeneration.
MANAGEMENT: Monitor forest edges, paths and floodplains. Begin
control efforts in highest quality areas; pull seedlings when there only
a few - otherwise, focus on second year plants. Pull plants before seed
is produced. Remove upper half of root or it may resprout. Tamp soil
thoroughly to minimize recolonization and germination. Flower/seed heads
must burned or placed in a landfill to prevent seed development. Herbicide
can be used in early spring and fall while native plants are dormant.
Continue control efforts until the seed bank is depleted. This species is
difficult to control, research control options thoroughly.99
Credit: Bruce Patterson
Credit: Bruce Patterson
Credit: USDA
Credit: Glen Mittelhauser
Credit: Glen Mittelhauser
Credit: Bruce Patterson
72
| JAPANESE BARBERRY |
mature from summer through October, and sometimes persisting through
winter.
Berberis thunbergii
NATIVITY: Asia.
HABITAT: Commonly found in upland and riparian environments, including
wetlands, pastures, and meadows. It’s most abundant in post-agricultural
forests and less common in undisturbed wooded areas. It can tolerate full sun
or dense shade.192
ACTIVE SEASON: Year round: conspicuous red fruits mature July through
October and persist through the winter.
IDENTIFICATION: This deciduous shrub grows is typically 3’ tall, but can grow
up to 6’. It carries small, sharp, simple spines along brown, deeply grooved
branches. Its oval-shaped leaves are between 0.5”–1.5” long and vary in color,
ranging from green to a reddish purple. Japanese barberry has pale yellow
flowers that bloom in spring and produces bright red berries about 0.3” long that
73
THREAT: The shrub has the ability to displace many native plants through
its ability to tolerate deep shade, outcompete other vegetation, and change
the chemistry of the local soil to become more basic through its leaf litter. It
is easily spread by birds that eat the berries and widely disperse the seeds.
MANAGEMENT: There are very few methods for managing Japanese
barberry. Older shrubs can be uprooted when soil is moist or synthetic
herbicides like glyphosate and triclopyr can be very effective when applied
to mowed or cut stumps. There is no known biological control available.201,
181
Credit: Kor!An
Credit: Alpsdake
Credit: USDA
Credit: Sage Ross
Credit: Jerzy Opiola
Credit: b:user:SBJohnny
| JAPANESE KNOTWEED |
THREAT: Out-competes native plant species through the formation of
thickets that create light limitations, alteration of nutrient cycling, and the
suppression of potential plant competitors through allelopathy (releasing
toxic or inhibiting chemicals).
Fallopia japonica
NATIVITY: Asia.
HABITAT: Prefers full sun and can tolerate a wide range of soil and moisture
conditions. Generally found along roadsides, wetlands, wet depressions,
woodland edges, and along stream and river banks.
ACTIVE SEASON: Blooms August through September.
IDENTIFICATION: This large, non-native, invasive perennial is an herbaceous
shrub originally introduced in the US an ornamental. It has a deep tap root,
extensive lateral network of rhizomes, and can reach heights 3-10’. The hallow
stalks are round and have a whitish coating that can be rubbed-off. The simple,
alternate leaves can be 6” long and 5” wide with an abruptly pointed tip and a
flat or tapering base. The numerous, small, ivory colored flowers are arranged
in spikes and bloom in late summer.
Credit: Migas
MANAGEMENT: Mechanical methods alone are generally NOT successful
and may exacerbate the problem since the plant vigorously re-sprouts.
To be effective, efforts MUST target the underground system of rhizomes.
Therefore, cutting in combination with an herbicide application can
be effective, since the plant has to expend energy to regrow its canopy
rather than expanding its network of rhizomes. However, the plant can
also re-sprout from root and stem fragments, so it is essential to remove
ALL cuttings (large and small) from the site and dispose of them properly.
Monitoring and follow-up treatment, although dependent on the size and
age of the population, is typically required for 4-10 years before removal
can be determined a success.42, 76
Credit: Frank Vincentz
Credit: USDA
Credit: Anneli Salo
Credit: Rob Routledge
74
HABITAT: Full to partial sun, mesic conditions, slightly acid to alkaline pH.
Found in lawns, parks, pastures, roadsides, degraded prairies, weedy meadows,
vacant lots, waste areas, open woodlands, savannas, limestone glades, gravelly
seeps and historically disturbed areas.
branching cluster of reduced flower clusters, or spikelets, which are 2-6”
long. The flowering stalks appear oblong or narrowly pyramidal in shape.
The central axis of the flowering stem has 2-5 lateral, whorled branches
which are ascending to widely spreading. Each lateral branch divides and
subdivides into 0.125-0.25” (4-6 mm) stalked spikelets. Each spikelet is light
green to purplish-green and has a pair of scales at the bottom (glumes)
and 2-5 scales above (lemmas), arranged in 2 overlapping ranks. Spikelets
mature to a light tan or light brown color. Plants often form clonal colonies
from rhizomes.
ACTIVE SEASON: Growth starts late winter or early spring, flowers in May,
seed matures in June.
THREAT: Very competitive, tends to invade native grasslands, reducing
species diversity.
IDENTIFICATION: Perennial grass 1-2.5’ tall, stems light green and cylindrical
to slightly flattened, glabrous, unbranched and erect with 2-5 alternate leaves.
Leaves on stem are 2-5” long, medium green, mostly hairless and hull shaped.
Basil leaves are similar to stem leaves though are usually longer and more floppy.
Leaf sheaths are medium green and mostly hairless. The stems end in a loose,
MANAGEMENT: Repeated spring burns have been shown to control
Kentucky bluegrass. Repeated early season grazing or mowing has been
shown to reduce productivity in the following year. Herbicide in spring.156,
| KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS |
Poa pratensis
NATIVITY: Europe.
75
163, 55
Credit: Matt Lavin
Credit: Harry Rose
Credit: USDA
Credit: Matt Lavin
Credit: Matt Lavin
Credit: Forest and Kim Starr
| MULTIFLORA ROSE |
Rosa multiflora
NATIVITY: Japan & Korea.
HABITAT: Forests, streambanks, pastures, roadsides.
ACTIVE SEASON: Bloom May-June, distinctive fringed stipules visible
throughout the growing season and distinguish it from native roses.
IDENTIFICATION: Deciduous, dense, perennial shrub growing up to 10’
tall and 10-13’ wide, with long, slender, arching branches and stout, recurved
thorns. Alternate, finely toothed, pinnately compound leaves with 5-11 leaflets
and a finely fringed stipule at the leaf base. White or slightly pink five-petaled
flowers; up to 1” wide; arranged in a panicle. Fruit a hard, smooth red rose hip.
MANAGEMENT: A long-term management program of mowing or cutting
and treating stems with systemic herbicide several times during the growing
season is recommended. Digging or hand-pulling small shrubs may also
be effective. Monitor paths, edges, and open areas in late spring while
flowering. Dig out small plants and remove all roots; cutting or mowing
several times throughout the growing season for several years may reduce
populations; treat cut stems with herbicide to prevent resprouting. Basal
bark treatment effective. Foliar herbicide treatment effective where few
natives are present. In fire adapted communities where good fuel is
present, prescribed fire top kills well and facilitates follow-up with foliar
herbicide treatment; repeated late spring fires reduce population if
sufficient fuel is present.100
THREAT: Reproduces by horizontal stems that root at the node and shoots that
root at the tips; hips and seeds dispersed by birds and mammals.
Credit: A.A. Reznicek
Credit: R.W. Smith
Credit: USDA
Credit: R.W. Smith
Credit: A.A. Reznicek
Credit: R.W. Smith
76
| REED CANARYGRASS |
which is dispersed by water, animals, humans, and machinery.
Phalaris arundinacea
NATIVITY: Europe.
HABITAT: Wetlands, lake, stream, and pond banks, wet meadows, and ditches.
ACTIVE SEASON: Seed heads mature June to August, spreading open as they
mature.
IDENTIFICATION: Cool-season, colonial, perennial grass ranging from 2.5-8’
tall. Forms dense stands with thick, fibrous rhizomes. Flat, rough leaf blades;
0.75-1” wide and up to 1.5’ long, large, clearish membrane attaches leaf blades
to the stalk; prominent transparent ligule (large, clearish membrane attaches
leaf blades to the stalk). Stems bluish green. Inflorescence a panicle that opens
in spring for pollination and then closes tightly.
MANAGEMENT: A combination of burning or mowing with systemic
herbicides is the best method of control; grass-specific herbicides applied
with wick applicators are recommended in areas where native plants
occur. Monior moist, fertile sites and wetlands; most visible in spring
when inflorescences expand to facilitate pollination. Herbicide application
in late summer or fall provides the most effective control, particularly for
large populations; reseeding with desired plant species beneficial; burning,
mowing, disking and plowing must be ongoing as root fragments resprout.
One-time efforts may increase population. Monitoring and follow-up
required for 5-10 years until seed bank is exhausted. Extremely difficult
to eradicate.106, 129
THREAT: Spread primarily by dense, mat-forming rhizomes, also by seed,
Credit: J. Kelly
77
Credit: R.W. Smith
Credit: USDA
Credit: B.S. Walters
Credit: R.W. Smith
| SIBERIAN ELM |
flowers, occurring in clusters of 2-5, lack petals and appear before leaves
develop. The oval-orbicular samaras, each containing a single seed, ripen
from April to May and are wind distributed.
NATIVITY: Eurasia.
THREAT: In urban areas, this species can cause infrastructure damage
due to its susceptibility to wind, snow, and ice injury. In addition, it can clog
underground water and sewer lines due to its strong, water-seeking roots.
In native ecosystems, Siberian elm is a very-tolerant pioneer species and
can out-compete native flora on disturbed sites. Dry to mesic prairies and
stream banks are often most vulnerable to invasion. Thickets of seedlings
form around trees and new colonies can form from wind-dispersed seeds.
It is resistant to Dutch elm disease.
Ulmus pumila
HABITAT: Tolerates poor soils (except highly acidic) and low moisture. Often
found on disturbed sites, including: abandoned fields, rights-of-way, river
banks, roadsides, railroad embankments, fencerows, disturbed woodlands,
weedy meadows, and disturbed prairie sites.
ACTIVE SEASON: After leaves appear in March/April until senescence in
September/October.
IDENTIFICATION: When mature, this species is a large (30-60’ tall), deciduous
tree with dark gray, shallowly furrowed bark and a rounded, open crown. The
slender and spreading branches have silver-gray, zig-zag twigs with a leaf bud
at each junction. The alternate, small (1-3”) leaves are elliptic, toothed with
a mildly asymmetrical base and a short-pointed tip. The compact greenish
Credit: Bruce Marlin
MANAGEMENT: To avoid re-sprouts, older specimens can be either
cut or girdled and painted with a systemic herbicide, such as glyphosate
or triclopyr. Small seedlings can be hand pulled and small trees can be
carefully removed with a grub hoe or weed wench.60, 120, 113, 192
Credit: Matt Lavin
Credit: USDA
Credit: Luis Fernández García
Credit: Jeffrey Beall
78
| SMOOTH BROME |
Bromus inermis
NATIVITY: Eurasia.
HABITAT: Railroad prairies, woodland edges, savannas, pastures, fallow fields,
grassy areas along roads, weedy meadows, little-mowed areas of city parks, and
waste areas.
SURVEY PERIOD: Leaf out mid-March, bloom early April to early June, fruit
ripen July.
IDENTIFICATION: Perennial grass 2.25–3.5’ tall; usually unbranched. The
blades of alternate leaves are up to 12” long and 16 mm (0.67”) across; greyish
blue on the upper side, green on the lower side, hairless, and flat. The leaf
blades are ascending to spreading and rather floppy. The leaf sheaths are greyish
blue, hairless, and closed, although they usually split open near the ligules.
Each culm terminates in a panicle of floral spikelets about 4-8” long; the entire
79
panicle has a tendency to lean sideways or droop from the weight of the
spikelets. The branchlets of this panicle are ascending to spreading during
the period of bloom, otherwise they are more erect and contracted. The
branchlets occur in whorls along the central stalk of the inflorescence, and
they often divide into secondary branchlets. These branchlets are green,
hairless, and somewhat wiry. Each elongated spikelet is about 0.75–1.25”
(2-3 cm.) in length; it consists of a pair of glumes and 5-10 fertile lemmas
that are arranged in 2 overlapping ranks. Absence of awns on its spikelets
distinguish it from other Brome grasses.
THREAT: Has the capacity to invade native prairies and savannas. Forms
dense colonies that exclude other plant species.
MANAGEMENT: Prescribed burns in late spring will decrease density.
Chemical treatment will increase efficacy by mowing and then repeated
spraying with glyphosate after a flush of growth.88, 158, 110
Credit: B.S. Walters
Credit: B.S. Walters
Credit: USDA
Credit: R.W. Smith
Credit: W. H. Wagner Slide Collection
Credit: R.W. Smith
| TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE |
Lonicera tatarica
NATIVITY: Asia.
HABITAT: Although this species prefers partial sun, mesic conditions, and
fertile soil, it can survive in other conditions. Deciduous woodlands, disturbed
woodlots, woodland borders, thickets, fence rows, and roadsides.
ACTIVE SEASON: Leaf occurs earlier than most other species and leaves
persist until late fall. Blooms appear late spring to early summer.
IDENTIFICATION: A multi-branched, 5-12’ tall shrub with long, arching
branches that are gray or grayish-brown in coloration and create an irregular
rounded crown. With age, the bark becomes shaggy and the branches hollow
out making them more fragile. Pairs of opposite, deciduous, hairless, oval-ovate
shaped leaves with smooth margins occur along the branches. Each leaf is about
1.5 - 2.5” long and 0.75-1.5” in width and the base is rounded or slightly heart-
shaped while the tip tapers to a blunt point. Pairs of white to pink, fragrant,
asymmetrical, 5-lobed flowers emerge at the axils of the leaves. Following
pollination, pairs of 0.25” red berries develop. The flowers and berries are
on slender pedicels about 0.75-1” long, which is longer than most other
honeysuckle species (typically 0.5” or less).
THREAT: Aggressively invades natural areas and outcompetes native
species by leafing out earlier and forming monocultures. Seeds are spread
widely by a variety of bird species that eat the berries.
MANAGEMENT: Monitor sunny, upland sites and open forests in spring
as non-native honeysuckle leafs out before natives. Begin control efforts
in highest quality areas; hand pull or dig small plants, removing all roots;
target large, fruit-bearing plants for control/removal; foliar spray may be
effective for large populations where few natives are present; treat cut
stumps with herbicide; basal bark treatment is also effective, spray bottom
18” of all stems. Where fuel is present, prescribed fire may provide effective
control of seedlings in fire adapted communities.57, 39, 36
Credit: AnRo0002
Credit: Matt Levin
Credit: USDA
Credit: Matt Lavin
Credit: Berichard
Credit: Algirdas
80
| TREE-OF-HEAVEN |
Ailanthus altissima
NATIVITY: Northeastern and Central China and Taiwan.
MANAGEMENT: Due to vigorous resprouting, systemic herbicides with
active ingredients such as glyphosate and triclopyr are generally required
and could be applied to the stump following manual cutting or girdling.154
HABITAT: Very adaptable to a range of conditions, but prefers full sun.
ACTIVE SEASON: Year-round; leafs out in spring, blooms in June.
IDENTIFICATION: Deciduous tree with smooth, pale bark and light chestnut
brown twigs with large leaf scar. The leaves, stems, and some flowers have an
unpleasant odor described as cat urine or rotting peanut butter. Large, showy
clusters of yellowish-green flowers bloom in June and flat, twisted single-seeded
samaras are produced by female trees.
THREAT: Prolific seeder and vigorous grower that uses the chemical ailanthone,
which has allelopathic effects, to displace native vegetation. Also causes damage
to infrastructure in urban areas.
Credit:Luis Fernández García
Credit: Zell, H.
81
Credit: USDA
Credit: Zell, H.
Credit: AnRo0002
| WHITE MULBERRY |
purplish-black.
Morus alba
NATIVITY: China
HABITAT: Old fields, urban lots, roadsides, forest edges, floodplains, and other
disturbed areas. Occasionally planted in residential areas. Is very pollution and
drought tolerant and will grow in most soils except permanent wet areas.
ACTIVE SEASON: In the Midwest, generally blooms May into June with fruits
forming as early as May and continuing into late July.
THREAT: This species has the potential to exclude native vegetation
and research has suggested it may have allelopathic properties. It also
hybridizes with red mulberry and may lead to local extinctions of the
native population.
MANAGEMENT: Seedlings can be hand pulled. Older specimens can
be either cut or girdled and painted with a systemic herbicide.137, 138, 116,
180, 182
IDENTIFICATION: A 30-50 ft tall, deciduous tree with distinctive polymorphic
leaves that can be entire or have one or multiple lobes. All leaves are alternate,
simple, toothed, and have a glossy upper surface and generally glabrous lower
surface (unlike native M. rubra). The inner bark is bright orange and can
sometimes be seen through bark fissures on older trees or on the roots. The
fruits are composed of multiple dupes and ripen to white, pink, dark red, and
Credit: byrev
Credit: Jaknouse
Credit: Flora of North America
Credit: Jean POl
Credit: Abrahami
Credit: USDA
82
| WILD PARSNIP |
Pastinaca sativa
NATIVITY: Eurasia.
HABITAT: Prefers sun and moist to mesic, fertile soils, can tolerate less favorable
conditions. Occurs in disturbed areas, such as rights-of-way, roadsides, and
railroad embankments. Can also invade prairies and savannas with fertile soil.
ACTIVE SEASON: Blooms typically June to July.
IDENTIFICATION: Herbaceous biennial/short-lived perennial spends one or
more years around 6” tall as rosette. When conditions favorable, grows into 2-5’
plant with glabrous, angular, grooved stem; branches occasionally. Alternate,
compound leaves up to 18” long and 6” across, 5 to 15 leaflets each. Leaflets
up to 3” long and 2” wide, often have lobes or coarse teeth along margins. The
flat-topped flowerhead, a compound umbel of tiny yellow flowers, is 3-8” wide.
Individual seeds spread via wind or water dispersal. The long, fleshy taproot
smells like parsnips.
83
THREAT: Plant contains a chemical, furocoumarins, which can make
skin sensitive to light (phytophotodermatitis) causing severe burns and
blisters. Well established native habitats are most susceptible along edges,
particularly where corridors, trails, roads, or railways bisect the habitat.
Once a population of wild parsnip builds up, it can spread rapidly and out
compete native vegetation.
MANAGEMENT: Due to the plant’s hazardous sap, hand pulling is not
recommended, but can be effective. Small patches can be weeded with
a shovel by severing the tap root 1-2” below ground and seeding the area
with desired species. The site should be re-checked to ensure re-sprouting
does not occur and collected plant material should be burned on-site
or disposed of in a landfill. For larger populations, spot application of
glyphosate in late fall may be effective. Any equipment that comes in contact
with the sap should be carefully disinfected following removal. Regardless
of management technique, proper protective equipment should be worn to
ensure sap does not contact skin or eyes.58, 112, 115, 79
Credit: MI - Flora - A.A. Reznicek
Credit: MI Flora - C. Peirce
Credit: USDA
Credit: MI Flora - R.W. Smith
Credit: MI Flora - C. Peirce
Credit: MI Flora - C. Peirce
| YELLOW & WHITE SWEET-CLOVER |
Melilotus officinalis & Melilotus albus
NATIVITY: Eurasia.
HABITAT: Open, disturbed sites such as roadsides and old fields; invades
prairies, savannas and dunes; shade intolerant; tolerates nutrient poor soils.
ACTIVE SEASON: Bloom May through September.
IDENTIFICATION: Herbaceous annual or biennial that can grow up to 3’
tall; deep taproot; extensive lateral roots. Leaves compound, alternate, clover
leaves with three finely toothed leaflets. Stems upright; many-branched; often
hollow; leafy stems that may be somewhat spreading near the base giving the
plant a bushy appearance. Flowers numerous, yellow or white in color, pealike, fragrant, crowded onto elongated stems. Seed pod, tiny, wrinkled, contains
1-2 small seeds that may remain viable for up to thirty years, seed germination
stimulated by burning.
THREAT: This plant is capable of nitrogen fixation. Reproduce by prolific
seed production, up to 350,000 seeds per plant.
MANAGEMENT: Monitor open, sunny sites; most easily identified while
in bloom. For small infestations, pull first year plants in fall, after the rootcrown buds have developed; pull second year plants before flowering.
Flowering plants should be removed and disposed of so that seed does not
develop. Poorly planned prescribed fire will increase infestations; multiple
hot burns needed, timing critical, dependent on population age structure. A
single burn may also be combined with herbicide application.
Credit: L. Wallis
Credit: MI Flora - B.S. Walters
Credit: USDA
Credit: B.S. Walters
Credit: MI Flora - R.W. Smith
Credit: R.W. Smith
84
NOTES
85
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES FROM THE TRIP
Threatened, endangered, and special concern species are integral parts of landscape ecosystems, so we must conserve and manage the entire system in
order to save these species; this will require a movement from bio-centric conservation (species only) to eco-centric preservation (landscape ecosystems and
species dependent upon them). An example is controling herbaceous and woody invasive species in rights-of-way rather than focusing only on species that are
incompatible with power line transmission. Managing landscapes for diverse native plant species automatically supports a diverse population of native pollinator
species and helps maintain functioning ecosystems.
Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. A complete survey of the state has not been conducted; therefore, not all locations/instances of rare species
and their habitats are known or recorded in the state natural inventory database. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the landscape ecosystems we are
working in and learn to recognize rare species and their habitats.
The rare species prescriptions you see in the Web Mapper, ROW Keeper, or WPS are not set in stone. They’ve been drafted in a conservative manner to avoid
adverse impacts to rare species with minimal effort or correspondence. With further consideration of management activities, field surveys, and/or consultation
with agencies and local land managers, they may be modified. Please don’t hesitate to reach out and ask questions as you are planning your work.
Whether or not adverse impacts can be avoided should be assessed as early in the planning and design phase of a project as possible. Securing the appropriate
natural resource permits is necessary and can be time-consuming and costly.
Credit: ECT, Inc.
86
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173. United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge. Site visited May 2014. http://www.fws.gov/refuge/Neal_Smith/about.html
174. United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). Threatened and Endangered Species. Sited visited May 2016. https://www.fws.gov/endangered/
175. United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). “Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 4(d) Rule for the Northern Long-Eared Bat”. Federal Register: The Daily Journal of the United States Government. Published 01/14/2016. Site visited February 2016. https://federalregister.gov/a/2016-00617
176. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. “2016 Range-wide Indiana Bat Summer Survey Guidelines.” USFWS, April 2016. Site visited May 2016. http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/mammals/inba/surveys/pdf/2016IndianaBatSummerSurveyGuidelines11April2016.pdf
177. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. “Northern Long-Eared Bat: Final 4(d) Rule - Questions and Answers.” USFWS: Endangered Species. USFWS, 4 Feb. 2016. Web. Site visited May 2016.
http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/mammals/nleb/FAQsFinal4dRuleNLEB.html.
178. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. “Northern Long-eared Bat: Key to the Northern Long-Eared Bat 4(d) Rule for Non-Federal Activities.” USFWS: Endangered Species. USFWS, 13 Jan. 2016. Web. Site visited May 2016. http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/mammals/nleb/KeyFinal4dNLEB.html.
179. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. “The Cost of Invasive Species”. January 2012. Site visited May 2016. http://www.fws.gov/home/feature/2012/pdfs/CostofInvasivesFactSheet.pdf
180. United States Forest Service. “Morus Alba.” Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). USDA and Forest Service, 2009. Web. Site visited April 2016. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/moralb/all.html.
181. United States National Park Service. Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii). Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas. 11/11/2010. Site visited April 2016. https://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/beth.htm
182. United States National Park Service. “White Mulberry (Morus Alba).” National Parks Service. U.S. Department of the Interior, 11 Nov. 2010. Web. Site visited April 2016.
https://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/moal.htm.
183. United States National Parks Service (NPS). Common Mullein factsheet. Site visited June 2014. http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/veth1.htm.
184. Unites States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). Northern long-eared bat factsheet. Site visited June 2014. http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/mammals/nlba/
185. University of Iowa. Iowa Geological Survey. Site visited May 2013. http://www.isgb.uiowa.edu/wqm/Biological/EcoRegions.html .
186. University of Michigan, BioKIDS. “Glaucomys volans” (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Site visited March 2016. http://www.biokids.umich.edu/accounts/Glaucomys_volans/
187. University of Wiconsin, Department of Botany. Orchids of Wisconsin. Spiranthes magnicamporum: Great plains ladies’-tresses. Site visited June 2015. http://www.botany.wisc.edu/orchids/magnicamporum.html
188. VanderLinden, M. 2002. “Microtus ochrogaster” (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Site visited April 2016. http://www.biokids.umich.edu/accounts/Microtus_ochrogaster/
189. VanDeWalle, Terry J., and Wendy L. VanDeWalle. Rock Island State Preserve Faunal Survey. Prepared for Iowa Department of Natural Resources. 2003. Personal correspondence with Dennis Goemaat, Linn County Conservation Board.
190. White House Pollinator Health Task Force (U.S.). “National Strategy to Promote the Health of Honey Bees and Other Pollinators”. May 19, 2015. Site visited February 2016.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/Pollinator%20Health%20Strategy%202015.pdf
191. Widescreen Arkive. Northern panic grass (Dichanthelium boreale). Site visited April 2016. http://www.arkive.org/northern-panic-grass/dichanthelium-boreale/image-G143889.html
192. Wieseler, Susan. “Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila L.)”. Plant Conservation Alliance’s Alien Plant Working Group. Site visited May 2016. https://www.nps.gov/Plants/alien/fact/ulpu1.htm
193. Wiken, Ed, Francisco Jiménez Nava, and Glenn Griffith. 2011. North American Terrestrial Ecoregions—Level III. Site visited June 2015.
ftp://ftp.epa.gov/wed/ecoregions/pubs/NA_TerrestrialEcoregionsLevel3_Final-2june11_CEC.pdf
194. Wiken, Ed, Francisco Jiménez Nava, and Glenn Griffith. 2011. “North American Terrestrial Ecoregions—Level III”. Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Montreal, Canada. Site visited July 2015.
http://www3.cec.org/islandora/en/item/10415-north-american-terrestrial-ecoregionslevel-iii-en.pdf
195. Wisconsin Council on Forestry. 2009. Wisconsin’s Urban Forestry: Best Management Practices for Preventing the Introduction and Spreading of Invasive Species. (Online) Site visited May 2015.
http://www.wisconsinforestry.org/36-initiatives/other-initiatives/invasive-species-bmps
196. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Sand Prairie. Site visited June 2015. http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/EndangeredResources/Communities.asp?mode=detail&Code=CTHER073WI
197. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. “Best Management Practices for Preventing the Spread of Invasive Species in Wetlands”. Site visited April 2016.
http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Wetlands/documents/WetlandInvasiveBMP.pdf
198. World Wildlife Fund. Farming: Habitat Conversion and Loss. Site visited February 2016. http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/footprint/agriculture/impacts/habitat_loss/
199. Wratten, Stephen D., Mark Gillespie, Axel Decourtye, Eric Mader, and Nicolas Desneux. “Pollinator Habitat Enhancement: Benefits to Other Ecosystem Services.” Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 159 (2012): 112-22. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, 2012. Web. Site visited February 2016. http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/2012_AGEE_lr_sec.pdf>.
200. Xerces Society. Native Bee Biology. Site visited February 2016. http://www.xerces.org/pollinator-conservation/native-bees/
201. Zouhar, Kris. 2008. Berberis thunbergii. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Site visited April 2016. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/berthu/all.html#HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES
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Abrahami. White mulberry (Morus alba) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Morus_alba_bark.jpg
AG Web. Western Corn Belt Plains photograph. Site visited May 2014. http://www.agweb.com/assets/1/6/MainFCKEditorDimension/somegood.jpg
Algirdas. Tartarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonicera_tatarica
Alpsdake. Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Berberis_thunbergii_fruits.JPG
Andrew C. Zabulon skipper (Poanes zabulon) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zabulon_Skipper_(Poanes_zabulon)_(14743056297).jpg
Ann Arbor Natural Area Preservation. Michigan Flora. Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) photograph 1. Site visited May 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=2414
Ann Arbor Natural Area Preservation. Michigan Flora. Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) photograph 2. Site visited May 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=2414
AnRo0002. (Ailanthus altissima) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AAilanthus_altissima_001.JPG
AnRo0002. Tartarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20140408Lonicera_tatarica.jpg
Arndt, Ingo. Ornate box turtle (Terrapene ornata) photograph. Site visited May 2014. http://www.arkive.org/ornate-box-turtle/terrapene-ornata/
b:user: SBJohnny. Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Berberis_thunbergii_purple_hedge.JPG
Barnes, Burton V; Zak, Donald R; Denton, Shirley R; Spurr, Stephen H. Forest Ecology. River Floodplain Diagram. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1998.
Beall, Jeffrey. Siberian elm (Ulmis pumila) photograph.Site visited May 2016. https://www.flickr.com/photos/denverjeffrey/4840694518
Belanger, Laurent. Southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Petit_polatouche_(%C3%89cureuil_volant)_(Glaucomys_volans)_(2).jpg
Berichard. Tartarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lonicera_tatarica_(flowers).jpg
Bodner, Ted. Goats-rue (Tephrosia virginia) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tephrosia_virginiana.jpg
Bryson, Charles T. and John R. Byssus skipper (Problema byssus) photograph. Site visited May 2016. http://www.invasive.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=2192005
Butterflies and Moths of North America. Acadian hairstreak (Satyrium acadica) distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Satyrium-acadica
Butterflies and Moths of North America. Byssus skipper (Problema byssus) distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/problema-byssus
Butterflies and Moths of North America. Wild indigo duskywing (Erynnis baptisiae) distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Erynnis-baptisiae
Butterflies and Moths of North America. Zabulon skipper (Poanes zabulon) distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/poanes-zabulon
byrev. White mulberry (Morus alba) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Morus_alba_bark.jpg
California Department of Fish and Wildlife Service (CDFWS). North american racer (Coluber constrictor) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://www.flickr.com/photos/californiadfg/22918500039
Carlson, Aaron. Wild indigo duskywing (Erynnis baptisiae) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wild_Indigo_Duskywing_(Erynnis_baptisiae)_(6005592749).jpg
Cimala, Christine. Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) image. Flickr. June 2015. https://www.flickr.com/photos/ladydragonflyherworld/5858741423/sizes/l
Cohen, Joshua G. Michigan Natural Features Inventory. Emergent marsh photograph. EmergentMarsh_1.jpg Site visited June 2014.
http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/communities/images.cfm?id=10654.
Cohen, Joshua G. Michigan Natural Features Inventory. Emergent marsh photograph. EmergentMarsh_2.jpg Site visited June 2014. http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/communities/images.cfm?id=10654.
Cohen, Joshua G. Michigan Natural Features Inventory. Floodplain forest photographs (side photographs). Site visited June 2014. http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/communities/images.cfm?id=10658
Conserve Wildlife Foundation of New Jersey. Myotis sodalis photograph. Site visited January 2012. http://www.conservewildlifenj.org/protecting/projects/bat/indiana
Conserve Wildlife Foundation of New Jersey. Myotis sodalis photograph. Site visited January 2012. http://www.conservewildlifenj.org/protecting/projects/bat/indiana
Cornell University, New York State Integrated Pest Management Program. Lotus corniculatus image. Flickr. Site visited June 2015. https://www.flickr.com/photos/99758165@N06/18872808679/sizes/l
Crusier. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_pine#/media/File:Pinus_banksiana.jpg
Darekk2. Southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans)distribution map. Site visited May 2016.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Southern_flying_squirrel_Glaucomys_volans_distribution_map.png
Darlow, Mike. Crown vetch (Securigera varia) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crown_Vetch_(6628689597).jpg
Demmon, M. Michigan Flora. Black locust bark. Site visited June 2015. http://michiganflora.net/image.aspx?img=15777&id=1343
Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora. Glomerate sedge (Carex aggregata) photograph. Site visited May 2016. http://vaplantatlas.org/index.php?do=plant&plant=1478
Dziuk, Peter M. Flat top white aster (Doellingeria umbellata var. pubens) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/flat-topped-white-aster
Dziuk, Peter M. Flat top white aster (Doellingeria umbellata var. pubens) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/flat-topped-white-aster
Dziuk, Peter M. Flat top white aster (Doellingeria umbellata var. pubens) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/flat-topped-white-aster
Environmental Consulting & Technology, Inc. Holzheuer, Martha. Animal passageway under Highway 100. Highway 100 and Rock Island Botanical Presence, Linn County, Iowa. March 2016.
Environmental Consulting & Technology, Inc. Holzheuer, Martha. Emergent Wetland. May 2016.
Environmental Consulting & Technology, Inc. Holzheuer, Martha. Emergent Wetland. November 2015.
Environmental Consulting & Technology, Inc. Holzheuer, Martha. Emergent Wetland. November 2015.
Environmental Consulting & Technology, Inc. Holzheuer, Martha. Emergent Wetland. November 2015.
Environmental Consulting & Technology, Inc. Holzheuer, Martha. McLoud Run, Linn County, Iowa. November 2015.
Environmental Consulting & Technology, Inc. Holzheuer, Martha. McLoud Run, Linn County, Iowa. November, 2015.
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Environmental Consulting & Technology, Inc. Holzheuer, Martha. Sand prairie. November 2015.
Environmental Consulting & Technology, Inc. Holzheuer, Martha. Sand Prairie photographs. Ciha Fen at Ciha Fen Preserve, Johnson Co., Iowa. March, 2015.
Environmental Consulting & Technology, Inc. Holzheurer, Martha. Eastern tiger swallowtail photograph. ITC headquarters. May, 2016.
Environmental Consulting & Technology, Inc. Hoffman, Lauren. Invasive species treatment photograph. ITC headquarters. September, 2015.
Environmental Consulting & Technology, Inc. Hoffman, Lauren. Invasive species treatment photograph. ITC headquarters. June, 2014.
Environmental Consulting & Technology, Inc. Iowa Indiana Bat Map. Data from USFWS, Iowa DNR and ITC Midwest. May, 2016.
Environmental Consulting & Technology, Inc. Iowa Nothern long-eared bat map. Data from USFWS and ITC Midwest. May, 2016.
Environmental Consulting & Technology, Inc. NLEB bat decision flow chart. Data from USFWS. May, 2016.
Environmental Consulting & Technology, Inc. Potential Bat Impacts Flow Chart. Data from USFWS. May, 2016.
Eugster, Simon. Cut-leaved teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ADipsacus_laciniatus_inflorescence.jpg
Fidenci, Pierre. North american racer (Coluber constrictor) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coluber_constrictor01.jpg
Flora of North America. White mulberry (Morus alba) photograph. Site visited May 2016. http://www.efloras.org/object_page.aspx?object_id=5285&flora_id=1
Fritzflohrreynolds. Goats-rue (Tephrosia virginia) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tephrosia_virginiana_-_Goat%27s_Rue_2.jpg
Fritzflohrreynolds. Goats-rue (Tephrosia virginia) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tephrosia_virginiana_-_Goats_Rue.jpg
Fritzflohrreynolds. Goats-rue (Tephrosia virginia) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://www.flickr.com/photos/fritzflohrreynolds/16058294071
Fungus Guy . Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Jack_pine_cone_(St_Joseph_Twp).JPG
García, Luis Fernández. Tree-of-heave (Ailanthus altissima) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ailanthus-altissima.jpg
García, Luis Fernández. Siberian elm (Ulmis pumila) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ulmus_pumila_20070415.jpg
Google Earth. Area Map. 42º 00’ 45.97” N 91º 40’ 50.34” W. 2016. May 2016.
Google Earth. Highway 100 Extension Project and Rock Island Botanical Preserve Map. 42º 01’ 39.57” N 91º 43’ 55.10” W. 2016. May 2016.
Google Earth. McLoud Run Map. 42º 00’ 44.45” N 91º 39’ 55.04” W. 2016. May 2016.
Gregory, D.R. Ranunculus rhomboideus. (Prairie buttercup). Michigan Flora. Site visited May 2016. http://michiganflora.net/image.aspx?img=9577&id=2398 Site visited June 2015.
Harrelson, Kenneth Dwain. Zabulon skipper (Poanes zabulon) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Female_Zabulon_Skipper.jpg
Houten, Pethan. Soft rush (Juncus effusus) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Juncus_effusus02.jpg
Houten, Pethan. Soft rush (Juncus effusus) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Juncus_effusus02.jpg
InAweofGod’sCreation. Crown vetch (Securigera varia) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://www.flickr.com/photos/nhoulihan/3750242372
Indiana Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Myotis sodalis cluster photograph. Site visited January 2012. http://www.in.gov/dnr/kids/5918.htm
Indiana Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Myotis sodalis cluster photograph. Site visited January 2012. http://www.in.gov/dnr/kids/5918.htm
Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Blanding’s turtle Iowa distribution map. Site visited June 2014.
https://programs.iowadnr.gov/naturalareasinventory/pages/RepSpeciesByCounty.aspx?elementID=561&type=County
Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Botrychium campestre distribution map. Site visited May 2016.
https://programs.iowadnr.gov/naturalareasinventory/pages/RepSpeciesByCounty.aspx?elementID=3182&type=County
Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Carex aggregata Iowa distribution map. Site visited May 2016.
https://programs.iowadnr.gov/naturalareasinventory/pages/RepSpeciesByCounty.aspx?elementID=2641&type=County
Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Carex canoidea Iowadistribution map. Site visited May 2016.
https://programs.iowadnr.gov/naturalareasinventory/pages/RepSpeciesByCounty.aspx?elementID=2665&type=County
Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Dicanthelium boreale distribution map. Site visited May 2016.
https://programs.iowadnr.gov/naturalareasinventory/pages/RepSpeciesByCounty.aspx?elementID=2955&type=County
Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Doellingeria umbellata var. pubens Iowa Distribution Map. Site visited May 2016. https://programs.iowadnr.gov/naturalareasinventory/pages/RepSpeciesByCounty.aspx?elementID=1603&type=County
Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Erynnis baptisiae Iowa distribution map. Site visited May 2016.
https://programs.iowadnr.gov/naturalareasinventory/pages/RepSpeciesByCounty.aspx?elementID=748&type=County
Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Glaucomys volans Iowa distribution map. Site visited May 2016. https://programs.iowadnr.gov/naturalareasinventory/pages/RepSpeciesByCounty.aspx?elementID=513&type=County
Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Indiana bat Iowa distribution map. Site visited May 2014.
https://programs.iowadnr.gov/naturalareasinventory/pages/RepSpeciesByCounty.aspx?elementID=494&type=County Site visited June 2014.
Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Pituophis catenifer sayi distribution map. Site visited May 2014.
https://www.iowadnr.gov/Portals/idnr/uploads/education/Species/snake/bullsnake.pdf Site visited 2014.
Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Poanes zabulon Iowa distribution map. Site visited May 2016. https://programs.iowadnr.gov/naturalareasinventory/pages/RepSpeciesByCounty.aspx?elementID=780&type=County
Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Problema byssus Iowa distribution map. Site visited May 2016. https://programs.iowadnr.gov/naturalareasinventory/pages/RepSpeciesByCounty.aspx?elementID=777&type=County
Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Satyrium acadica Iowa distribution map. Site visited May 2016. https://programs.iowadnr.gov/naturalareasinventory/pages/RepSpeciesByCounty.aspx?elementID=815&type=County
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Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Spiranthes magnicamporum Iowa distribution map. Site visited May 2016.
https://programs.iowadnr.gov/naturalareasinventory/pages/RepSpeciesByCounty.aspx?elementID=2900&type=County Site visited July 2015.
Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Terrapene ornata Iowa distribution map. Site visited May 2016.
https://programs.iowadnr.gov/naturalareasinventory/pages/RepSpeciesByCounty.aspx?elementID=566&type=County Site visited May 2014.
Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR) Equisetum sylvaticum distribution map. Site visited May 2016. https://programs.iowadnr.gov/naturalareasinventory/pages/RepSpeciesByCounty.aspx?elementID=3166&type=County
Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR) Juncus effusus distribution map. Site visited May 2016. https://programs.iowadnr.gov/naturalareasinventory/pages/RepSpeciesByCounty.aspx?elementID=2821&type=County
Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR) Ophioglossum pusillum distribution map. Site visited May 2016. https://programs.iowadnr.gov/naturalareasinventory/pages/RepSpeciesByCounty.aspx?elementID=3183&type=County
Iowa National Heritage Foundation (INHF). Chichaqua wetlands photograph. Site visited January 2014. http://inhfblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/photo2.jpg\
Iowa Natural Heritage Foundation (INHF). Oak savanna photograph. Site visited May 2014. http://www.inhf.org/ec11-oak-savannas.cfm
Jebulon. Cut-leaved teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus) photograph. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ADipsacus_laciniatus_L._Card%C3%A8re_d%C3%A9coup%C3%A9e_JdP.jpg
Jaknouse. White mulberry (Morus alba) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morus_alba
POI, Jean. White mulberry (Morus alba) photograph. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Morus_alba_(Mariemont)_JPG1a.jpg
Kelly, J. Michigan Flora. Black locust thorns. Site visited June 2015. http://michiganflora.net/image.aspx?img=11322&id=1343
Kelly, J. Michigan Flora. Phalaris arundinacea photograph. Site visited June 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=2180
Kelly, J. Michigan Flora. Verbascus thapsus photograph. Site visited June 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=2682.
Kor!An. Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Berberis_thunbergii_01.JPG
KQED Science. Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) roost tree photograph. Site visited May 2014. http://science.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/blogs.dir/31/files/2013/08/FWS-roost-tree.jpg
KQED Science. Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) roost tree photograph. Site visited May 2014. http://science.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/blogs.dir/31/files/2013/08/FWS-roost-tree.jpg
Lasley, Greg. Rainbow over Prairie photograph. Site visited May 2014. http://www.greglasley.net/nonBirds/pawneestorm.html
LASZLO ILYES. Southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans) photograph. Site visited April 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Glaucomys_volans_peanut_feeder.jpg
Lavin, Matt. Kentucky bluegrass. Site visited June 2015. https://www.flickr.com/photos/plant_diversity/
Lavin, Matt. Lotus corniculatus image. Flickr. Site visited June 2015. https://www.flickr.com/photos/plant_diversity/5181805067/sizes/l
Lavin, Matt. Siberian elm (Ulmis pumila) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ulmus_pumila_(5107823814).jpg
Levin, Matt. Tartarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lonicera_tatarica_(3621856475).jpg
Levin, Matt. Tartarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lonicera_tatarica_(5259268728).jpg
Lindsey, James K. Woodland horsetail (Equisetum sylvaticum) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Equisetum.sylvaticum.jpg
Louisiana State University Herbarium. Glomerate sedge (Carex aggregata) photograph. Site visited May 2016. http://www.herbarium.lsu.edu/keys/species-pages/cyperaceae/carex/carex-aggregata/
Lovit, Marilee. Northern panic-grass (Dichanthelium boreale) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/dichanthelium/boreale/
M., Chris. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jack_Pine_Barren.jpg
M.C., Hugo. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_pine#/media/File:Jackpine.jpg
Marlin, Bruce. Siberian elm (Ulmis pumila) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ulmus_pumila.jpg
May, L. Michigan Flora. Autumn-olive (Eleagnus umbellata) photograph 1. Site visited May 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=1193
Mayer, Joshua. Southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans) photograph. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Glaucomys_volans_Birdfeeder.jpg
Mayer, Joshua. “Woodman Lake Sand Prairie and Dead Lake” image. Wisconsin State Natural Area #251, Grant County. Site visited June 2015.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/wackybadger/5821554000/sizes/l
Mayfield, Frank. Bouncing bet photo. Site visited June 2015. https://www.flickr.com/photos/gmayfield10/4703914267/sizes/l
McCarty, Megan. Acadian hairstreak (Satyrium acadica) photograph. Site visited May 2016.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gray_Hairstreak_Megan_McCarty20.jpg#mw-jump-to-license
McCarty, Megan. Zabulon skipper (Poanes zabulon) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Male_Zabulon_Skipper,_Megan_McCarty.jpg
McClarren, Chrissy & Reago, Andy. Zabulon skipper (Poanes zabulon) photograph. Site visited May 2016.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zabulon_Skipper_(Poanes_zabulon)_(14662814577).jpg
McMasters, Melissa. Wild indigo duskywing (Erynnis baptisiae) photograph. Site visited May 2016.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/cricketsblog/21893775496/in/photolist-a9K1KL-a9Geuz-6SQpgM-8ounr2-8exDsQ-zmFjFS
Meggar. Soft rush (Juncus effusus) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncus_effusus
Melburnian. Siberian elm (Ulmis pumila) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ulmus_pumila_leaves.jpg
Migas. Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AFallopia-japonica(Blaetter).jpg
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Emydoidea blandingii United States distribution map. Site visited June 2014.
http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/rsg/profile.html?action=elementDetail&selectedElement=ARAAD04010
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Pituophis catenifer sayi United States distribution map. Site visited May 2014.
http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/rsg/profile.html?action=elementDetail&selectedElement=ARADB26020
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Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Coluber constrictor distribution map. Site visited May 2016.
http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/rsg/profile.html?action=elementDetail&selectedElement=ARADB07010
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Northern Long Eared Bat United States distribution map. Site visited June 2014.
http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/rsg/profile.html?action=elementDetail&selectedElement=AMACC01150
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Pituophis melanoleucus distribution map. Site visited May 2016.
http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/rsg/profile.html?action=elementDetail&selectedElement=ARADB26020
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Prairie moonwart (Botrychium campestre) photograph. Site visited May 2016.
http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/rsg/profile.html?action=elementDetail&selectedElement=PPOPH010W0
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) photographs. Site visited May, 2016. http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/rsg/profile.html?action=elementDetail&selectedElement=AMAFF11140#
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Reithrodontomys megalotis distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/rsg/profile.html?action=elementDetail&selectedElement=AMAFF02030
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Tephrosia virginia distribution map. Site visited May 2016.
http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/rsg/profile.html?action=elementDetail&selectedElement=PDFAB3X0N0
Mittelhauser, Glen. Alliaria petiolata photographs. Site visited June 2014. https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/alliaria/petiolata/
Ninnescah Field Station. Ornate box turtle (Terrapene ornata) photograph. Site visited May, 2016. http://ninnescahlife.wichita.edu/node/614
National Park Service (NPS). Prairie moonwart (Botrychium campestre) photograph. Site visited May, 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Botrychium_campestre_-_NPS_Photo.jpg
NatureServe in collaboration with Bruce Patterson, Wes Sechrest, Marcelo Tognelli, Gerardo Ceballos, The Nature Conservancy — Migratory Bird Program, Conservation International — CABS, World Wildlife Fund — US, and Environment Canada — WILDSPACE. Site visited May 2016. https://naturalhistory.si.edu/mna/full_image.cfm?image_id=1130
Oak Savannas. Oak savanna photographs Site visited May 2014.http://oaksavannas.org/ Ogle, Ed. Birds Foot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) image. Flickr. July 2014.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/20980483@N04/14678198622/sizes/l
Ohio Plants. Glomerate sedge (Carex aggregata) photograph. Site visited May 2016. http://ohioplants.org/
Opiola, Jerzy. Bird’s foot trefoil image. Site visited July 2015.https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lotus_corniculatus_T69.1.jpg
Opiola, Jerzy. Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Berberis_thunbergii.jpg
Orchi. Northern adder’s-tongue (Ophioglossum pusillum, aka O. vulgatum) photograph. May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ophioglossum_vulgatum_Saarland_02.jpg
Orchi. Northern adder’s-tongue (Ophioglossum pusillum, aka O. vulgatum) photograph. May 2016. https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADgy%C3%B3nyelv_(n%C3%B6v%C3%A9nynemzets%C3%A9g)
Patterson, Bruce. Alliaria petiolata photographs. Site visited June 2014. https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/alliaria/petiolata/ Peirce, C.
Michigan Flora. Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) photograph 1. Site visited May 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=134
Peirce, C. Michigan Flora. Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) photograph 2. Site visited May 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=134
Peirce, C. Michigan Flora. Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) photograph 3. Site visited May 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=134
Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (PDCNR). Wild indigo duskywing (Erynnis baptisiae) photograph. Site visited May 2016.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erynnis_baptisiae_5020002.jpg
Peters, Kristian. Soft rush (Juncus effusus) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Juncus_effusus.jpeg
Peterson, Bob. Eastern bumble bee (Bombus impatiens) photograph. Site visited May 2016.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AEastern_Bumble_Bee_(Bombus_impatiens)_(6489709385).jpg
Peterson, Bob. Syrphid fly (Toxomerus marginatus) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Syrphid_Fly_on_Water_Hyssop_(Brahmi)_(6427943391).jpg
Peterson, Tom. Acadian hairstreak (Satyrium acadica) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Satyrium_acadica.jpg
Peterson, Tom. Wild indigo duskywing (Erynnis baptisiae) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erynnis_baptisiae2.jpg
Poindexter, D.B. Glomerate sedgee (Carex aggregata) photograph. Site visited May 2016. http://vascularflora.appstate.edu/vps/861
Pondhawk. Byssus skipper (Problema byssus) photograph. Site visited May 2016.https://www.flickr.com/photos/38686613@N08/4747745866/in/photolist-8exr2j-8expLE-8exrrm-8expHs
Rasbak. Soft rush (Juncus effusus) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pitrus_plant_(Juncus_effusus).jpg
Reznicek, A.A. Michigan Flora. Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) photographs. Site visited May 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=722
Reznicek, A.A. Michigan Flora. Autumn-olive (Eleagnus umbellata) photograph 5. Site visited May 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=1193
Reznicek, A.A. Michigan Flora. Bouncing bet image. Site visited June 2015.http://michiganflora.net/image.aspx?img=2491&id=771
Reznicek, A.A. Michigan Flora. Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) photographs. Site visited June 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=2543
Reznicek, A.A. Michigan Flora. Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) photograph. Site visited May 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=134
Rigel7. Crown vetch (Securigera varia) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PP_Na_Popovickem_kopci_019_cf_Securigera_varia.jpg
Rigel7. Woodland horsetail (Equisetum sylvaticum) photograph. Site visited May 2016.https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PR_Vresova_stran_035_Equisetum_sylvaticum.jpg
Rose, Harry. Kentucky bluegrass. Site visited June 2015. https://www.flickr.com/photos/macleaygrassman/7398749720/sizes/l .
Ross, Sage. Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii) photograph. Site visited May 2016.https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Berberis_thunbergii_in_Pennwood_State_Park_-_2.jpg
Routledge, Rob. Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) photograph. Site visited May 2016. http://www.invasive.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5472099
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Salo, Anneli. Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AFallopia_japonica_-_Japanese_knotweed%2C_Japanintatar%2C_Parkslide_C_IMG_6997.JPG
Salomon, Revital. Red admiral butterfly ( Vanessa atalanta) pollinator photograph. Site visited May 2016.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Admiral_Butterfly_(Vanessa_atalanta).JPG
Schipper, R. Michigan Flora. Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) photograph. Site visited May 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=722
Schipper, R. Michigan Flora. Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) photograph. Site visited May 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=722
Schipper, R. Michigan Flora. Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) photograph 1. Site visited May 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=2414
Schipper, R. Michigan Flora. Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) photograph 2. Site visited May 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=2414
Schmierer, Alan. North american racer (Coluber constrictor) photograph. Site visited May 2016.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/sloalan/3705973326/in/photolist-6Du5KQ-sUwPgb-9FT1VS-bBw6yb-8ePEhU-6DpXnt-AVeiAp-6Ldq5f-9Uk93G-bnW1ce-i47caA-2D45aA-9UhkwB-eTeE7d-
9Uhm56-9Uhky4-8ePECE-9Uhkst-bZduqo-eD8VS-8ePEzL-8eLnbP-2CYDye-2D45Y9-9FT1ch-7WRJR1-6sXZDU-7WNvJP-7yJcEY-nG6hmX-9Uhm3v-7Tj6Dt-4wuD3E-9Uk9Cj-7Tnmym-nG6hkz-
7YWPGm-m4THv8-7YTAGK-rDSA36-xeRBoT-8eLmW8-8ePEph-9U3e25-CD7Khp-9Uhm6e-7WRJQ1-7WRJNN-9Uk9af-9Uk9wq
Schmoker, Bill. Bullsnake photograph. Site visited May 2014. http://www.schmoker.org/BirdPics/BullSnake.html
Sheldon, Allen Blake. Blanding’s turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) photographs. Site visited May 2014. http://www.arkive.org/blandings-turtle/emydoidea-blandingii/
Simon, Joan. Bouncing bet (Saponaria officinalis) photo. Site visited June 2015. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saponaria_officinalis_01.jpg
Slaughter, Brad. Sand Prairie image. Michigan Natural Features Inventory. Site visited June 2015. http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/communities/images.cfm?id=10698
Smith, R.W. Michigan Flora. Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) photograph. Site visited May 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=722
Smith, R.W. Michigan Flora. Autumn-olive (Eleagnus umbellata) photograph 3. Site visited May 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=1193
Smith, R.W. Michigan Flora. Black locust image. Site visited June 2015. http://michiganflora.net/image.aspx?img=6575&id=1343
Smith, R.W. Michigan Flora. Bouncing bet (Saponaria officinalis) photograph. Site visted June 2015. http://michiganflora.net/image.aspx?img=7552&id=771
Smith, R.W. Michigan Flora. Bromus inermis photograph. BromusInermis_3.jpg Site visited June 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=2033.
Smith, R.W. Michigan Flora. Bromus inermis photograph. BromusInermis_4.jpg Site visited June 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=2033.
Smith, R.W. Michigan Flora. Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) photograph. Site visited June 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=2414
Smith, R.W. Michigan Flora. Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) photographs. Site visited May 2016. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=2543
Smith, R.W. Michigan Flora. Phalaris arundinacea photographs. Site visited June 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=2180.
Smith, R.W. Michigan Flora. Verbascus thapsus photograph. Site visited June 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=2682.
Smith, R.W. Michigan Flora. White sweet clover (Melilotus albus) photograph 1. Site visited May 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=1333
Smith, R.W. Michigan Flora. Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) photograph. Site visited May 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=134
Snelling, Gordon C. Prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) photograph. Site visited May 2016. http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/2503846
Southeastern Flora. Spiranthes magnicamporum images. Site visited June 2015. http://www.southeasternflora.com/view_flora.asp?plantid=1917
South Shore Conservancy. Blanding’s turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) photograph. Site visited May 2014. https://southshoreconservancy.wordpress.com/page/5/
Starr, Forest and Starr, Kim. Kentucky bluegrass. Site visited June 2015. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_001026-8001_Poa_pratensis.jpg
Stefan.lefnaer. Cut-leaved teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ADipsacus_laciniatus_sl10.jpg
Stefan.lefnaer. Cut-leaved teasel (Dipsacus laciniatus) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ADipsacus_laciniatus_sl_1.jpg
Sten. Northern adder’s-tongue (Ophioglossum pusllum, aka O. vulgatuum) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ophioglossum-vulgatum-habitat.jpg
Stone, Lynn M. Ornate box turtle (Terrapene ornata) photograph. Site visited May 2014. http://www.arkive.org/ornate-box-turtle/terrapene-ornata/
Strobilomyces, I. Crown vetch (Securigera varia) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASecurigera_varia_20070630w.JPG
Sullivan, John. Iridescent green sweat bee (Agapostemon texanus) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Iridescent.green.sweat.bee1.jpg
Swanson, Phil. Nature Search. Northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis) photographs. Site visited June 2015.
http://www.fnanaturesearch.org/index.php?option=com_naturesearch&task=view&id=1198
Tapatio. Bullsnake (Pituophis catenifer) photograph. Site visited May 2014. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bullsnake-juvenile.JPG
The AlphaWolf. Prairie moonwart (Botrychium campestre) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botrychium#/media/File:Botrychium_virginianum.JPG
theNerdPatrol. Prairie vole (microtus ochragaster) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prairie_vole.gif
Thomas, Ken. Southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_flying_squirrel#/media/File:Southern_Flying_Squirrel-27527-1.jpg
United Department of Agriculture (USDA). Botrychium campestre distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=BOCA5
United Department of Agriculture (USDA). Carex aggregata distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=caag2
United Department of Agriculture (USDA). Equisetum sylvaticum distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=EQSY
United Department of Agriculture (USDA). Juncus effusus distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=JUEFE2
United Department of Agriculture (USDA). Dicanthelium boreale distribution map. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dichanthelium_boreale_(as_Panicum_boreale)_BB-1913.png
United Department of Agriculture (USDA). Ophioglossum pusillum distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=OPPU3
United Department of Agriculture (USDA). Pinus banksiana distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=piba2
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United Department of Agriculture (USDA). Tephrosia virginia distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=TEVI
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Ailanthus altissima distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=aial
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Alliaria petiolata distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=alpe4
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Berberis thunbergii distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=beth
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Bromus inermis distribution map.Site visited May 2016. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=BRIN2
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Carex canoidea distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CACO14
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Dicanthelium boreale distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=DIBO
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Dipsacus laciniatus distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=DILA4
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Doellingeria umbellata var. pubens distribution map.Site visited May 2016. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CACO14
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Elaeagnus umbellata distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=rhca3
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Fallopia japonica distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=pocu6
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Glomerate sedge (Carex aggregata) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carex_aggregata_BB-1913.png
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Lonicera maackii distribution map. Site visited May 2014.http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=LOMA6
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Lonicera tatarica distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=lota
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Lotus corniculatus distribution map. Site visited June 2015. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=loco6
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Melilotus officinalis & Melilotus albus’ distribution map. Site visited May 2016.http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=MEOF
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Morus alba Iowa distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=6050#maps
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Pinus banksiana distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/data/il/ilpin/list/?LETTER=P
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Ophioglossum pusillum (aka O. vulgatum) distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=OPPU3
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Pastinaca sativa distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://plants.usda.gov/http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PASA2
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Phalaris arundinacea distribution map. Site visited June 2014. http://plants.usda.gov/java/
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Ophioglossum pusillum distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=OPPU3
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Pituophis catenifer sayi distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=BOCA5
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Poa pratensis distribution map. Site visited June 2015. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=POPR
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Robinia pseudoacacia distribution map. Site visited June 2015. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=rops
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Rosa Multiflora distribution map. Site visited June 2014. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ROMU
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Saponaria officinalis distribution map. Site visited June 2015. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SAOF4
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Securigera varia distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=seva4.
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Spiranthes magnicamporum distribution map. Site visited June 2015. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=RUST2
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Ulmis pumila distribution map. Site visited May 2016. http://www.plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ULPU
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Verbascum thapsus distribution map. Site visited June 2014. http://plants.usda.gov/java/
United States Department of Agriculture, (USDA). Securigera varia photograph. Site visited May 2016.http://www.invasive.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=1211041
United States Department of Agriculture, (USDA). Elaeagnus umbellata distribution map. Site visited May 2014. http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ELUM
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Level I Ecoregions Map. Site visited May 2014. http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/na_eco.htm
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Level I Ecoregions Map edited by ECT, Inc. Site visited May 2014. http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/na_eco.htm
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Level II Ecoregions Map. Site visited May 2014. http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/na_eco.htm#Level II
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Level II Ecoregions Map edited by ECT, Inc. Site visited May 2014. http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/na_eco.htm# Level II
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Level III Ecoregions Map edited by ECT, Inc. Site visited May 2014. http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/na_eco.htm#Level III .
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Level IV Ecoregions Map edited by ECT, Inc. Site visited May 2014. http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/level_iii_iv.htm#Level IV III
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Oak savanna historical distribution map. Site visited May 2014. http://www.epa.gov/ecopage/upland/oak/oak95/call.htm
United States Fish and Wildlife (USFW) Pacific Southwest Region. Martarano, Steve. Western harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis) photograph. Site visited May 2016.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/usfws_pacificsw/20442224406/in/photostream/
United States Fish and Wildlife (USFW) Pacific Southwest Region. Martarano, Steve. Western harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis) photograph. Site visited May 2016.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/usfws_pacificsw/20474584961
United States Fish and Wildlife (USFW. Erickson, Bjorn. Western harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis) bottom photographs. Site visited May 2016.
http://baynature.org/article/genes-rescue-salt-marsh-harvest-mice/
United States Fish and Wildlife (USFWS). Invasive species management protocols (top photo). Site visited May 2016.
http://www.fws.gov/uploadedImages/Region_3/NWRS/Zone_2/Detroit_River_International_Wildlife_Refuge/Sections/What_We_Do/Resouce_Management/Greg_wicking_cattails.
JPG
United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) photograph. Site visted May 2014. http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/mammals/inba/
United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) photograph. Site visted May 2014. http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/mammals/inba/ 98
IMAGE CREDITS
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United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). North american racer (Coluber constrictor) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwsmidwest/11193222776/in/photolist-i47caA-2D45aA-9UhkwB-eTeE7d-9Uhm56-9Uhky4-8ePECE-9Uhkst-bZduqo-eD8VS-8ePEzL-8eLnbP-2CYDye-
2D45Y9-9FT1ch-7WRJR1-6sXZDU-7WNvJP-7yJcEY-nG6hmX-9Uhm3v-7Tj6Dt-4wuD3E-9Uk9Cj-7Tnmym-nG6hkz-7YWPGm-m4THv8-7YTAGK-rDSA36-xeRBoT-8eLmW8-8ePEph-9U3e2
5-CD7Khp-9Uhm6e-7WRJQ1-7WRJNN-9Uk9af-9Uk9wq-9HdFhn-7Tj6Bt-7Tnmvj-9HdFbz-7TnmtE-bt5hXq-aurUKw-9Hgzgo-6oyz3X-9HdFkn
United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). Zabulon skipper (Poanes zabulon) photograph. Site visited May 2016.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zabulon_Skipper_(5796900464).jpg
United States Geological Society (USGS). Mark Vanderer. 2004. Emergent wetland image. Site visited April 2016. https://www.flickr.com/photos/plainsandprairie/9620760125
United States Geological Society (USGS). “Cedar River North of Vinton, Iowa”. Site visited June 2015. http://ia.water.usgs.gov/projects/crp/images/basin_pics/CedarR_NofVinton.jpg
United States National Parks Service. Indiana bat roost tree photograph. Site visited May 2014. http://www.nps.gov/neri/parknews/images/MYLU-2_17_2011_1.jpg
Van de Velde, Lode. Woodland horsetail (Equisetum sylvaticum) photo. Site visited May 2016. http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=77689&picture=horsetail-close-up
Van de Velde, Lode. Woodland horsetail (Equisetum sylvaticum) photo. Site visited May 2016.http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=77689&picture=horsetail-close-up
Vincentz, Frank. Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AFallopia_japonica_09_ies.jpg
Wagner, W.H. Slide Collection. Michigan Flora. Bromus inermis photograph. BromusInermis_5.jpg Site visited June 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=2033.
Wallis, L. Michigan Flora. Autumn-olive (Eleagnus umbellata) photograph 4. Site visited May 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=1193
Wallis, L. Michigan Flora. Black locust images. Site visited June 2015. http://michiganflora.net/image.aspx?img=7003&id=1343
Wallis, L. Michigan Flora. Verbascum thapsus photograph (Common mullein). Site visited June 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=2682.
Wallis, L. Michigan Flora. Yellow sweet clover photograph. Site visited May 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=1335
Wallis, L. Michigan Flora. Yellow sweet clover photograph. Site visited May 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=1335
Walters, B.S. Michigan Flora. Autumn-olive (Eleagnus umbellata) photograph 2. Site visited May 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=1193
Walters, B.S. Michigan Flora. Bromus inermis photograph. BromusInermis_1.jpg Site visited June 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=2033.
Walters, B.S. Michigan Flora. Bromus inermis photograph. BromusInermis_2.jpg Site visited June 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=2033.
Walters, B.S. Michigan Flora. Honey locust trunk. Site visited June 2015. http://michiganflora.net/image.aspx?img=1804&id=1302
Walters, B.S. Michigan Flora. Phalaris arundinacea photograph. Site visited June 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=2180.
Walters, B.S. Michigan Flora. Verbascus thapsus photograph. Site visited June 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=2682.
Walters, B.S. Michigan Flora. White sweet clover (Melilotus albus) photograph 2. Site visited May 2014. http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=1333
Walters, B.S. Michigan Flora. Yellow sweet clover photograph 1. Site visited May 2014.http://michiganflora.net/images.aspx?id=1335
Wet Canvas. Bullsnake photographs. Site visited May 2014. http://www.wetcanvas.com/forums/showthread.php?t=563663
Whittle Ecological. Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) photograph. Site visited May 2014. http://whittleecological.com/
Whittle Ecological. Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) photograph. Site visited May 2014. http://whittleecological.com/
Wilson, James. Nature Search. Northern long eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis) photographs. Site visited June 2015. http://www.fnanaturesearch.org/index.php?option=com_naturesearch&task=view&id=1198
Wisconsin Parc. Blanding’s turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) photograph. Site visited May 2014.
http://wiparc.org/dnr-proposes-emergency-rule-to-prevent-blandings-turtle-harvest-upon-delisting/
Withers, Martin. Ornate box turtle (Terrapene ornata) photograph. Site visited May 2014. http://www.arkive.org/ornate-box-turtle/terrapene-ornata/
Yankech, Gary. Acadian hairstreak (Satyrium acadica) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://www.flickr.com/photos/49663413@N08/19927406316
Zell, H. Tree-of-heave (Ailanthus altissima) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AAilanthus_altissima_001.JPG
Zell, H. Tree-of-heave (Ailanthus altissima) photograph. Site visited May 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailanthus#/media/File:Ailanthus_altissima_002.JPG
Zharkikh, Andrey. Bouncing bet image. Site visited June 2015. https://www.flickr.com/photos/zharkikh/14926559240/sizes/l