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PREWORKOUT
THE ULTIMATE
PERFORMANCE ENHANCER
The eminent scientist and inventor Alexander Graham Bell once said,
“Before anything else, preparation is the key to success.” Well, Advanced
Molecular Labs (AML) and its CEO, Steve Blechman, absolutely agree.
That is why they’ve created the most scientifically advanced pre-workout
formula that will completely PREPARE you for your next workout
by packing your muscle cells with energy, by increasing exercise
endurance so you can push your body to the limit for longer periods
of time, and by generating the perfect blend of neurotransmitters
that improve your mood and motivation to get into the gym and start
pounding the weights with the utmost intensity and resilience!
AML Preworkout Supports
Neurotransmitter Production,
Intensifying Energy and Motivation
One of the most important aspects of a pre-workout supplement
is the ability to increase focus in the gym. So when you feel like going
to sleep instead of the weight room, your pre-workout supplement
should be able to get you moving. A primary contributor to pre-workout
fatigue is a weary central nervous system (CNS) that requires more
than just energy from food to get you going. Fortunately, AML has
discovered a unique blend of compounds that conquers CNS fatigue by
reestablishing the required levels of the correct neurotransmitters to
restore focus and motivation needed for intense training.
Increased Dopamine
Increases Drive to Exercise
Although there have been a number of mechanisms proposed
that explain the apparent increase in CNS fatigue, the “central fatigue
hypothesis” states that an increase in the ratio of serotonin to
dopamine within the CNS is associated with feelings of tiredness and
lack of motivation, accelerating the onset of fatigue during prolonged
exercise, whereas a low serotonin to dopamine ratio favors improved
performance through the maintenance of motivation and arousal.1
Since serotonin is a neurotransmitter that has been linked to fatigue
because of its well-known influence on sleep and drowsiness, it was
originally thought that the serotonin to dopamine ratio was increasing
because of greater serotonin production within the brain. However,
it turns out that the serotonin to dopamine ratio was increasing
primarily because of the degradation of dopamine associated with
neuronal activity within the CNS associated with exercise or other
AML Preworkout is the ultimate pre-workout formula that
will completely PREPARE you for your next workout by
packing your muscle cells with energy, and by increasing
exercise endurance so you can push your body to the limit
for longer periods of time.
000 MD
musculardevelopment.com September 2014
BY MICHAEL J. RUDOLPH, PH.D.
SENIOR SCIENCE EDITOR
stressful stimuli.2 This new insight makes
sense based on dopamine’s well-defined
influence on motivation, arousal and attention.
Consequently, increasing dopamine levels
should improve CNS function and overall
exercise performance.
AML Preworkout Is Loaded
With the Most Potent
Dopamine Enhancers
neurochemical environment in the brain
for even greater mental focus that bolsters
performance in the gym.
The Energetic Buzz
From Caffeine
Caffeine is widely consumed as an
ergogenic aid to improve exercise performance.
Several mechanisms have been proposed
to explain caffeine’s performance-enhancing
influence, including enhanced muscular
contraction force, increased cellular energy
production within muscle and stimulation
of the central nervous system (CNS). While
increased contractile forces and energy
production within muscle from caffeine
consumption preferentially influence highintensity weight training, caffeine’s ability
to stimulate the CNS has a greater impact
Since reduced dopamine levels within the
CNS decreases motivation and performance
while inducing fatigue3, novel ways to increase
dopamine production before your workout
should boost exercise performance. The
consumption of the dopamine precursor
tyrosine was recently shown to provide this
benefit, where subjects performed an exercise
test while consuming either a placebo or
tyrosine in a double-blind manner, one hour
before cycling to exhaustion in 86 degrees
Fahrenheit.4 The results showed the tyrosineconsuming group exercised for 16 percent
longer compared to the placebo group, while
also showing no increase in rate of perceived
exertion despite a longer exercise time. This
confirms that tyrosine consumption influences
the ability to tolerate prolonged exercise,
conceivably by increasing dopamine levels.
AML Preworkout combines tyrosine with folic
acid, which may further increase dopamine by
increasing tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) levels.
As a co-factor for tyrosine hydroxylase, BH4
facilitates the conversion of tyrosine to L-dopa,
which is a precursor to dopamine.
The tropical plant mucuna pruriens is also
found in AML Preworkout. This ingredient is
loaded with the dopamine precursor L-dopa5,
which has been shown to effectively increase
diminished dopamine levels in patients
with Parkinson’s disease.6 Interestingly, an
additional clinical trial also indicated that
mucuna pruriens was just as effective as
some pharmaceuticals in the treatment of
Parkinson’s disease, illustrating potent ability
of mucuna pruriens to boost dopamine levels
in the brain.7
on the mental aspect of training. The ability
of caffeine to stimulate the CNS is due, in
part, to its capacity to inhibit the adenosine
receptor in the brain, which triggers the release
of dopamine and adrenaline.8 The surge
of dopamine and adrenaline from caffeine
consumption will amp-up your neurochemistry
for greater concentration and intensity while
training in the gym.
Simultaneously Increase
Dopamine and Adrenaline
for an Extra Boost
Piperine (Bioperine)
Provides Additional
Adrenaline Release
Adrenaline is a hormone produced by
the adrenal glands that is well known for
supporting the “fight-or-flight” response
that occurs when we get scared, or deal with
different forms of stress. Adrenaline activates
several biochemical pathways that increase
glucose and fatty acid levels in the blood,
which provides energy for the muscle cell.
The remarkable ability of AML Preworkout
to simultaneously increase adrenaline and
dopamine provides an even more robust
AML Preworkout
generates the
perfect blend of
neurotransmitters
that improve
your mood and
motivation to get
into the gym and
start pounding the
weights with the
utmost intensity
and resilience!
Another neurotransmitter-enhancing
compound found in AML Preworkout is the
compound piperine, which is naturally found
in black pepper. Piperine has been reported
to trigger adrenaline release by activating
the TRPV receptor in the brain, which
stimulates the sympathetic nervous system,
resulting in adrenaline release.9 It also
improves the gastrointestinal absorption and
systematic utilization of nutrients in AML
Preworkout.
September 2014 musculardevelopment.com
Improved
Muscular Endurance
Another important feature of a pre-workout
supplement is the ability to improve muscular
endurance for extended levels of intensity
while you work out. AML Preworkout is loaded
with the amino acid beta-alanine, which has
many positive effects on health and exercise
performance. Within muscle cells, beta-alanine
functions as a key building block for carnosine,
the primary buffer within muscle tissue that
counters the negative impact of lactic acid on
exercise capacity. Several independent studies
have clearly illustrated the positive influence
of beta-alanine on carnosine production in
muscle. In these studies, a significant increase
in muscle carnosine of approximately 40 to
50 percent was measured after beta-alanine
ingestion over a four- to eight-week time
frame.10,11
In addition to beta-alanine supporting
carnosine synthesis, it has also been shown
to reduce muscle acidosis. In one study,
subjects consuming beta-alanine for four
weeks showed a much slower rise in acidity
during high-intensity exercise.12 Moreover, the
muscle-buffering function associated with
beta-alanine intake has also been shown
to improve endurance, as illustrated in a
study where subjects ingesting beta-alanine
demonstrated major improvements while
performing a medium-intensity, high-repetition
squat workout, compared to a placebo group.13
Heightened Vasodilation
for Enhanced Blood Flow
and Stamina
The signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO)
enhances performance by increasing blood
flow caused by improved vasodilation. NO
induces vasodilation by activating several
cellular signaling cascades that relax the
smooth muscle within the arterial wall, causing
the arteries to dilate or open up. The increased
blood flow from vasodilation delivers more
essential nutrients and oxygen to laboring
muscles while simultaneously removing
metabolic waste, which collectively enhances
muscular performance.
NO is biosynthesized from the amino acid
arginine, meaning increased consumption of
arginine ought to boost greater production
of NO. However, arginine is poorly absorbed
by the intestine14 and is quickly broken
down by the liver15, significantly reducing its
bioavailability and capacity to increase NO
production. On the other hand, the amino acid
citrulline, which is quickly converted in the
body into arginine, is more effectively absorbed
by the intestines and avoids breakdown by the
liver.16 Consequently, taking AML Preworkout,
which contains copious amounts of citrulline,
MD 000
nutrition performance
represents a fantastic way to vigorously
increase endogenous arginine levels and drive
NO production for considerably improved
stamina.17
Additional NO Boosters
In addition to the potent NO-booster
citrulline, AML Preworkout also possesses
watermelon, beetroot, and grape skin extracts,
which are rich in compounds that have also
been shown to powerfully stimulate NO
production18-20 for an added influence on
vasodilation and performance enhancement.
Enhanced Circulation With
Potassium and Magnesium
Citrate
Increased potassium and magnesium
intake promotes vasodilation, leading to
reduced blood pressure. Numerous studies
have shown higher potassium intake
reduces the risk of stroke and many other
cardiovascular diseases, likely due to their
capacity to increase vasodilation, which
reduces blood pressure.21,22 Although it is not
well understood how these two elements
enhance vasodilation, the incorporation of these
two elements into AML Preworkout fortifies its
capacity to bolster cardiovascular performance
for improved endurance. Furthermore,
potassium and magnesium complex with
citrate in AML Preworkout. Citrate has also
been shown to improve exercise performance
by buffering lactic acid buildup in the muscle,
further upgrading performance.23
AML Preworkout Contains
the NO-Generating Folic Acid
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) has many
different roles in the body, with one function
being a catalyst that accelerates NO
production. In fact, BH4 deficiency significantly
contributes to many different circulatory
diseases due to insufficient NO-driven
vasodilation.24 Consequently, oral BH4 ingestion
should conceivably boost NO production. Yet,
studies have demonstrated that BH4 intake
failed to show any significant improvement
in vasodilation due to poor bioavailability.25,26
However, the biosynthesis of BH4 in the body
can also be enhanced by consuming folic acid,
which functions as a co-factor for the enzyme
dihydrofolate reductase, which synthesizes
BH4. In fact, oral consumption of folic acid was
shown to improve NO production as well as
vasodilation.27
Eradicate Lactic Acid for
Improved Endurance With
AML Preworkout
Exercise-induced muscle fatigue is
due to many different factors, including
the accumulation of certain metabolites
within the muscle cell such as ammonia.28,29
000 MD During intense exercise, the conversion of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into adenosine
monophosphate (AMP) provides the necessary
energy for muscular contraction, while also
increasing AMP levels. The greater amount
of AMP from muscular contraction results
in higher ammonia levels because the body
breaks down AMP into ammonia, which
increases ammonia levels. The accumulation of
ammonia inhibits the metabolism of pyruvate
in the muscle cell30, reducing energy production
while also increasing lactic acid production,
which consequently has a negative influence
on exercise performance.
Citrulline reduces the accumulation of
ammonia by triggering the urea cycle, the
biochemical pathway that reduces ammonia
AML Preworkout
is loaded with
an assortment
of the most
effective
muscle-building
compounds
available.
levels by converting it into urea. This, of course,
subsequently reduces lactic acid accumulation
as well. Furthermore, citrulline has been found
to reduce lactic acid levels during high-intensity
exercise and significantly improve exercise
performance.31
AML’s Unique Performanceenhancing Blend Augments
Muscular Power
The final element absolutely required of
a pre-workout supplement is the capacity to
increase strength and power output. AML
Preworkout is loaded with an assortment
of the most effective muscle-building and
performance-enhancing compounds available.
The first strength-promoting compound
in AML Preworkout is creatine monohydrate,
which is the most studied form of creatine
on the market. In addition, creatine
monohydrate is also one of the most heavily
used supplements32, primarily because its
effectiveness at improving strength and size.
Many studies over the years have clearly
shown that short-term creatine monohydrate
supplementation increases power output
during intense exercise. Furthermore, creatine
supplementation with heavy weight training
has the potential to stimulate muscle
hypertrophy.33 These unique capabilities
stem from creatine’s ability to function as a
primary energy storage molecule that rapidly
reverses the depletion of muscle cell energy
(ATP) during muscular contraction, ultimately
recharging energy levels within the muscle
cell, prolonging muscular contraction for
superior workouts and muscle growth.34 Also,
creatine monohydrate potently drives muscle
growth utilizing several different cellular
mechanisms, including the stimulation of
muscle cell formation35, increased muscle
protein synthesis36 and inhibition of the muscledepleting molecule myostatin.37
AML Preworkout
Powers Your Muscles
With ATP
Although the oral intake of ATP likely
results in its rapid breakdown within the
digestive tract, precluding its function as an
energy source for the body, studies have shown
that long-term oral administration of ATP still
produces gains in muscle size and strength.38,39
This effect likely comes from the extensive
extracellular functions of ATP that are primarily
mediated through the adenosine receptors.
Adenosine receptors are embedded in the
plasma membrane of the cell. ATP acts as
a signaling molecule directly upon these
receptors, where it controls numerous functions,
including increased muscular contraction
by boosting muscle-cell calcium levels and
decreased pain reception. The ability of ATP to
mitigate pain reception likely supports a higher
training intensity with a lower pain perception,
for an enhanced training effect.
AML Preworkout Improves
Fluid Balance in the Muscle
for Greater Strength Gains
Natural osmolytes like betaine, found in
many different foods such as whole grains,
spinach, and shellfish, act as osmoprotectants
by maintaining cell volume and fluid balance
during stressful situations such as dehydration.
Because of this, betaine plays a key role in
many aspects of human health, as studies
have shown that diets high in betaine decrease
the risk for certain diseases.40,41 In addition to its
function as an osmolyte, betaine also supplies
the methyl group required for production of the
anabolic creatine molecule.42 Accordingly, it has
been shown that betaine significantly increases
anaerobic power in the bench press and squat.
Interestingly, additional studies have also
shown that betaine increased muscle protein
synthesis and lean body mass, while also
reducing abdominal fat.43,44
Pre-workout Leucine
Consumption Is Detrimental
to Muscle Growth
Despite the fact that leucine consumption
during and after resistance exercise promotes
musculardevelopment.com September 2014
muscle growth45, the consumption of leucine
before training seems to diminish muscular
performance. One reason being that preworkout consumption of leucine mitigates the
conversion of glycogen into glucose within the
muscle cell, effectively diminishing energy
availability for muscle function.46
Another issue with pre-workout leucine
consumption involves the increased potential
for insulin-signaling desensitization—
especially if leucine is also being ingested, as
it should be, during and after weight training.
Studies have shown that insulin resistance can
occur with increased amino acid consumption,
especially the branched-chain amino acid
leucine.47,48 Of course, insulin resistance from
the additional pre-workout leucine would
reduce insulin’s anabolic properties, meaning a
decrease in muscle growth.
The final negative impact of pre-workout
leucine comes from leucine’s ability to
competitively inhibit dopamine production
by preventing the uptake of the dopamineprecursor tyrosine into the brain.49 This effect
References:
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3. Roelands B, Watson P, et al. A dopamine/noradrenaline
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4. Tumiltay L, Davison G, et al. Oral tyrosine
supplementation improves exercise capacity in the heat. Eur J
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5. Alleman RJ Jr, Canale RE, et al. A blend of
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6. Tharakan B, Dhanasekaran M, et al. Anti-Parkinson
botanical Mucuna pruriens prevents levodopa induced
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10. Harris RC, Tallon MJ, et al. The absorption of orally
supplied beta-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine
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11. Stellingwerff T, Anwander H, et al. Effect of two betaalanine dosing protocols on muscle carnosine synthesis and
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12. Baguet A, Koppo K, et al. Beta-alanine
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would increase the rate of CNS fatigue and
overall sluggishness, ultimately hindering
exercise performance. As a result of the
negative effects associated with pre-workout
leucine intake, AML Preworkout is absolutely
leucine-free.
compounds that principally function as
antioxidants (such as vitamins C, E and the
amino acids N-acetylcysteine and taurine),
allowing for the sufficient natural generation
of ROS from training for better muscle growth
and recovery.
AML Preworkout Supports
ROS Exposure for Greater
Muscle Growth AND RECOVERY
For more information on AML PREWORKOUT,
visit www.advancedmolecularlabs.com
Intense weightlifting or exercise puts stress
on the muscle cell, producing muscle damage
that requires a recovery process to regenerate
muscle function and increase muscle size.
There is emerging evidence to suggest that
reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during
intense training assists the recovery process.
Moreover, it’s been shown that consumption
of the powerful antioxidant vitamin C, which
chemically negates ROS function, can
attenuate the recovery of damaged muscle50
implying that antioxidants, in general, mitigate
muscle repair and hypertrophy. For that
reason, AML Preworkout does not contain
For most of Michael Rudolph’s career he has been
engrossed in the exercise world as either an athlete (he
played college football at Hofstra University), personal
trainer or as a Research Scientist (he earned a B.Sc. in
Exercise Science at Hofstra University and a Ph.D. in
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology from Stony Brook
University). After earning his Ph.D., Michael investigated the
molecular biology of exercise as a fellow at Harvard Medical
School and Columbia University for over eight years. That
research contributed seminally to understanding the
function of the incredibly important cellular energy sensor
AMPK— leading to numerous publications in peer-reviewed
journals including the journal Nature. Michael is currently a
scientist working at the New York Structural Biology Center
doing contract work for the Department of Defense on a
project involving national security.
17. Schwedhelm E, Maas R, et al. Pharmacokinetic
and pharmacodynamic properties of oral L-citrulline and
L-arginine: impact on nitric oxide metabolism. Br J Clin
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18. Resende AC, Emiliano AF, et al. Grape skin extract
protects against programmed changes in the adult rat
offspring caused by maternal high-fat diet during lactation. J
Nutr Biochem 2014;24, 2119-2126.
19. Breese BC, McNarry MA. Beetroot juice
supplementation speeds O2 uptake kinetics and improves
exercise tolerance during severe-intensity exercise initiated
from an elevated metabolic rate. Am J Physiol Regul Integr
Comp Physiol 2013;305, R1441-1450.
20. Muggeridge DJ, Howe CC, et al. A single dose of
beetroot juice enhances cycling performance in simulated
altitude. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013;46, 143-150.
21. Blanch N, Clifton PM, et al. Effect of high potassium
diet on endothelial function. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014.
22. D’Elia L, Iannotta C, et al. Potassium-rich diet and risk
of stroke: Updated meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis
2014;24, 585-587.
23. Russell C, Papadopoulos E, et al. Acute versus chronic
supplementation of sodium citrate on 200 m performance in
adolescent swimmers. Journal of the International Society of
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24. Gaede P, Vedel P, et al. Multifactorial intervention and
cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N
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25. Moens AL, Kietadisorn R, et al. Targeting endothelial
and myocardial dysfunction with tetrahydrobiopterin. J Mol
Cell Cardiol 2011;51, 559-563.
26. Alkaitis MS and Crabtree MJ. Recoupling the cardiac
nitric oxide synthases: tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis and
recycling. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2012;9, 200-210.
27. Youn JY, Gao L and Cai H. The p47phox- and NADPH
oxidase organiser 1 (NOXO1)-dependent activation of
NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) mediates endothelial nitric oxide
synthase (eNOS) uncoupling and endothelial dysfunction
in a streptozotocin-induced murine model of diabetes.
Diabetologia 2012;55, 2069-2079.
28. Barnes RH, Labadan BA, et al. Effects of Exercise and
Administration of Aspartic Acid on Blood Ammonia in the Rat.
Am J Physiol 1964;207, 1242-1246.
29. Wilkerson JE, Batterton DL and Horvath SM.
Ammonia production following maximal exercise: treadmill
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30. Lowenstein JM. Ammonia production in muscle and
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31. Takeda K, Machida M, et al. Effects of citrulline
supplementation on fatigue and exercise performance in
mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2011;57, 246-250.
32. Buford TW, Kreider RB, et al. International Society of
Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation
and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2007;4, 6.
33. Harris RC, Soderlund K and Hultman E. Elevation of
creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects
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34. Bemben MG and Lamont HS. Creatine
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Sports Med 2005;35, 107-125.
35. Willoughby DS and Rosene JM. Effects of oral creatine
and resistance training on myogenic regulatory factor
expression. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35, 923-929.
36. Willoughby DS and Rosene J. Effects of oral creatine
and resistance training on myosin heavy chain expression.
Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33, 1674-1681.
37. Volek JS, Duncan ND, et al. Performance and muscle
fiber adaptations to creatine supplementation and heavy
resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999;31, 1147-1156.
38. Wilson JM, Joy JM, et al. Effects of oral adenosine5’-triphosphate supplementation on athletic performance,
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39. Jordan AN, Jurca R, et al. Effects of oral ATP
supplementation on anaerobic power and muscular strength.
Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004;36, 983-990.
40. Craig SA. Betaine in human nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr
2004;80, 539-549.
41. Konstantinova SV, Tell GS, et al. Divergent
associations of plasma choline and betaine with components
of metabolic syndrome in middle age and elderly men and
women. J Nutr 2008;138, 914-920.
42. Byerrum RU, Sato CS and Ball CD. Utilization of
Betaine as a Methyl Group Donor in Tobacco. Plant Physiol
1956;31, 374-377.
43. Brigotti M, Petronini PG, et al. Effects of osmolarity,
ions and compatible osmolytes on cell-free protein synthesis.
Biochem J 2003;369, 369-374.
44. Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, et al. Effect of 15 days of
betaine ingestion on concentric and eccentric force outputs
during isokinetic exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2011;25, 22352241.
45. Pasiakos SM, McClung HL, et al. Leucine-enriched
essential amino acid supplementation during moderate
steady state exercise enhances postexercise muscle protein
synthesis. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94, 809-818.
46. Blomstrand E, Eliasson J, et al. Branched-chain
amino acids activate key enzymes in protein synthesis after
physical exercise. J Nutr 2006;136, 269S-273S.
47. Tremblay F, Lavigne C, et al. Role of dietary proteins
and amino acids in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.
Annu Rev Nutr 2007;27, 293-310.
48. Newgard CB, An J, et al. A branched-chain amino
acid-related metabolic signature that differentiates obese
and lean humans and contributes to insulin resistance. Cell
Metab 2009;9, 311-326.
49. Choi S, Disilvio B, et al. Oral branched-chain amino
acid supplements that reduce brain serotonin during exercise
in rats also lower brain catecholamines. Amino Acids 2013.
50. Ristow M, Zarse K, et al. Antioxidants prevent healthpromoting effects of physical exercise in humans. Proc Natl
Acad Sci USA 2009;106, 8665-8670.
September 2014 musculardevelopment.com
MD 000