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En nglish Phra ase Toolboox Phrases are groups of o words thatt do not conttain both a ssubject and a verb. Colleectively, the words in the phrase function f as a single part of speech. Preposittional phrasse a preposiition plus its object and modifiers m Preposittions to, aroun nd, under, ov ver, like, as, behind, b with h, outside, etcc. Adjectiv ve prepositio onal phrase Adjectivee preposition nal phrases tell t which on ne, what kindd, how manyy, and how m much, or givee other info ormation abo out a noun, a pronoun, a noun phras e, or a noun clause. The T store aro ound the corrner is paintted green. (W Which store is it? The stoore around tthe co orner.) The T girl with h the blue ha air is angry. p al phrase Adverb preposition Adverb prepositional p l phrases telll how, when,, where, whyy, to what exxtent, or undeer what condition n about a verrb, an adjective, an adverb, an adverb rb phrase, or an adverb cclause. Oscar O is pain nting his hou use with the help of his ffriends. (Hoow is he painnting his houuse? With W the help p of his frien nds.) Sally S is coloring outside the lines. Infinitive phrase An infiniitive phrase consists c of th he word “to”” plus a verbb. Infinitive pphrases can function as adjectivees, adverbs, or o nouns. To T dance gra acefully is my m ambition. (subject of sentence) Her H plan to become b a miillionaire felll through w when the stocck market craashed. (funcctions ass an adjectiv ve modifying g “plan”) She Sh wanted to o become a veterinarian. (noun—ddirect object of “wanted””) John Jo went to college to sttudy engineeering. (funcctions as an aadverb, tellinng why he w went) Appositiive phrase An appossitive phrasee renames, orr identifies, a noun or prronoun. Wheen it adds infformation thhat is nonessen ntial—inform mation that could c be omiitted from thhe sentence w without hindering understan nding of the sentence—iit is set off by b commas. My M teacher, a woman wiith curly haiir, is very prretty. Bowser, B the dog d with thee sharp teetth, is comingg around the corner. I went to the mall m yesterd day with my friend f Lindaa. (Since I haave many friends, I musst nclude the naame of the frriend with whom w I went to the mall. This apposiitive is essenntial in an nd is therefo ore not set offf by commaas.) ® Copyright © 2012 Laying the e Foundation , In nc., Dallas, TX. All A rights reserved d. Visit us online e at www.ltftrainin ng.org. Phrase Toolbox Participial phrase A participle is a verb form (past or present) that functions like an adjective. The phrase is the participle plus its modifiers. Blinded by the light, Sarah walked into the concert hall. Swimming for his life, John crossed the English Channel. Gerund phrase A gerund is an “-ing” verb form that functions as a noun. The phrase is the gerund plus its complements and modifiers. Walking in the moonlight is a romantic way to end a date. (subject of the sentence) He particularly enjoyed walking in the moonlight with his girlfriend. (direct object) He wrote a poem about walking in the moonlight. (object of the preposition) Walking the dog is not my favorite task. (subject) Absolute phrase An absolute phrase (also called a nominative absolute) is a group of words consisting of a noun or pronoun, an “-ing” or “-ed” verb form, and any related modifiers. Absolute phrases modify the whole sentence rather than a particular part of it. They are always set off from the rest of the sentence with a comma or pair of commas (or dashes) because they are parenthetical elements. An absolute phrase, very simply put, is an independent clause with the “was” or “were” omitted. Absolute phrases are valuable in constructing concise, layered sentences. Their minds whirling from the avalanche of information provided by their teacher, the students made their way thoughtfully to the parking lot. His head pounding, his hands shaking, his heart filled with trepidation, the young man knelt and proposed marriage to his sweetheart. The two lovers walked through the garden, their faces reflecting the moonlight, their arms twined about each other, their footsteps echoing in the stillness of the night. Note: An independent clause has a subject and a verb and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate, clause has a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought. It often begins with a subordinating conjunction such as when, because, although, while, since, etc. ® Copyright © 2012 Laying the Foundation , Inc., Dallas, TX. All rights reserved. Visit us online at www.ltftraining.org.