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Lecture 13 English 3318: Studies in English Grammar Five Basic Sentence Types Types I and II Dr. Svetlana Nuernberg Objectives ● ● ● ● ● ● Distinguish among be, intransitive, linking and transitive verbs Recognize the five basic sentence types on the basis of the verb and its complements Differentiate between adverbial and adjectival verb complements Recognize both adverbial and nominal subject complements Distinguish among direct object, indirect object and object complements Draw phrase structure trees and Reed-Kellogg diagrams for each of the five sentence types Binary Structure ● Binary Structure – is a two-part structure of a sentence – – NP – functioning as a subject VP – functioning as a predicate ● ● ● ● S can be solely a MVP with its single verb can be accompanied by compliment (words, phrases, clauses – that complete the predicate) modifiers (add to or modify the meaning of the verb) NP + VP S NP Our neighbor's pet VP is outdoors constantly Type I – The Intransitive Type Consists of a subject followed by a predicate in which there is only one verb followed by an optional adverb ● Intransitive verb can stand alone in a verb phrase and function as entire predicate S1 S1 = NP + MVint + (ADVP)NP VP ● MVP ADVP Mvint Fish A telephone swim is ringing loudly Type I ● ADVP – – ADVP – represents a function PREP – represents one of the forms that can fulfill that function ● ● The bus stops here on Monday S1 = NP + VP (MVP + ADVPpl + ADVPtm (PREP+NP) ADVP – – PREP NP ADVP - represents a function NP – represents one of the forms that can fulfill that function ● ● The bus stops here each Monday S1 = NP + VP (MVP + ADVPpl + NP (DET+NP)) Hans called three times S1 = NP + VP (MVP +NP (DET + NP)) Tests to Identify Type I Sentences ● Intransitive Verb 1. You can test whether a verb is intransitive by dividing the predicate into phrases. If all the phrases except the main verb phrase are optional adverbial modifiers, then the verb is intransitive 2. If you can substitute a prototypical adverb (like here, then, or slowly) for the phrase, it is an adverbial phrase Types II – The Verb Be Requiring Adverbs of Time or Place ● Sentence constituents contain a noun phrase subject, a main verb be (am, is, are, was, were, being been), and an obligatory adverb phrase – – the main verb be requires an adverbial complement (outside, yesterday) – refer to the place or time of the subject eg: The train departs at noon the main verb be links the subject with its adverbial complements – linking (copular) verb SII = NP + Mvbe + ADVPtm/pl SII NP Her job interviews MVP Mvbe were VP ADVPtm/pl yesterday Type II ● Adverb phrases of place and time include: inside, upstairs, here, away, nearby, then, now, today, tomorrow – – ● Jesse is upstairs Her doctor's appointment is tomorrow Prepositional phrases of time (in the evening) or place (at the post office) and noun phrases (next week, Sunday) can function adverbially – – Cheryl's notebook must have been on the desk The concert will be next week Tests for Identifying Type II Sentences ● Linking Verb Be with Adverbials of Time or Place 1. Is the main verb a form of be? If the answer is yes, apply the next test 2. Is the form of be followed by an adverbial phrase that expresses location or time? If the answer is yes, the sentence is type II Peripheral Cases – Intransitive Verbs ● We have characterized the prototypical Type I verbs as intransitive verbs – for which an adverb modifier is optional – a number of verbs are like intransitive (are followed by adverb phrases), however they are not able to stand alone as the intransitive (they are more like the be verbs of Type II) ● ● ● – – Cheryl's notebook must have been lying on the desk Her job interviews took place yesterday Mary lives in Chicago adverbs are not optional – they are obligatory they are considered a subclass of intransitives closely related to the be verbs of Type II