Download Content Outline HIS/113 Version 2 1 Week Two Content Outline

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Week Two Content Outline
TOPIC AND OBJECTIVES
The Renaissance and Reformation
Ch 12, 14

Explain the consequences of the Black Death on Western society.

Identify leading figures in art, politics, and culture during the Renaissance period.

Outline the movements and events that led to the Reformation and its aftermath.
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The Black Death begins Between 1315 and 1317, the first great famine of the fourteenth
century, triggered by crop failures and war, struck Europe. People died by the thousands. Urban
workers, because they were chronically undernourished, were particularly hard hit. Although it
was the greatest famine in medieval memory, it was not the last. The relatively prosperous Italian
city of Pistoia, for example, recorded 16 different famines and food shortages in the fourteenth
and fifteenth centuries. Disease accompanied famine. Crowded and filthy towns, opposing armies
with their massed troops, and overpopulated country-sides provided fertile ground for the spread
of infectious disease. Moreover, the greatly expanded trade routes of the thirteenth and
fourteenth centuries that carried goods and grain between the East and the West also provided
highways for deadly microbes. At Pistoia again, local chroniclers of the fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries reported 14 years of sickness, fevers, epidemic, and plague. Between 1347 and 1352,
one-third to one-half of Europe’s population died from a virulent combination of bubonic,
septicemia, and pneumonic plagues
a) From Middle East as part of trade routes Black Death. The disease, carried by
the fleas of infected rats, traveled the caravan routes from central Asia. It arrived
in Messina, Sicily, aboard a merchant vessel in October 1347. From there the
Black Death spread up the boot of Italy and then into southern France, England,
and Spain. By 1349 it had reached northern Germany, Portugal, and Ireland. The
following year the Low Countries, Scotland, Scandinavia, and Russia fell victim.
2. Period of rainy weather and bad crops in the early 1300s.
3. Masses were vulnerable to disease.
4. Plague is endemic to the Russian steppe and New Mexico.
b. Begins in Messina, Italy, then spreads to the Italian city-states
1) Continues unrelentingly until mid 1620s
2) Bubonic plague: may have been more than one kind
3) Devastates cities—especially during summer months
a) Perhaps 1/3 to 1/2 of population of Europe affected
b) Economic and social consequences
(1) Dance of Death
(2) Revolts
(3) Upheaval of social order resulting from fewer workers, Property owners,
when they finished burying their dead, discovered that they were far richer in
land and goods. At the other end of the social spectrum, the plague had
eliminated the labor surplus. Peasants were suddenly in great demand. For a
time at least, they were able to negotiate substantially higher wages and an
improved relationship with landlords. An English thresher who before 1349
had been paid around three pence a day could hope to earn 25 percent more
after the plague.
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4) Boccacio’s Decameron explores life in Italian city-states during the outbreaks (pg
296)
Mirrors peasant revolts: peasants have more power
1) Jacquerie in France (1358) The revolt—known as the Jacquerie for the archetypal
French peasant, Jacques Bonnehomme—was a spontaneous outburst directed
against the nobility, whom the peasants saw as responsible for all their ills. Without
real leadership or a program, peasants attacked as many nobles as they could find,
killing them along with their wives and children and burning their homes and castles.
The peasants’ brutality deeply shocked the upper classes,
2) English Peasant Revolt of 1524 The French revolts set the pattern for similar
uprisings across Europe. Rebels were usually relatively prosperous peasants or
townspeople whose economic situations were threatened by aristocratic attempts to
turn back the clock to the period before the Black Death. In 1381, English peasants,
reacting to new and hated taxes, rose in a less violent but more coordinated revolt
known as the Great Rebellion.
3) Catalonian uprising in 1395 Peasant revolts took place in the northern Spanish
region of Catalonia in 1395 and in Germany throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries. The largest was the great Peasant’s Revolt of 1524. Although always
ruthlessly suppressed, European peasant uprisings continued until the peasant
rebellion of 1626 in upper Austria. The outbursts did not necessarily indicate the
desperation of Europe’s peasantry, but they did reflect the peasants’ new belief that
they could change their lives for the better through united action.
4) Ciompi revolts in Florence (1378): Wool workers stomp their wooden shoes
demanding better pay and more autonomy There the wool workers rioted and
forced recognition of two guilds of laborers alongside the powerful guilds of masters.
The workers and artisans controlled city government until 1382, when mercenaries
hired by the elite surrounded the workers’ slums and crushed them in bloody houseto-house fighting. In spite of the brutal suppression and ultimate failure of popular
revolts, they became permanent, if intermittent, features of the European social
landscape.
2. Renaissance: The Rebirth of Western Civilization The Renaissance revered things
classical, which to them meant ancient Latin and Greek history and literature. But the
Renaissance was an age rather than an event. There is no moment at which the Middle
Ages ended, and late medieval society was artistically creative, socially well developed,
and economically diverse.
a. Begins in Italian city-states Encompassing the two centuries between 1350 and
1550, it passed through three distinct phases. The first, from 1350 to 1400, was characterized by a
declining population, the uncovering of classical texts, and experimentation in a variety of art
forms. The second phase, from 1400 to 1500, was distinguished by the creation of a set of cultural
values and artistic and literary achievements that defined Renaissance style. In the final period,
from 1500 to 1550, invasions from France and Spain transformed Italian political life, and the
ideas and techniques of Italian writers and artists radiated to all points of the Continent.
1) Revival of the classical ideal
a)
b)
c)
d)
Humanism: Man as the measure of all things
Civic humanism: service to fellow man
Renaissance man: musician, poet, philosopher, artist, dancer, and swordsman
Interest in classical writings, architecture, ideas
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e) Petrarch (1304–1374): the great humanist poet and scholar, was among the
first to differentiate the new age in which he was living from two earlier ones: the classical
world of Greece and Rome, which he admired, and the subsequent Dark Ages,
which he detested. That spirit of self-awareness is one of the defining characteristics of the
Renaissance.
2) Venice, Rome, Genoa, and Pisa
a) Centers for cloth, luxury goods, and spice trading
b) Wealth resulting from banking and investment innovations
c) Production of specialty crops such as sugar, saffron, fruits, and high-quality wine
expanded. International trade increasingly centered on acquiring Eastern
specialities, resulting in the serious outflow of gold and silver that enriched first
the Byzantine and then the Ottoman emperors.
3) Florence: the heart of the Renaissance advances were made in a variety of fields
during the Renaissance, the three outstanding areas were architecture, sculpture,
and painting. Whereas modern artists would consider each a separate discipline,
Renaissance artists crossed their boundaries without hesitation. Not only could the
artists work with a variety of materials, their intensive and varied apprenticeships
taught them to apply the technical solutions of one field to the problems of another.
Few Renaissance artists confined themselves to one area of artistic expression, and
many created works of enduring beauty in more than one medium.
The Cathedral or Duomo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) In the Renaissance, the dominant artistic
discipline was architecture. Buildings were the most expensive investment patrons could make,
and the technical knowledge necessary for their successful construction was immense. Not only
did the architect design a building, he also served as its general contractor, its construction
supervisor, and its inspector. Moreover, the architect’s design determined the amount and the
scale of the statuary and decorative paintings to be incorporated./ It was Brunelleschi who
decisively challenged the principles of Gothic architecture by recombining its basic elements with
those of classical structures. His achievement was less an innovation than a radical synthesis of
old and new. Basing his designs on geometric principles, Brunelleschi reintroduced
planes and spheres as dominant motifs. His greatest work was the dome on the cathedral in
Florence, begun in 1420. His design was simple but bold. The windows at the base of the
dome of the cathedral illustrate Brunelleschi’s geometric technique. Circular windows are set
inside a square of panels, which in turn are set inside a rectangle. The facades are dominated
by columns and rounded arches, proportionally spaced from a central perspective. Brunelleschi is
generally credited with having been the first Renaissance artist to have understood
and made use of perspective, though it was immediately put to more dramatic effect in sculpture
and painting. (see end of notes for photos)
(1) Contest to design the dome 1420s
(2) First dome of its size since the fall of Rome in 494 A.D.
b) The contest over the Door of the Bapistry (see photo at end of notes)
c) Masaccio (1401-1428) and the return of perspective: The Expulsion of Adam and
Eve (1425) Masaccio was the most revolutionary painter of the Early
Renaissance; recognized as one of the founders of the Florentine school of art.
His monumental figures are sculpted by light; this approach was first employed
by the Florentine Giotto a century earlier. Masaccio combined it with a careful
use of linear perspective to give an impression of believable forms in space.
Masaccio was influenced by the advances in sculpture of his friend Donatello,
which he then applied to painting. His greatest surviving works are the frescoes
of the Brancacci Chapel from Santa Maria del Carmine in Florence. Many
religious paintings to his credit; died at 27, probably from plague in Rome.
http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/masaccio
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d) Donatello (1386-1466) created the first David. Icon of the city of Florence; early
Renaissance Italian sculptor from Florence. He is, in part, known for his work in
bas-relief, a form of shallow relief sculpture that, in Donatello's case, incorporated
significant 15th-century developments in perspectival illusionism; became one of
the most sought-after artists in Italy for his life-like, highly emotional sculptures.
http://www.artble.com/artists/donatello
e) Raphael’s The School of Athens honored; an Italian painter and architect of the
High Renaissance;
f) Botticelli’s Primavera features the gods of antiquity; best known for his “The Birth
of Venus”, was an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance. He belonged to the
Florentine school under the patronage of Lorenzo de' Medici,
g) Michelangelo (1475-1564) Pieta for Vatican, Sistene Chapel ceiling, David; an
Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer of the High Renaissance
who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art; he is
often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man;
considered the greatest living artist in his lifetime, and ever since then he has
been held to be one of the greatest artists of all time. A number of his works in
painting, sculpture, and architecture rank among the most famous in existence.
His output in every field during his long life was prodigious; he is the bestdocumented artist of the 16th century.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo
h) Leonardo da Vinci: La Giaconda (Mona Lisa) favorite of Milan conditorri (general)
Sforza; painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor,
anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer. His genius, perhaps
more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal.
Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance Man, a
man of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination". revered
for his technological ingenuity. He conceptualized a helicopter, a tank,
concentrated solar power, a calculator,[6] and the double hull, and he outlined a
rudimentary theory of plate tectonics. Relatively few of his designs were
constructed or were even feasible during his lifetime, but some of his smaller
inventions, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the
tensile strength of wire, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded. He made
important discoveries in anatomy, civil engineering, optics, and hydrodynamics,
but he did not publish his findings and they had no direct influence on later
science.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci
3. The Reformation
a. Christian Humanism
1) Ancient texts, languages, and a new way to look at the Bible
a) Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536): witty, prolific writer on Christianity, a
classical scholar who wrote in a pure Latin style; a proponent of religious
toleration; Using humanist techniques for working on texts, he prepared
important new Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament.
(1). Calls for a textual reading of the Bible
(2). In Praise of Folly (1500)
b) The printing Press: Gutenberg Bible
(1) Innovation in typesetting and printing speed
(2) Easier production of books, pamphlets, leaflets.
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c) Rejecting the Vulgate (Latin) Bible: sought to introduce vernacular versions
translated from the original languages, in England and Scotland – the result was
a broadening appreciation of Jerome's translation in its dignified style and flowing
prose. The closest equivalent in English, the King James Version
(1) The push for another form
(2) Northern Europeans desire a Bible in their own language.
d) Controversy in the Church
1) The Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy : When the Church moved its
headquarters from Rome to Avignon, France Philip IV of France was instrumental in
securing the election of Clement V, a Frenchman, to the papacy in 1305. This was an unpopular
outcome in Rome, where factionalism made Clement's life as pope stressful. To escape the
oppressive atmosphere, in 1309 Clement chose to move the papal capital to Avignon, which was
the property of papal vassals at that time. The majority of the men that Clement V appointed as
cardinals were French; and since the cardinals elected the pope, this meant that future popes were
likely to be French, as well. All seven of the Avignonese popes and 111 of the 134 cardinals
created during the Avignon papacy were French. Although the Avignonese popes were able to
maintain a measure of independence, the French kings did exert some influence from time to
time, and the appearance of French influence on the papacy, whether real or not, was undeniable;
one of the reasons for the schism from 1378–1417; the power struggle in the Papacy became a
battlefield of the major powers, with France supporting the Pope in Avignon and England
supporting the Pope in Rome. At the end of the century, still in the state of schism, the Papacy
had lost most of its direct political power, and the nation states of France and England were
established as two of the main powers in Europe.
2
John Wycliffe in Prague (1330-1384)
(a) Followers were known as Lollards
(b) Rejected wealth and transubstantiation The doctrine of
Transubstantiation is the belief that the elements of the Lord’s table
(bread and wine) supernaturally transform into the body and blood of
Christ during the Mass
(3) Jan Hus (1373-1415) Czech Reformer
(a) Similar to Luther
(b) Burned at the stake at the Council of Constance 1415; burned at the
stake for heresy against the doctrines of the Catholic Church, including
those on ecclesiology, the Eucharist, and other theological topics. Hus
was a key predecessor to the Protestant movement of the sixteenth
century, and his teachings had a strong influence on the states of
Europe, most immediately in the approval of a reformist Bohemian
religious denomination, and, more than a century later, on Martin Luther
himself.
(4) Controversy over the sale of indulgences
(a) Substitue for penance and confession
(b) John Tetzel behavior ignites outrage in Martin Luther The accusation
that he had sold full forgiveness for sins not yet committed, caused a
great scandal. It was believed that all of the money that Tetzel raised
was for the ongoing reconstruction of St. Peter's Basilica, although half
the money went to the Archbishop of Mainz, Cardinal Albert of
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Brandenburg (under whose authority Tetzel was operating), to pay off
the debts incurred in securing Albert's appointment to the Archbishopric.
Luther began to preach openly against him and inspired him to write his
famous Ninety-Five Theses,
e) Martin Luther (1483-1546) Luther taught that salvation is not earned by good
deeds but received only as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ
as redeemer from sin. His theology challenged the authority of the Pope of the
Roman Catholic Church by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely
revealed knowledge[2] and opposed sacerdotalism (sacrifices for sin require the
intervention of a priest) by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy
priesthood. Those who identify with Luther's teachings are called Lutherans.
(1) German middle class student and future professor at Wittenberg
(2) Posts 95 Theses on church door at the University of Wittenberg in 1512
(3) Printing press spreads word like wildfire: “Man is saved by faith alone.”
(4) Luther has defender in the Elector of Saxony, J. Frederick
(5) Luther marries: a dramatic change
(a) Katherine von Borah
(b) Happy marriage
((1))
The concept of the “Protestant Happy Family”
((2))
Wife as mother, deputy husband, counselor, friend, neighbor,
and elevates the status of woman
His translation of the Bible into the vernacular (instead of Latin) made it more accessible,
which had a tremendous impact on the church and on German culture. It fostered the
development of a standard version of the German language, added several principles to
the art of translation, and influenced the writing of an English translation, the King James
Bible.His hymns influenced the development of singing in churches. His marriage to
Katharina von Bora set a model for the practice of clerical marriage, allowing Protestant
priests to marry. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther
f)
Other reformers
(1). Huldyrch Zwingli (1484–1531) a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland.
(2). The concept of the Elect predestination to eternal life
(3). A chosen few who are saved
(4). John Calvin in Geneva (1509–1564) was an influential French theologian
and pastor during the Protestant Reformation.
(5). Institutes of the Christian Religion (1534) an introductory textbook on the
Protestant faith
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Built by Filippo Brunelleschi who won the competition for its commission in 1418, the
dome is egg-shaped and was made without scaffolding. The raising of this dome, the
largest in the world in its time, was no easy architectural feat. At the base of the dome,
just above the drum, Baccio d'Agnolo began adding a balcony in 1507. One of the eight
sides was finished by 1515, when someone asked Michelangelo -- whose artistic opinion
was by this time taken as cardinal law -- what he thought of it. The master reportedly
scoffed, "It looks like a cricket cage." Work was immediately halted, and to this day the
other seven sides remain rough brick.
http://www.visitflorence.com/florence-churches/duomo.html
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Eastern Door of the Baptistry
Bronze with gilding, 599 x 462 cm
Baptistry, Florence
This is the masterpiece of Ghiberti, who worked on it for 27 years, lavishing on it all the
richness of his imagination, combined with a fine sense of composition and profound
knowledge of the modeller's art. Michelangelo defined the door as fit to be the "gate of
Paradise".
The door, a universally admired masterpiece, has ten panels depicting Biblical scenes. At
the centre of the door at left is the self-portrait of Ghiberti. The door's original gilding has
recently been recovered from beneath the patina formed over the centuries. It was badly
damaged by Florence's flood in 1966 when the waters of the Arno reached a height of
more than 180 cm. After restoration it was moved to the museum of the Cathedral and
substituted by a copy.
http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/g/ghiberti/paradiso/1porta.html
The Baptistry is renowned for its three sets of artistically important bronze doors with
relief sculptures. The south doors were done by Andrea Pisano and the north and east
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doors by Lorenzo Ghiberti.[1] The east pair of doors were dubbed by Michelangelo "the
Gates of Paradise".
The Italian poet Dante Alighieri and many other notable Renaissance figures, including
members of the Medici family, were baptized in this baptistry.[2] In fact, until the end of
the nineteenth century, all Catholic Florentines were baptized here.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Baptistery
Raphael's 'The School of Athens' in the Stanze Di Raffaello at the Apostolic Palace
http://www.gotterdammerung.org/photo/travel/vatican-city/vaticanmuseums/060905162208%20Raphael%27s%20%27The%20School%20of
%20Athens%27%20in%20the%20Stanze%20di%20Raffaello%20at%20t
he%20Apostolic%20Palace.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Raphael (extensive list of
works by Raphael)
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Botticelli’s “The Birth of Venus” It is in keeping with Renaissance era inspiration
that one of Botticelli's most famous paintings represents not a Christian legend, but a
classical myth - the Birth of Venus. Whilst the works of the classical poets had been
known through the middle Ages, it was only at the time of the Renaissance, when the
Italians tried so passionately to recapture the former glory of Rome that classical myths
become popular among educated laymen.
http://www.artble.com/artists/sandro_botticelli/paintings/birth_of_venus
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“Pieta” by Michelangelo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo
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“David” by
Michelangelo
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“Sistine Chapel” by Michelangelo
“The Creation of Adam” by Michelangelo
(part of the Sistine Chapel)
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St. Peter’s Basilica by Michelangelo
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“Mona Lisa” by Da Vinci
“Last Supper” by Da Vinci
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“Vitruvian Man” by Da Vinci
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