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Chemistry Standard 1:Atomic Structure + Elements, Compounds, Mixtures Matter Chemistry is the study of matter. A chemist is a scientist that examines how substances interact ● ● ● ● Biochemist Chemical Engineer Pharmacology Material Science Atomic Structure ● ● Be able to describe how atoms make up the matter of the universe. What are the 2 regions of an atom and what are their important properties? Matter Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. All matter in the universe is made up of different combinations of the 3 main subatomic particles ● ● ● Protons Neutrons Electrons These particles combine to form atoms. Atoms An atom is the smallest unit of matter that can be identified as an element. Ex: Carbon atom, nitrogen atom, oxygen atom, gold atom What do you have when you cut a bar of gold in half? What if you cut it again? And again? Eventually you would get to the point where you have one single atom of gold. An atom cannot be cut apart. Atomos means indivisible. If you broke an atom apart it would reduced to its protons, electrons, and neutrons. Atoms If you were able to look closely enough you would see that matter is made up of an insane number of atoms. Atoms This is the first actual picture of a hydrogen atom Atomic Structure An atom has 2 areas ● ● Nucleus Electron Cloud Nucleus The nucleus of an atom is INCREDIBLY small. A hydrogen atom is 145000 times bigger than its nucleus. The nucleus ● ● ● ● ● is made of protons and neutrons. is surrounded by the electron cloud. contains nearly all of the mass of the atom takes up almost no space is positively charged Electron Cloud The electron cloud is made of electrons. The electrons move through the cloud at incredible speeds. The electron cloud ● ● ● is made of electrons takes up almost all the space has nearly no mass Totally Unfair Pretend Pop Quiz hahahaha Get out a halfsheet of notebook paper and close your notebooks 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Draw and label a diagram that has an electron cloud and a nucleus What 2 particles are found in the nucleus What particle is in the electron cloud? Which region has all the mass and takes up almost no space? Which region takes up all the space but has no mass? What is all matter in the universe made up of? Atoms are made of 99.999999999999% what? First person to say dogs are better than cats gets candy How small is an atom? Start video 1 at 37 seconds Protons, Electrons, Neutrons ● ● ● Know the location, charge, and mass of each subatomic particle What determines the type of element? How do you use an element box to determine the number of PEN Subatomic Particles You will need to know the following table and diagram Charge Mass Location Proton + 1 Nucleus Electron - 0 Electron Cloud Neutron None 1 Nucleus Atoms and Elements Elements are the different types of atoms. The type of element is determined by the number of protons. Hydrogen Helium Lithium 1 Proton 2 Protons 3 Protons Element Key Element keys provide information about the element Number of Protons The atomic number is the number of protons Nitrogen has 7 protons Candy Question: If you added a proton to a nitrogen nucleus, what would it be? Number of Electrons A stable atom has the same number of protons and electrons. If an atom has 7 protons, it will also have 7 electrons. Protons have a positive charge. Electrons have a negative charge. Opposite charges attract. So protons will attract electrons until the atom is stable. #of Electrons=# of Protons=Atomic Number Candy Question: How many electrons does gold have? Atomic symbol Au Number of Neutrons The atomic mass is the weight of all of the particles in an atom. Since protons weigh 1, neutrons weigh 1, and electrons weigh 0. The atomic mass is the number of protons + the number of electrons. To find the number of Neutrons it is the Atomic Mass - Atomic number. Bottom #-Top # Always round the atomic mass Candy Question: How many neutrons are in an atom of lithium? Li Why is the atomic mass a decimal?-Isotopes The atomic mass is an average the estimated world supply of that atom. Some atoms have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. These are called isotopes Carbon-14 is an isotope of carbon because it has 2 extra neutrons. Isotopes are sometimes radioactive Practice How many protons? How many electrons? How many Neutrons? Practice 2 How many protons? How many electrons? How many Neutrons? First person to say give me some homework gets a candy Elements, Mixtures, Compounds Element A substance is an element if all the atoms are the same color and size and they behave in the same way. Compound A compound is the chemical combination of 2 different elements. Compound Elemental chlorine is deadly Elemental sodium is extremely reactive When you combine them together in a compound you get table salt. A compound is always more stable than its ingredients. Compound Compounds are pure substances because all parts of the substance are the same Every molecule will look the same. Mixtures Any combination of different elements and compounds is a mixture A mixture is a physical combination, not a chemical one. This means that it can be physically separated into its ingredients by ● ● ● Filtration Distillation Sorting Heterogeneous Mixture A mixture that has distinct parts. Homogeneous Mixture All parts of a homogeneous mixture are visually the same. You can’t tell the strawberries apart from the bananas or the yogurt. Common elements, compounds, and mixtures Elements ● ● ● ● ● Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Lithium Sodium Compounds ● ● ● Salt-NaCl Water-H2O Sugar-C6H12O6 Mixtures ● ● ● ● Salt water Air Pancake Batter Salad Dressing Ways to Draw Atoms What are the different ways to draw an atom and its parts? Bohr Model The Bohr Model is a way of drawing atoms with its P,E,N ● ● ● Find the number of P,E,N Place protons and neutrons in the nucleus Place electrons in the proper rings The number of rings = the row number of the element. ● ● ● Row 1=2 electrons max Row 2=8 electrons max Row 3=18 electrons max Valence Electrons Valence electrons are the electrons farthest from the center of the atom. Valence electrons determine how the element behaves. Everything in the same family on the periodic table has the same number of valence electrons, meaning they behave in the same way. Chemical Bond Valence electrons can be shared or given between atoms. This creates a chemical bond. Atoms that have a chemical bond are stuck together forming a molecule/compound. Valence electrons are only electrons capable of forming bonds with other atoms. Chemical bonds can only be broken by a chemical reaction Lewis Dot Structure Lewis dot structure is a way of drawing atoms, valence electrons, and compounds. Chemical bonds between atoms are drawn with a dash