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Expansion of the Early Caliphates 632–750 CE After Muhammad’s Death • There was a question about who would lead the new Muslim nation. • The next leader was Abu Bakr. His title was “Commander of the Believers”, which in Arabic is called Caliph. He was Muhammad’s father-inlaw. • After Abu Bakr’s death, a close friend of Muhammad named Omar became Caliph. He also allowed Jews and Christians to worship as they chose but required a tribute (tax) in Egypt and Nubia for this privilege. 2 • Uthman was a member of the Umayyad clan and he helped unite Muslims by selecting an official edition of the Qu’ran. He also awarded his relatives with important positions which angered many and resulted in his death in 656. • Alib ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law, reluctantly became the 4th caliph but was challenged by members of the Umayyad Dynasty. After settling a Muslim civil war, he was murdered by a supporter that disagreed with his actions. • These first four Caliphs are known as “The Rightly Guided Caliphs” because of their direct connection to Muhammad. 3 Growth during “The Rightly Guided Caliphs” 4 Umayyad Dynasty • A little more than a hundred years later, the Umayyad Caliphate stretched across the Middle East, North Africa, and into Spain. • It covered 5.8 million square miles at its largest extent, more than twice as large as the Roman Empire at its height. It was the largest empire ever up to that point. • Much of the conquest followed the roads and trade routes of the Roman Empire. These allowed the Islamic armies to move quickly and efficiently. • The Umayyad Caliphs modeled themselves after the Roman Emperors. 5 6 Expanse of the Umayyad Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate in 750 CE Roman Empire in 117 CE 7 Central Historical Question How did the early Islamic empire expand? Today you will be examining three different documents and making a series of hypotheses to answer the Central Historical Question. These are the sources you will be looking at • Al-Biladuri: The Battle of the Yarmuk (636). Source is from 800’s. • The Treaty of Tudmir (713) • Donner, F. The Early Islamic Conquests. (1981). 9 The Battle of Yarmuk (636) • As the Muslim army advance north, they ran into the Byzantine armies and settlements. • Khalid bin Walid, called by Muhammad “The Sword of Islam”, was the Muslim super soldier. He had fought the Byzantines many times and had conquered Damascus. • With this new advancement, the Byzantine sent an army of 200,000 to try to stop him. This became the Battle of Yarmuk. • A huge dust storm blinded the Christians, who panicked and ran off cliffs into the Yarmuk River. Eventually, the Byzantine army was so exhausted, they laid down in their cloaks, where Khalid found them and slaughtered them. • This was a great Muslim victory as small groups of Muslim fighters were able to destroy such a large Byzantine force. • The Byzantines lost Syria and Palestine and were weakened to a great extent. 10 These are the sources you will be looking at • Al-Biladuri: The Battle of the Yarmuk (636). Source is from 800’s. • The Treaty of Tudmir (713) • Donner, F. The Early Islamic Conquests. (1981). 11 Here are the steps: • Read the document closely. • Complete the graphic organizers. • Discuss your responses with your table group. • Move on to the next document and repeat. • There are three documents total. 12 Expansion of the Early Caliphates 13