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• ECOS https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Aquaculture - Coastal ecosystems 1 An extended cost–benefit analysis of the total economic value of shrimp aquaculture built on mangrove ecosystems found that the external costs were much higher than the external benefits https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Aquaculture - Coastal ecosystems 1 Salmon farms are typically sited in pristine coastal ecosystems which they then pollute. A farm with 200,000 salmon discharges more fecal waste than a city of 60,000 people. This waste is discharged directly into the surrounding aquatic environment, untreated, often containing antibiotics and pesticides." There is also an accumulation of heavy metals on the benthos (seafloor) near the salmon farms, particularly copper and zinc. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html eCos 1 Company / developer eCos community, Free Software Foundation https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html eCos 1 Working state Current https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html eCos 1 Supported platforms ARM, CalmRISC, FR-V, Hitachi H8, IA-32, Motorola 68000, Matsushita AM3x, MIPS, NEC V8xx, Nios II, PowerPC, SPARC, and SuperH https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html eCos 1 LicenseeCos License: GNU General Public License (with linking exception) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html eCos Official website ecos.sourceware.org 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html eCos eCos (embedded configurable operating system) is a free and open source real-time operating system intended for embedded systems and applications which need only one process with multiple threads. It is ed to be customizable to precise application requirements of run-time performance and hardware needs. It is implemented in C/C++ and has compatibility layers and APIs for POSIX and µITRON. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html eCos - Design eCos was designed for devices with memory size in the tens to hundreds of kilobytes, or with real-time requirements. It can be used on hardware with too little RAM to support embedded Linux, which currently needs a minimum of about 2 MB of RAM, not including application and service needs. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html eCos - Design eCos runs on a wide variety of hardware platforms, including ARM, CalmRISC, FR-V, Hitachi H8, IA-32, Motorola 68000, Matsushita AM3x, MIPS, NEC V8xx, Nios II, PowerPC, SPARC, and SuperH. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html eCos - Design Included with the eCos distribution is RedBoot, an open source application that uses the eCos Hardware Abstraction Layer to provide bootstrap firmware for embedded systems. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html eCos - History 1 In January 2004, at the request of the eCos developers, Red Hat agreed to transfer its eCos copyrights to the Free Software Foundation https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html eCos - Non-free versions 1 The eCosPro real-time operating system is a commercial fork of eCos created by eCosCentric which incorporates proprietary software components. It is claimed as a "stable, fully tested, certified and supported version", with additional features that are not released as free software. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html eCos - Criticisms The FreeBSD TCP/IP network stack port included with eCos is out of date—circa 2001—and exposes systems using such to numerous security and stability vulnerabilities (FreeBSD RELENG 4 4 0 RELEASE for IPv4 and FreeBSD's origin KAME for IPv6). Official eCos maintainers do not appear to monitor FreeBSD or KAME for security or stability updates, but rather rely on minimal and insufficient bug reports from users of eCos. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html eCos - Criticisms 1 The SNMP package is rudimentary at best, once again, apparently due to its age. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem engineer 1 Beavers are the stereotypical ecosystem engineer because of the effects their dams have on channel flow, geomorphology, and ecology. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem engineer 1 Kelp are autogenic ecosystem engineers, by building the necessary structure for kelp forests https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem engineer Beavers are archetypal ecosystem engineers; in the process of clearcutting and damming, beavers alter their ecosystem extensively 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem engineer Autogenic engineers modify the environment by modifying themselves. As trees grow, their trunks and branches create habitats for other living things. In the tropics, lianas connect trees, which allow many animals to travel exclusively through the forest canopy. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem engineer Humans are very significant allogenic engineers, though this interaction is more studied in the field of human ecology. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem engineer 1 The zebra mussel is an ecosystem engineer in North America https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem engineer 1 In marine environments, filter feeders and plankton are ecosystem engineers because they alter turbidity and light penetration, controlling the depth at which photosynthesis can occur. This in turn limits the primary productivity of benthic and pelagic habitats and influences consumption patterns between trophic groups. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Charisma - Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity 1 The Charismatic Movement is a trend in Christianity distinguished by its belief in the renewal of supernatural gifts and powers. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Light pollution - Disruption of ecosystems 1 Ecological light pollution https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Light pollution - Disruption of ecosystems While light at night can be beneficial, neutral, or damaging for individual species, its presence invariably disturbs ecosystems 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Light pollution - Disruption of ecosystems Light pollution poses a serious threat in particular to nocturnal wildlife, having negative impacts on plant and animal physiology. It can confuse animal navigation, alter competitive interactions, change predator-prey relations, and cause physiological harm. The rhythm of life is orchestrated by the natural diurnal patterns of light and dark, so disruption to these patterns impacts the ecological dynamics. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Light pollution - Disruption of ecosystems 1 Light pollution may also affect ecosystems in other ways https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Light pollution - Disruption of ecosystems 1 A 2009 study also suggests deleterious impacts on animals and ecosystems because of perturbation of polarized light or artificial polarisation of light (even during the day, because direction of natural polarization of sun light and its reflexion is a source of information for a lot of animals). This form of pollution is named polarized light pollution (PLP). Unnatural polarized light sources can trigger maladaptive behaviors in polarization-sensitive taxa and alter ecological interactions. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Light pollution - Disruption of ecosystems Lights on tall structures can disorient migrating birds. Estimates by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service of the number of birds killed after being attracted to tall towers range from 4 to 5 million per year to an order of magnitude higher. The Fatal Light Awareness Program (FLAP) works with building owners in Toronto, Canada and other cities to reduce mortality of birds by turning out lights during migration periods. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Light pollution - Disruption of ecosystems 1 Similar disorientation has also been noted for bird species migrating close to offshore production and drilling facilities. Studies carried out by Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij b.v. (NAM) and Shell have led to development and trial of new lighting technologies in the North Sea. In early 2007, the lights were installed on the Shell production platform L15. The experiment proved a great success since the number of birds circling the platform declined by 50 to 90%. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Light pollution - Disruption of ecosystems 1 Sea turtle hatchlings emerging from nests on beaches are another casualty of light pollution https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Light pollution - Disruption of ecosystems In September 2009, the 9th European Dark-Sky Symposium in Armagh, Northern Ireland had a session on the environmental effects of light at night (LAN) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Light pollution - Disruption of ecosystems An English journal has become alarmed at the relation of electricity to songbirds, which it maintains is closer than that of cats and fodder crops 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Natural environment - Ecosystems An ecosystem (also called as environment) is a natural unit consisting of all plants, animals and micro-organisms (biotic factors) in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical (abiotic) factors of the environment. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Natural environment - Ecosystems 1 Eugene Odum, one of the founders of the science of ecology, stated: "Any unit that includes all of the organisms (ie: the "community") in a given area interacting with the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure, biotic diversity, and material cycles (i.e.: exchange of materials between living and nonliving parts) within the system is an ecosystem." https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Natural environment - Ecosystems The human ecosystem concept is then grounded in the deconstruction of the human/nature dichotomy, and the emergent premise that all species are ecologically integrated with each other, as well as with the abiotic constituents of their biotope. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Natural environment - Ecosystems 1 This is not universally the case and there is no proven relationship between the species diversity of an ecosystem and its ability to provide goods and services on a sustainable level. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Natural environment - Ecosystems 1 The term ecosystem can also pertain to human-made environments, such as human ecosystems and human-influenced ecosystems, and can describe any situation where there is relationship between living organisms and their environment. Fewer areas on the surface of the earth today exist free from human contact, although some genuine wilderness areas continue to exist without any forms of human intervention. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Prayer - Pentecostalism In Pentecostalism|Pentecostal congregations, prayer is often done by speaking in a foreign tongue, a practice now known as glossolalia.Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed, 1989 Practitioners of Pentecostal glossolalia may claim that the languages they speak in prayer are real foreign languages, and that the ability to speak those languages spontaneously is a gift of the Holy Spirit; 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Prayer - Pentecostalism 1 73 Some of these views have allegedly been refuted.Hine, Virginia H.: 'Pentecostal Glossolalia toward a Functional Interpretation.' Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 8, 2: (1969) 211–26: quote on p https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Systems ecology - Ecosystem ecology 1 Ecosystem ecology is the integrated study of Life|biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems and their interactions within an ecosystem framework. This science examines how ecosystems work and relates this to their components such as chemicals, bedrock, soil, plants, and animals. Ecosystem ecology examines physical and biological structure and examines how these ecosystem characteristics interact. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Systems ecology - Ecosystem ecology Whereas ecosystem ecology can be defined as the scientific study of ecosystems, systems ecology is more of a particular approach to the study of ecological systems and phenomena that interact with these systems. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services 1 This grouped ecosystem services into four broad categories: provisioning, such as the production of food and water; regulating, such as the control of climate and disease; supporting, such as nutrient cycles and crop pollination; and cultural, such as spiritual and recreational benefits. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services 1 To help inform decision-makers, many ecosystem services are being assigned economic values, often based on the cost of replacement with anthropogenic alternatives https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Brief history 1 In following years, variations of the term were used, but eventually ‘ecosystem services’ became the standard in scientific literature.Ehrlich, P.R https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Brief history Modern expansions of the ecosystem services concept include socio-economic and Conservation ethic|conservation objectives, which are discussed below. For a more complete history of the concepts and terminology of ecosystem services, see Daily (1997). 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Four categories 1 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment|The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) report 2005 defines Ecosystem services as 'benefits people obtain from ecosystems' and distinguishes four categories of ecosystem services, where the so-called supporting services are regarded as the basis for the services of the other three categories. The following lists represent the definition and samples of each according to the MA: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Four categories : Supporting services: ecosystem services that are necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA). 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington. 155pp, here: p.40. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Four categories 1 : Provisioning services: products obtained from ecosystems https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Four categories ::• food (including seafood and Game (food)|game), crops, wild foods, and spices 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Four categories 1 ::•minerals (including diatomite) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Four categories ::• Medication|pharmaceuticals, biochemicals, and industrial products 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Four categories 1 ::• energy (hydropower, biofuel|biomass fuels) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Four categories 1 : Regulating services: benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Four categories 1 ::• carbon sequestration and climate regulation https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Four categories 1 ::• purification of water purification|water and air pollution|air https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Four categories : Cultural services: nonmaterial benefits people obtain from ecosystems through spiritual enrichment, cognitive development, reflection, recreation, and aesthetic experiences 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Four categories 1 ::•cultural, intellectual and spiritual inspiration https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Four categories ::• recreational experiences (including ecotourism) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Four categories 1 BIOECON Conference, Venice 27–28 September 2010 The most recent revision by TEEB to synthesize work in this field and prevent double counting in ecosystem services audits, has revised the MA definition to remove Supporting Services and replace it on the one hand with Habitat Services and on the other hand with ecosystem functions that are defined as a subset https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Four categories 1 2012: Contributions of cultural services to the ecosystem services agenda https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Four categories (3) Those cultural values do result not from properties produced by ecosystems but are the product of a specific way of seeing within the given cultural framework of symbolic experience.Cf 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Cases 1 To understand the relationships between humans and natural ecosystems through the services derived from them, consider the following cases: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Cases Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), authorities opted to restore the polluted Catskill Park|Catskill Watershed that had previously provided the city with the ecosystem service of water purification 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Cases 1 Managing ecosystem services: what do we need to know about their ecology? Ecology Letters 8: 468-479 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Cases 1 An assessment of ecosystem services: water flow regulation and hydroelectric power production https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Cases (2006) The Vittel payments for ecosystem services: a perfect PES case? International Institute for Environment and Development, London , UK. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecology 1 Note that it is often possible for multiple services to be bundled together and when benefits of targeted objectives are secured, there may also be ancillary benefits – the same forest may provide habitat for other organisms as well as human recreation, which are also ecosystem services. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecology The complexity of Earth’s ecosystems poses a challenge for scientists as they try to understand how relationships are interwoven among organisms, processes and their surroundings. As it relates to human ecology, a suggested research agenda for the study of ecosystem services includes the following steps: 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecology 1 # identification of ecosystem service providers (ESPs) – species or populations that provide specific ecosystem services – and characterization of their functional roles and relationships; https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecology # determination of community structure aspects that influence how ESPs function in their natural landscape, such as compensatory responses that stabilize function and non-random extinction sequences which can erode it; 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecology 1 # assessment of key environmental (abiotic) factors influencing the provision of services; https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecology 1 # measurement of the spatial and temporal scales ESPs and their services operate on. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecology Even so, estimating the functional structure of an ecosystem and combining it with information about individual species traits can help us understand the Resilience (ecology)|resilience of an ecosystem amidst environmental change. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecology 1 Many ecologists also believe that the provision of ecosystem services can be stabilized with biodiversity. Increasing biodiversity also benefits the variety of ecosystem services available to society. Understanding the relationship between biodiversity and an ecosystem's stability is essential to the management of natural resources and their services. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Redundancy hypothesis Species redundancy and ecosystem reliability Conservation Biology (journal)|Conservation Biology 12: 39–45. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Redundancy hypothesis 1 The key difference is the rate at which the loss of species affects total ecosystem function. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Portfolio effect Response diversity, ecosystem change and resilience 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Portfolio effect 1 “Biodiversity and ecosystem function: The debate deepened.” Science 277 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Economics Land-use choices: balancing human needs and ecosystem function 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Economics 1 Economic and ecological concepts for valuing ecosystem services https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Economics 1 ; Avoided cost: Services allow society to avoid costs that would have been incurred in the absence of those services (e.g. waste treatment by wetland habitats avoids health costs) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Economics 1 ; Replacement cost: Services could be replaced with man-made systems (e.g. Restoration Ecology|restoration of the Catskill Watershed cost less than the construction of a water purification plant) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Economics 1 ; Factor income: Services provide for the enhancement of incomes (e.g. improved water quality increases the commercial take of a fishery and improves the income of fishers) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Economics 1 ; Travel cost: Service demand may require travel, whose costs can reflect the implied value of the service (e.g. value of ecotourism experience is at least what a visitor is willing to pay to get there) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Economics 1 ; Hedonic pricing: Service demand may be reflected in the prices people will pay for associated goods (e.g. coastal housing prices exceed that of inland homes) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Economics ; Contingent valuation: Service demand may be elicited by posing hypothetical scenarios that involve some valuation of alternatives (e.g. visitors willing to pay for increased access to national parks) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Economics 1 A peer-reviewed study published in 1997 estimated the value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital to be between US$16–54 trillion per year, with an average of US$33 trillion per year. However, Salles (2011) indicates 'The total value of biodiversity is infinite, so having debate about what is the total value of nature is actually pointless because we can't live without it' https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Management and policy 1 Management objectives for the protection of ecosystem services https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Management and policy 1 Conservation planning for ecosystem services https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Management and policy 1 Many of the ecological functions and processes performed or affected by shellfish contribute to human wellbeing by providing a stream of valuable ecosystem services over time by filtering out particulate materials and potentially mitigating water quality issues by controlling nutrient pollution|excess nutrients in the water. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business 1 Ecosystem services degradation can pose a number of risks to corporate performance as well as provide business opportunities through ecosystem restoration and enhancement. Risks and opportunities include: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business 1 ::Risks such as higher costs for freshwater due to scarcity or lower output for hydroelectric facilities due to siltation https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business ::Opportunities such as increasing water-use efficiency or building an onsite wetland to circumvent the need for new water treatment infrastructure 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business ::Risks such as new fines, government regulations, or lawsuits from local communities that lose ecosystem services due to corporate activities 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business ::Opportunities such as engaging governments to develop policies and incentives to protect or restore ecosystems that provide services a company needs 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business 1 : 'Reputational' https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business ::Risks such as retail companies being targeted by nongovernmental organization campaigns for purchasing wood or paper from sensitive forests 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business 1 ::Opportunities such as implementing and communicating sustainable purchasing, operating, or investment practices in order to differentiate corporate brands https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business 1 ::Risks such as customers switching to other suppliers that offer products with lower ecosystem impacts or governments implementing new sustainable procurement policies https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business 1 ::Opportunities such as launching new products and services that reduce customer impacts on ecosystems or participating in emerging markets for carbon sequestration and watershed protection other products https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business 1 ::Risks such as banks implementing more rigorous lending requirements for corporate loans https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business 1 ::Opportunities such as banks offering more favorable loan terms or investors taking positions in companies supplying products and services that improve resource use efficiency or restore degraded ecosystems https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business 1 http://www.wri.org/project/ ecosystem-servicesreview https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecosystem services and business Artificial Intelligence for Ecosystem Services (ARIES), the Natural Value Initiative (NVI) and InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services Tradeoffs) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecosystem Services Decisions The process of making ecosystem services decisions must consider the interaction of many types of information, honor all project stakeholder|stakeholder viewpoints and measure the impacts on all four parts of the intersection 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecosystem Services Decisions More than most any other type of decision, ecosystem services rely on and affect many different classes of stakeholders including regulatory agencies, proposal proponents, decision makers, residents, non-governmental organization|NGOs, etc. Often it is the combination of the best science combined with the stakeholder values, estimates and opinions that drive the process. Science alone cannot usually drive ecosystem services decisions as the scientific data and analytical models are uncertain. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem services - Ecosystem Services Decisions Various efforts have been made integrate the stakeholder needs, in a spatial environment while taking into account the uncertainty 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Geothermal energy and aquaculture - Coastal ecosystems 1 An extended cost–benefit analysis of the Total Economic Value|total economic value of shrimp aquaculture built on mangrove ecosystems found that the Externality|external costs were much higher than the external benefits https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Geothermal energy and aquaculture - Coastal ecosystems Hinrichsen D (1998) [http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=70Ns JkGMPiwCpg=PR5dq=Hinrichsen+%22Co astal+Waters+of+the+World%22,+Island+ Press,+1998.num=100ei=hmpCSCUIIrSkwTjy5DMAQcd=1#v=onepageq=f= false Coastal Waters of the World: Trends, Threats, and Strategies] Island Press. ISBN 978-1-55963-383-3 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Geothermal energy and aquaculture - Coastal ecosystems 1 [http://atlas.aaas.org/index.php?part =2sec=natressub=meatfish Meat and Fish] American Association for the Advancement of Science|AAAS Atlas of Population and Environment. Retrieved 4 January 2010. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Geothermal energy and aquaculture - Coastal ecosystems 1 Aquaculture of salmon|Salmon farms are typically sited in pristine coastal ecosystems which they then pollute. A farm with 200,000 salmon discharges more fecal waste than a city of 60,000 people. This waste is discharged directly into the surrounding aquatic environment, untreated, often containing antibiotics and pesticides. There is also an accumulation of heavy metals on the benthos (seafloor) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Geothermal energy and aquaculture - Coastal ecosystems FAO: Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme: [http://www.fao.org/fishery/cultured species/Oncorhynchus_kisutch/en Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792)] Rome. Retrieved 8 May 2009. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Effects of global warming on Australia - Biodiversity and ecosystems Australia has some of the world's most diverse ecosystems and natural habitats, and it may be this variety that makes them the Earth's most fragile and at-risk when exposed to climate change 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Effects of global warming on Australia - Biodiversity and ecosystems The CSIRO predicts that the additional results in Australia of a temperature rise of between 2 and 3 degrees celsius will be: 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Effects of global warming on Australia - Biodiversity and ecosystems * 97% of the Great Barrier Reef bleached annually.(CSIRO (op cit) Jones, R.N. (2004) Managing Climate Change Risks, in Agrawala, S. and Corfee-Morlot, J. (eds.), The Benefits of Climate Change Policies: Analytical and Framework Issues, OECD, Paris, 249–298.) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Effects of global warming on Australia - Biodiversity and ecosystems 1 * 10–40% loss of principal habitat for Victoria and montane tropical vertebrate species.(CSIRO (op cit) Brereton, R., Bennett, S. and Mansergh, I. (1995) Enhanced greenhouse climate change and its potential effect on selected fauna of south-eastern Australia: a trend analysis. Biological Conservation, 72, 39-354.) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Effects of global warming on Australia - Biodiversity and ecosystems 1 * 92% decrease in butterfly species’ primary habitats.(CSIRO (op cit) Beaumont, L.J., and Hughes, L. (2002) Potential changes in the distributions of latitudinally restricted Australian butterfly species in response to climate change. Global Change Biology 8(10), 954-971.) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Effects of global warming on Australia - Biodiversity and ecosystems 1 * 98% reduction in Bowerbird habitat in Northern Australia.(CSIRO (op cit) Hilbert, D.W., Bradford, M., Parker, T., and Westcott, D.A. (2004) Golden bowerbird (Prionodura newtonia) habitat in past, present and future climates: predicted extinction of a vertebrate in tropical highlands due to global warming. Biological Conservation, 116, 367) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Effects of global warming on Australia - Biodiversity and ecosystems 1 * 80% loss of freshwater wetlands in Kakadu National Park|Kakadu (30cm sea level rise).(CSIRO (op cit) Hare, W., (2003) Assessment of Knowledge on Impacts of Climate Change— Contribution to the Specification of Art. 2 of the UNFCCC, WGBU, Berlin, [http://www.wbgu.de/wbgu_sn2003_e x01.pdf]) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Organic matter - Natural ecosystem functions 1 Organic matter is present throughout the ecosystem https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems 1 This article is about 'climate change and ecosystems'. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts Unchecked global warming could affect most terrestrial ecoregions. Increasing global temperature means that ecosystems will change; some species are being forced out of their habitats (Extinction risk from global warming|possibly to extinction) because of changing conditions, while others are flourishing. Secondary effects of global warming, such as 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts 1 With high confidence, they concluded that climate change would result in the extinction of many species and a reduction in the diversity of ecosystems (p.792). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts 1 *'Terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity': With a warming of 3°C, relative to 1990 levels, it is likely that global terrestrial vegetation would become a net source of carbon (Schneider et al., 2007:792). With high confidence, Schneider et al. (2007:788) concluded that a global mean temperature increase of around 4°C (above the 1990-2000 level) by 2100 would lead to major extinctions around the https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts *'Marine ecosystems and biodiversity': With very high confidence, Schneider et al. (2007:792) concluded that a warming of 2°C above 1990 levels would result in mass mortality of coral reefs globally. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts 1 *'Freshwater ecosystems': Above about a 4°C increase in global mean temperature by 2100 (relative to 1990-2000), Schneider et al. (2007:789) concluded, with high confidence, that many freshwater species would become extinct. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts Studying the association between Earth climate and extinctions over the past 520 million years, scientists from the University of York write, The global temperatures predicted for the coming centuries may trigger a new ‘mass extinction event’, where over 50 per cent of animal and plant species would be wiped out. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts 1 Many of the species at risk are Arctic and Antarctic fauna such as polar bears and Emperor Penguins https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts Warmer-than-ideal conditions result in higher metabolism and consequent reductions in body size despite increased foraging, which in turn elevates the risk of predation. Indeed, even a slight increase in temperature during development impairs growth efficiency and survival rate in rainbow trout. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts 1 Rising temperatures are beginning to have a noticeable impact on birds, and Butterfly|butterflies have shifted their ranges northward by 200km in Europe and North America. Plants lag behind, and larger animals' migration is slowed down by cities and roads. In Britain, spring butterflies are appearing an average of 6 days earlier than two decades ago. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts 1 A 2002 article in Nature surveyed the scientific literature to find recent changes in range or seasonal behaviour by plant and animal species https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts 1 Mechanistic studies have documented extinctions due to recent climate change: McLaughlin et al. documented two populations of Bay checkerspot butterfly being threatened by precipitation change. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts 1 Parmesan states, Few studies have been conducted at a scale that encompasses an entire species https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts and McLaughlin et al. agreed few mechanistic studies have linked extinctions to recent climate change. Daniel Botkin and other authors in one study believe that projected rates of extinction are overestimated. For recent extinctions, see Holocene extinction. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts Many species of freshwater and saltwater plants and animals are dependent on glacier-fed waters to ensure a cold water habitat that they have adapted to 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Impacts The white lemuroid possum, only found in the Daintree mountain forests of northern Queensland, may be the first mammal species to be driven extinct by global warming in Australia. In 2008, the White Possum has not been seen in over three years. The possums cannot survive extended temperatures over , which occurred in 2005. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Forests 1 Pine forests in British Columbia have been devastated by a pine beetle infestation, which has expanded unhindered since 1998 at least in part due to the lack of severe winters since that time; a few days of extreme cold kill most mountain pine beetles and have kept outbreaks in the past naturally contained https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Forests 1 As the northern forests are a carbon sink, while dead forests are a major carbon source, the loss of such large areas of forest has a positive feedback on global warming https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Forests 1 Besides the immediate ecological and economic impact, the huge dead forests provide a fire risk https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Forests 1 Forest fires in Indonesia have dramatically increased since 1997 as well. These fires are often actively started to clear forest for agriculture. They can set fire to the large peat bogs in the region and the CO₂released by these peat bog fires has been estimated, in an average year, to be 15% of the quantity of CO₂produced by fossil fuel combustion.BBC News: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/42 08564.stm Asian peat fires add to warming] https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Mountains 1 Mountains cover approximately 25 percent of earth's surface and provide a home to more than one-tenth of global human population. Changes in global climate pose a number of potential risks to mountain habitats. Researchers expect that over time, climate change will affect mountain and lowland ecosystems, the frequency and intensity of forest fires, the diversity of wildlife, and the distribution of https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Mountains 1 Studies suggest that a warmer climate in the United States would cause lower-elevation habitats to expand into the higher alpine zone.[http://www.epa.gov/climatecha nge/effects/downloads/potential_effe cts.pdf The Potential Effects Of Global Climate Change On The United States] Report to Congress Editors: Joel B https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Mountains 1 Changes in climate will also affect the depth of the mountains snowpacks and glaciers. Any changes in their seasonal melting can have powerful impacts on areas that rely on freshwater surface runoff|runoff from mountains. Rising temperature may cause snow to melt earlier and faster in the spring and shift the timing and distribution of runoff. These changes could affect the availability of freshwater for natural systems and human uses. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Ecological productivity *According to a paper by Smith and Hitz (2003:66), it is reasonable to assume that the relationship between increased global mean temperature and ecosystem productivity is parabola|parabolic. Higher carbon dioxide concentrations will favourably affect plant growth and demand for water. Higher temperatures could initially be favourable for plant 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Ecological productivity 1 *According to IPCC (2007:11), a global average temperature increase exceeding 1.5–2.5°C (relative to the period 1980–99), would likely have a predominantly negative impact on ecosystem goods and services, e.g., water and food supply. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Ecological productivity *Research done by the [http://pages.unibas.ch/botschoen/scc/inde x.shtml Swiss Canopy Crane Project] suggests that slow-growing trees only are stimulated in growth for a short period under higher CO2 levels, while faster growing plants like liana benefit in the long term 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Species migration 1 Climate Change European Marine Ecosystem Research (CLAMER) has also reported that the Neodenticula seminae alga has been found in the North Atlantic, where it had gone extinct nearly 800,000 years ago https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Species migration In the Siberian subarctic, species migration is contributing to another warming albedo-feedback, as needleshedding larch trees are being replaced with dark-foliage evergreen conifers which can absorb some of the solar radiation that previously reflected off the snowpack beneath the forest canopy. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Species migration Global ecologist Jon Bergengren states that when plants and animals attempt to survive by shifting their geographical ranges, as they have in past episodes of climate change, they'll be blocked by farms and cities 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Agriculture 1 Droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia. Their impacts are aggravated because of increased water demand, population growth, urban expansion, and environmental https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and ecosystems - Agriculture Climate change effects on human water demand and irrigation may intensify these effects.[http://www.fort.usgs.gov/Pro ducts/Publications/23228/23228.pdf Vulnerability of riparian ecosystems to elevated CO2 and climate change in arid and semiarid western North America] Global Change Biology (2012) vol 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change in Scotland - Biodiversity and Ecosystems 1 Past observations have indicated some of the likely effects of climate change on biodiversity. Global warming has already changed timings of spring events such as leaf unfolding, bird migration and egglaying. The population of species could change due to the speed at which they adapt. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change in Scotland - Biodiversity and Ecosystems Changes in the ranges of plant and animal species have been observed. New species may move to Scotland with the changing climate. Shifts may occur on hillsides and species that are already confined to high mountains may become extinct in Scotland. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change in Scotland - Biodiversity and Ecosystems There will be new risks to animals, plants and their habitats, including non-native pests and diseases.[http://www.scotland.gov.uk /Publications/2009/12/08130729/1 Scotland's Climate Change Adaption Framework - Biodiversity and Ecosystem Resilience], Scottish Government 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change in Scotland - Biodiversity and Ecosystems 1 When all these effects are combined with human response, such as land use change and the growth of new forests, Scotland's ecosystems could change drastically. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate change and poverty - Ecosystems and biodiversity Climate change is already transforming Ecological systems 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Invasive species - Ecosystem-based mechanisms 1 In ecosystems, the amount of available resources and the extent to which those resources are used by organisms determines the effects of additional species on the ecosystem. In stable ecosystems, equilibrium exists in the use of available resources. These mechanisms describe a situation in which the ecosystem has suffered a disturbance which changes the https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Invasive species - Ecosystem-based mechanisms 1 When changes such as a forest fire occur, normal succession favors native grasses and forbs. An introduced species that can spread faster than natives can use resources that would have been available to native species, squeezing them out. Nitrogen and phosphorus are often the limiting factors in these situations. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Invasive species - Ecosystem-based mechanisms 1 Every species occupies a Ecological niche|niche in its native ecosystem; some species fill large and varied roles, while others are highly specialized. Some invading species fill niches that are not used by native species, and they also can create new niches. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Invasive species - Ecosystem-based mechanisms 1 Ecosystem changes can alter species' distributions. For example edge effects describe what happens when part of an ecosystem is disturbed as when land is cleared for agriculture. The boundary between remaining undisturbed habitat and the newly cleared land itself forms a distinct habitat, creating new winners and losers and possibly hosting species https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Invasive species - Traits of invaded ecosystems In 1958, Charles S. Elton claimed that ecosystems with higher species diversity were less subject to invasive species because of fewer available niches. Other ecologists later pointed to highly diverse, but heavily invaded ecosystems and argued that ecosystems with high species diversity were more susceptible to invasion. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Invasive species - Traits of invaded ecosystems This debate hinged on the Scale (spatial)|spatial scale at which invasion studies were performed, and the issue of how diversity affects susceptibility remained unresolved as of 2011 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Invasive species - Traits of invaded ecosystems 1 Conversely, invaded ecosystems may lack the natural competitors and predators that check invasives' growth in their native ecosystems, a factor that affected Guam snake populations. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Invasive species - Traits of invaded ecosystems Invaded ecosystems may have experienced disturbance, typically humaninduced. Such a disturbance may give invasive species a chance to establish themselves with less competition from natives less able to adapt to a disturbed ecosystem. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Soil erosion - Sedimentation of aquatic ecosystems Soil erosion (especially from agricultural activity) is considered to be the leading global cause of diffuse water pollution, due to the effects of the excess sediments flowing into the world's waterways. The sediments themselves act as pollutants, as well as being carriers for other pollutants, such as attached pesticide molecules or heavy metals. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Soil erosion - Sedimentation of aquatic ecosystems 1 The effect of increased sediments loads on aquatic ecosystems can be catastrophic https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Soil erosion - Sedimentation of aquatic ecosystems One of the most serious and longrunning water erosion problems worldwide is in the People's Republic of China, on the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. From the Yellow River, over 1.6 billion tons of sediment flows into the ocean each year. The sediment originates primarily from water erosion in the Loess Plateau 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Stem cell controversy - Pentecostalism The Assemblies of God opposes the practice of cultivating stem cells from the tissue of aborted fetuses because it perpetuates the evil of abortion and should be prohibited. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecological sanitation - Technologies of ecosan systems Determining ecosan systems as ecological sanitation is not easy, for it is not just one specific technology, but a new approach based on an ecosystem-oriented view of material flows. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecological sanitation - Technologies of ecosan systems 1 The following diagram gives an overview of the different collection, treatment and reuse possibilities of the five flow streams considered in ecological sanitation systems: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecological sanitation - Technologies of ecosan systems Low-cost, sanitary toilets that produce valuable compost for crops in an African context or in the gtz-ecosan technical data sheets,[http://www.gtz.de/en/themen/umw elt-infrastruktur/wasser/9397.htm GTZ technical data sheets] among other relevant literature. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sustainable forest management - Ecosystem approach The Convention on Biological Diversity|CBD definition of the Ecosystem Approach and a set of principles for its application were developed at an expert meeting in Malawi in 1995, known as the Malawi Principles.[http://www.fao.org/documents/s how_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/006/Y477 3E/y4773e0e.htm Malawi Principles] The definition, 12 principles and 5 points of 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sustainable forest management - Ecosystem approach 1 It recognizes that humans, with their cultural diversity, are an integral component of many ecosystems. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sustainable forest management - Ecosystem approach 1 In Europe, the MCPFE and the Council for the Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy (PEBLDS) jointly recognized sustainable forest management to be consistent with the Ecosystem Approach in 2006. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 1 The assessment measures 24 ecosystem services concluding that only four have shown improvement over the last 50 years, fifteen are in serious decline, and five are in a stable state overall, but under threat in some parts of the world.Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, pp https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Issues The assessment makes use of thorough studies and information to call attention to its topic. It highlights four issues that revolve around the fact that ecosystem degradation is fast reaching dangerous new levels: 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Issues 1 *The past 50 years have faced far more serious change to the world's ecosystems than has ever been seen before. The process is only accelerating as humanity's need for resources grows Exponential growth|exponentially. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Issues 1 *While ecosystem services that have increased Human development (humanity)|human development have grown, there are others that have been severely damaged as a result. The damage to these services will have future repercussions. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Issues 1 *Degradation is a barrier to UNDP|UN development goals. Plans to eradicate famine and disease worldwide cannot be accomplished as expected with such environmental damage occurring. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Issues 1 *There are possible changes which could resolve many of these problems and keep development on par with demand, but there is simply not enough effort made to include such policies. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Issues 1 The assessment demanded that changes be instituted firmly and quickly. It was recognized that, as humanity has the power and ability to prevent the damages to the planet, it is also our duty to do so. One of the most important issues brought up was the effects apa of natural environment|environmental damage to the underdeveloped and poor people of the world. The report urged the nations of the world to work harder to achieve a sustainable future. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Main findings 1 1. Over the past 50 years, humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than in any comparable period of time in human history, largely to meet rapidly growing demands for food, fresh water, timber, fiber and fuel. This has resulted in a substantial and largely irreversible loss in the diversity of life on Earth. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Main findings 1 2. The changes that have been made to ecosystems have contributed to substantial net gains in human well-being and economic development, but these gains have been achieved at growing costs in the form of: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Main findings * the exacerbation of poverty for some groups of people. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Main findings 1 These problems, unless addressed, will substantially diminish the benefits that future generations obtain from ecosystems. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Main findings 1 3. The degradation of ecosystem services could grow significantly worse during the first half of this century and is a barrier to reducing global poverty and achieving the [http://www.developmentgoals.org/ Millennium Development Goals]. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Main findings 4. The challenge of reversing the degradation of ecosystem while meeting increasing demands for ecological services can be partially met under some scenarios considered by the MA, but will involve significant changes in policies, institutions and practices that are not currently under way. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Main findings 1 At the same time, the assessment shows that with appropriate actions it is possible to reverse the degradation of many ecosystem services over the next 50 years, but the changes in policy and practice required are substantial and not currently underway. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - Spinoff projects 1 Twenty-nine subglobal assessments were planned to accompany the Millennium Assessment. They range from examinations of the Stockholm urban region to the coastal, small island, and coral reef ecosystems of Papua New Guinea; to people and the environment in the Philippines; to the downstream Mekong River wetlands ecosystem in Vietnam. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sustainable fishery - Changing the ecosystem balance * [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/envi ronment/article6256445.ece How we are emptying our seas] The Sunday Times, May 10, 2009. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sustainable fishery - Changing the ecosystem balance 1 * Daniel Pauly|Pauly, Daniel (2004) [http://www.seaaroundus.org/DPkey note.pdf Reconciling Fisheries with Conservation: the Challenge of Managing Aquatic Ecosystems] Fourth World Fisheries Congress, Vancouver, 2004. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sustainable fishery - Ecosystem based fisheries 1 Fishing, however, is not the sole cause of changes to marine lifemdash;Marine pollution|pollution is another example....No one factor operates in isolation and components of the ecosystem respond differently to each individual factor. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sustainable fishery - Ecosystem based fisheries University of Liverpool (2006). [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/200 6/02/060216233254.htm Marine Ecologists To Help Rebuild Decreasing Fish Stocks] 'ScienceDaily'. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sustainable fishery - Ecosystem based fisheries 1 The traditional approach to fisheries science and management has been to focus on a single species. This can be contrasted with the Ecosystem Approach|ecosystem-based approach. Ecosystem-based fishery concepts have been implemented in some regions. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sustainable fishery - Ecosystem based fisheries 1 Villy Christensen|Christensen, Villy (2004) [http://www.seaaroundus.org/4WFC/ ECOSYSTEMMODELING.PDF Using ecosystem modeling for fisheries management and marine ecosystem conservation: Where are we?] Fourth World Fisheries Congress, Vancouver, 2004. In a 2007 effort to stimulate much needed discussion and clarify https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Sustainable fishery - Ecosystem based fisheries Francis RC, Hixon MA, Clarke ME, Murawski SA, and Ralston S (2007) [http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ncs/newsa rch/2007/Feb07/commandments.html Ten commandments for ecosystembased fisheries scientists] Proceedings of Coastal Zone 07, Portland, Oregon. [http://www.csc.noaa.gov/cz/2007/Coast al_Zone_07_Proceedings/PDFs/Tuesda y_Abstracts/0000.Hixon.pdf Download] 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Parasite - Roles in ecosystems Modifying the behavior of infected hosts, to make transmission to other hosts more likely to occur, is one way parasites can affect the structure of ecosystems. For example, in the case of Euhaplorchis californiensis (discussed above) it is plausible that the local Predation|predator and prey species might be different if this parasite were absent from the system. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Parasite - Roles in ecosystems 1 Although parasites are often omitted in depictions of food webs, they usually occupy the top position. Parasites can function like keystone species, reducing the dominance of superior competitors and allowing competing species to co-exist. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Parasite - Roles in ecosystems 1 Many parasites require multiple hosts of the different species to complete their life cycles and rely on predatorprey or other stable ecological interactions to get from one host to another. In this sense, the parasites in an ecosystem reflect the health of that system. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nature - Ecosystems 1 Ecosystems are composed of a variety of abiotic and Biotic component|biotic components that function in an interrelated way. The structure and composition is determined by various environmental factors that are interrelated. Variations of these factors will initiate dynamic modifications to the ecosystem. Some of the more important components are: soil, atmosphere, radiation from the sun, water, and living organisms. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nature - Ecosystems The human ecosystem concept is grounded in the deconstruction of the human/nature dichotomy and the premise that all species are ecologically integrated with each other, as well as with the abiotic constituents of their biotope. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nature - Ecosystems A smaller unit of size is called a microecosystem. For example, a microsystem can be a stone and all the life under it. A macroecosystem might involve a whole ecoregion, with its drainage basin. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecology - Ecosystem ecology A more recent addition to ecosystem ecology are technoecosystems, which are affected by or primarily the result of human activity. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html River - Ecosystem 1 The basic idea is that the river can be described as a system that is continuously changing along its length in the physical parameters, the availability of food particles and the composition of the ecosystem https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html River - Ecosystem 1 In rivers Ecological succession|succession is virtually absent and the composition of the ecosystem stays fixed in time. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Environmental protection - Ecosystems approach 1 An ecosystems approach to resource management and environmental protection aims to consider the complex interrelationships of an entire ecosystem in decision making rather than simply responding to specific issues and challenges https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human ecology - Ecosystem services 1 These ecological health services are regularly depleted through urban development projects that do not factor in the common-pool value of ecosystems. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human ecology - Ecosystem services 1 The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, an international UN initiative involving more than 1,360 experts worldwide, identifies four main ecosystem service types having 30 sub-categories stemming from natural capital https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Overfishing - Ecosystem overfishing 1 Ecosystem overfishing occurs when the balance of the ecosystem is altered by overfishing. With declines in the abundance of large predatory species, the abundance of small Forage fish|forage type increases causing a shift in the balance of the ecosystem towards smaller fish species. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems 400 (although some scientists say that the entire planet is an ecosystem).Willis (1997), p 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems 1 The energy that flows through ecosystems is obtained primarily from the sun https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems 1 Although humans exist and operate within ecosystems, their cumulative effects are large enough to influence external factors like climate. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems 1 Classifying ecosystems into ecologically homogeneous units is an important step towards effective ecosystem management, but there is no single, agreed-upon way to do this. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - History and development defined the spatial extent of ecosystems using the term ecotope. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - History and development Odum, further developed a systems approach to the study of ecosystems, allowing them to study the flow of energy and material through ecological systems. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Ecosystem processes 1 Energy and carbon enter ecosystems through photosynthesis, are incorporated into living tissue, transferred to other organisms that feed on the living and dead plant matter, and eventually released through respiration.Chapin et al. (2002), pp. 123–150 Most mineral nutrients, on the other hand, are recycled within ecosystems.Chapin et https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Ecosystem processes This may be the difference between the ecosystem present in wetland situated in a small depression on the landscape, and one present on an adjacent steep hillside. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Ecosystem processes The introduced species|introduction of non-native species can cause substantial shifts in ecosystem function. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Ecosystem processes 1 Although humans exist and operate within ecosystems, their cumulative effects are large enough to influence external factors like climate. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Primary production Primary production is the production of organic matter from inorganic carbon sources. Overwhelmingly, this occurs through photosynthesis. The energy incorporated through this process supports life on earth, while the carbon makes up much of the organic matter in living and dead biomass, soil carbon and fossil fuels. It also drives the carbon cycle, which influences global climate via the 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Primary production 1 The photosynthesis carried out by all the plants in an ecosystem is called the gross primary production (GPP).Chapin et al https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Energy flow 1 'Left:' Energy flow diagram of a frog https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Energy flow 1 In aquatic ecosystem|aquatic systems, the proportion of plant biomass that gets consumed by herbivores is much higher.Chapin et al https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Energy flow 1 In trophic systems photosynthetic organisms are the primary producers https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Decomposition 1 In the absence of decomposition, dead organic matter would accumulate in an ecosystem and nutrients and atmospheric carbon dioxide would be depleted.Chapin et al https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Decomposition 1 These are then taken up by organisms in the soil, react with mineral soil, or are transported beyond the confines of the ecosystem (and are considered lost to it) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Decomposition 1 Fragmentation processes break organic material into smaller pieces, exposing new surfaces for colonization by microbes https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Decomposition The chemical alteration of dead organic matter is primarily achieved through bacterial and fungal action 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Decomposition 1 Decomposition rates vary among ecosystems https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Decomposition 1 Decomposition rates are low under very wet or very dry conditions https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Decomposition The quality and quantity of the material available to decomposers is another major factor that influences the rate of decomposition 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Nutrient cycling 1 Ecosystems continually exchange energy and carbon with the wider environment (systems)|environment; mineral nutrients, on the other hand, are mostly cycled back and forth between plants, animals, microbes and the soil. Most nitrogen enters ecosystems through biological nitrogen fixation, is deposited through precipitation, dust, gases or is applied as fertilizer. Since most terrestrial ecosystems are nitrogen-limited, nitrogen cycling is an important control on ecosystem production. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Nutrient cycling 1 Anthropogenic nitrogen inputs account for about 80% of all nitrogen fluxes in ecosystems. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Nutrient cycling 1 When plant tissues are shed or are eaten, the nitrogen in those tissues becomes available to animals and microbes https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Nutrient cycling 1 Although magnesium and manganese are produced by weathering, exchanges between soil organic matter and living cells account for a significant portion of ecosystem fluxes https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Function and biodiversity 1 265–277 Biodiversity plays an important role in ecosystem functioning.Schulze et al https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Function and biodiversity 1 Keystone species tend to have an effect on ecosystem function that is disproportionate to their abundance in an ecosystem. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Ecosystem goods and services 1 While Gretchen Daily's original definition distinguished between ecosystem goods and ecosystem services, Robert Costanza and colleagues' later work and that of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment lumped all of these together as ecosystem services. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Ecosystem management 362–365 while Norman Christensen and coauthors defined it as management driven by explicit goals, executed by policies, protocols, and practices, and made adaptable by monitoring and research based on our best understanding of the ecological interactions and processes necessary to sustain ecosystem structure and function and Peter Brussard and 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Ecosystem management While ecosystem management can be used as part of a plan for wilderness conservation, it can also be used in intensively managed ecosystems (see, for example, agroecosystem and close to nature forestry). 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Ecosystem dynamics 1 281–304 When an ecosystem is subject to some sort of perturbation (biology)|perturbation, it responds by moving away from its initial state https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Ecosystem dynamics Longer-term changes also shape ecosystem processes—the forests of eastern North America still show legacies of cultivation which ceased 200 years ago, while methane production in eastern Siberian lakes is controlled by organic matter which accumulated during the Pleistocene. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Ecosystem dynamics 1 Disturbance is followed by ecological succession|succession, a directional change in ecosystem structure and functioning resulting from biotically driven changes in resources supply. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Ecosystem dynamics 1 Ecosystems recover more quickly from less severe disturbance events. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Ecosystem dynamics 1 The early stages of primary succession are dominated by species with small propagules (seed and spores) which can be dispersed long distances https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Ecosystem dynamics Drawing on this methodology and prior observations of complex ecosystems, Ulanowicz depicts approaches to determining the stress levels on ecosystems and predicting system reactions to defined types of alteration in their settings (such as increased or reduced energy flow, and eutrophication.Robert Ulanowicz (1997) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Ecosystem ecology 1 Ecosystem ecology studies the flow of energy and materials through organisms and the physical environment. It seeks to understand the processes which govern the stocks of material and energy in ecosystems, and the flow of matter and energy through them. The study of ecosystems can cover 10 order of magnitude|orders of magnitude, from the surface layers of rocks to the surface of https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Ecosystem ecology Philosopher of science Mark Sagoff considers the failure to define the kind of object it studies to be an obstacle to the development of theory in ecosystem ecology. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Ecosystem ecology 1 Carpenter has argued that microcosm experiments can be irrelevant and diversionary if they are not carried out in conjunction with field studies carried out at the ecosystem scale, because microcosm experiments often fail to accurately predict ecosystem-level dynamics. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Ecosystem ecology The study used stream chemistry as a means of monitoring ecosystem properties, and developed a detailed biogeochemistry|biogeochemical model of the ecosystem 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Classification of Ecosystems American geographer Robert Bailey (geographer)|Robert Bailey defines a hierarchy of ecosystem units ranging from microecosystems (individual homogeneous sites, on the order of in area), through mesoecosystems (landscape ecology|landscape mosaics, on the order of ) to macroecosystems (ecoregions, on the order of ).Bailey (2009), Chapter 2, pp 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Classification of Ecosystems 1 29–40 In contrast with Bailey's methodology, Puerto Rico ecologist Ariel Lugo and coauthors identified ten characteristics of an effective classification system: that it be based on georeferenced, quantitative data; that it should minimize subjectivity and explicitly identify criteria and assumptions; that it should be structured around the factors that drive ecosystem processes; that it should reflect the hierarchical nature of ecosystems; that it should be flexible enough to conform to the various scales at which ecosystem management operates; that it should be tied to reliable measures of climate so that it can anticipat[e] global climate change; that it be applicable worldwide; that it should be validated against independent data; that it take into account the sometimes complex relationship between climate, vegetation and ecosystem functioning; and that it should be able to adapt and improve as new data become available. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Types of ecosystems 1 * Aquatic ecosystem https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystems - Types of ecosystems ** Subsurface lithoautotrophic microbial ecosystem 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Payment for ecosystem services 1 'Payments for ecosystem services' (PES), also known as 'payments for environmental services (or benefits)', are incentives offered to farmers or landowners in exchange for managing their land to provide some sort of ecological service https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Payment for ecosystem services 1 The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital.] https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Payment for ecosystem services 1 The providers of the ecosystem services can be expected to be willing to accept a payment that is greater than the cost of providing the services. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Payment for ecosystem services - Organizations and motives for incentivizing production of ecosystem services 1 Though the goal of all PES programs is the procurement of some sort of ecosystem service, the reasons why organizations or governments would incentivize the production of these services are diverse https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Payment for ecosystem services - Organizations and motives for incentivizing production of ecosystem services In 2000, the Chinese central government announced an even more expensive project under its $43 billion Grains for Green program, by which it offers farmers grain in exchange for not clearing forested slopes for farming, thereby reducing erosion and saving the streams and rivers below from the associated deluge of sedimentation 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Payment for ecosystem services - Additional examples 1 In Jesús de Otoro, Honduras, the Cumes River is the town’s main source of clean water https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Payment for ecosystem services - Additional examples In Jamestown, Rhode Island, United States, farmers usually harvest the hay in their fields twice a year 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Payment for ecosystem services - Additional examples 1 The Scolel Té program in Chiapas, Mexico, aims to create a market for positive externalities of shade-grown coffee plantations https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Payment for ecosystem services - Additional examples Pico Bonito Forests, near La Ceiba, Honduras, is a mission-driven, forprofit venture between the Pico Bonito National Park Foundation and the EcoLogic Development Fund 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Payment for ecosystem services - Additional examples London: Overseas Development Institute The Costa Rican government implemented laws to ensure that a new concept could become a part of their market place: the idea that market incentives can be implemented to protect natural resources, because ecosystem services have inherent value 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html LabVIEW - Ecosystem 1 Due to the longevity and popularity of the LabVIEW language, and the ability for users to extend the functionality, a large ecosystem of 3rd party add-ons has developed through contributions from the community. This ecosystem is available on the LabVIEW Tools Network, and is a marketplace for both free and paid LabVIEW add-ons. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Littoral zone - In freshwater ecosystems In freshwater situations, littoral zones occur on the edge of large lakes and rivers, often with extensive areas of wetland. Hence, they are sometimes referred to as fringing wetlands. Here, the effects of tides are minimal, so other definitions of littoral are used. For example, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources defines littoral as that portion of the lake that is less than 15foot 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Littoral zone - In freshwater ecosystems 1 The littoral zone may form a narrow or broad fringing wetland, with extensive areas of aquatic plants sorted by their tolerance to different water depths https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Littoral zone - In freshwater ecosystems 1 Littoral zones are at particular risk for two reasons https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Next Unit of Computing - Reception and ecosystem 1 The NUC was seen by some reviewers as Intel's response (or adoption) of the Apple Mac Mini format, although it is actually smaller, physically. Given its kit nature, other reviewers have seen it as a more powerful Raspberry Pi, particularly since the NUC boards could be bought without a case. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Next Unit of Computing - Reception and ecosystem 1 Although some 3rd generation NUCs come with an internal SATA connector (including SATA power), reviewers remarked that there is no room inside the (Intel) case even for a 2.5 drive. Some larger 3rd party cases have appeared that can fit such drives. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Next Unit of Computing - Reception and ecosystem 1 The Intel case is actively cooled with a fan. Silent PC Review note that “The original Intel NUC had the distinction of being the quietest fan-cooled minicomputer we've come across. The NUC D54250WYK [Haswell-based], with the same cooling system, sounds exactly the same. In normal use, you can't hear the fan until your ear is inches from the unit.” Nevertheless, passively cooled https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Next Unit of Computing - Reception and ecosystem Larger and/or metallic third-party cases provide lower operating temperatures as well. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Next Unit of Computing - Reception and ecosystem 1 A review by The Tech Report of the preproduction 2012-vintage NUC found that the NUC would seize up after a few gigabytes were transferred over wireless, and that the problem could be alleviated by better cooling of the NUC case. Intel later increased the default fan speed for production machines. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Next Unit of Computing - Reception and ecosystem Regarding power consumption, in their review of the the D54250WYK with a Haswell i5-4250, Silent PC Review concluded that An idle power level of just 6W and typical use power barely into two digits is very impressive in one sense; in another sense, it's what you find in current Ultrabooks using similar components. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Next Unit of Computing - Reception and ecosystem 1 Other companies have subsequently adopted a form factor similar, but not identical, to Intel's NUC. For example, Gigabyte Technology launched their BRIX series, which attempts to differentiate itself using more powerful components, up to the [http://ark.intel.com/products/76642 /Intel-Core-i7-4770R-Processor-6MCache-up-to-3_90-GHz i7-4770R] processor, which embeds Intel Iris Pro Graphics. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Allwinner Technology - Allwinner Processor Ecosystem 1 As a leading chipset vendor, Allwinner Technology cooperates with around ten IDHs based in Shenzhen, who develops solutions based on Allwinner processors. They are iNet Technology, Worldchip Digital Technology, Sochip Technology, Topwise Communication, ChipHD Technology, Highcharacter Science and Technology, WITS Technology, Ococci Technology, Next https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Allwinner Technology - Allwinner Processor Ecosystem Not only in the white-box market, Allwinner processors can also be found in many brand products, including MSI, ZTE, Skyworth, MeLE, Polaroid, Macromax,Archos,Texet, Onda, Ramos, Teclast, Ployer, Readboy, Noah, RF, Bmorn, Apical, etc. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Upwelling - Threats to upwelling ecosystems 1 It is possible that the ecosystem may be restored over time, but not all species can recover from events such as these https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Upwelling - Threats to upwelling ecosystems Since these fish form the crux of the entire trophic process of upwelling ecosystems, they are highly represented throughout the ecosystem (even if there is only one species present) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Upwelling - Threats to upwelling ecosystems 1 If the species diversity is decreased significantly, this could cause problems for the species in an environment that is so variable and quick-changing; they may not be able to adapt, which could result in a collapse of the population or ecosystem. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Upwelling - Threats to upwelling ecosystems 1 Without these nutrients, the rest of the trophic pyramid cannot be sustained, and the rich upwelling ecosystem will collapse.Rasmussen EM, Carpenter TH https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pelagic zone - Pelagic ecosystem The pelagic ecosystem is based on the phytoplankton which occupy the start of the foodchain 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ford Ecostar The Ford 'Ecostar' was an experimental electric car in the form of a small delivery van. A sodiumsulfur battery in the floor of the cargo area stored power for a electric motor under the front hood. The Ecostar introduced the road-and-leaf logo now used on a number of Ford products. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ford Ecostar Just over 100 Ecostars were produced, and used in fleet tests between 1992 and 1996 with over driven. The Ecostar averaged on a full charge, and demonstrated miles range in one test. However, on several occasions the battery burst into flame during recharging. For this, and several other reasons, Ford lost interest in the sodium-sulfur battery and turned to fuel cell concepts instead. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ford Ecostar The product niche appeared to be a useful one and has led to a number of similar designs. The Citroën Berlingo électrique was almost identical in looks, performance and range. Ford is re-entering the market as well, with an electric version of the Transit Connect. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ford Ecostar - History 1 Ford developed the sodium-sulfur battery technology in 1965,[http://media.ford.com/article_display .cfm?article_id=14300 Today in Ford History--Feb. 3], reprint of a 1992 article but had not developed it commercially. Development was later picked up in Europe. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ford Ecostar - History 1 The Ecostar was introduced as a purely experimental effort, to help develop all aspects of electric vehicle design from engineering to supplier development to market development https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ford Ecostar - History 1 A total of 80 to 105 production-prototype sulfur-powered Ecostars were hand-built starting in 1993, and used in fleet trials with a number of customers starting the next year.Seth Leitman and Bob Brant, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=jf4jrFJtH 7cCpg=PA62 Build Your Own Electric Vehicle], McGraw-Hill, 2008, pg https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ford Ecostar - History 1 Throughout the tests there were problems with the system, including two vehicles that burst into flame while charging.[http://articles.chicagotribune.co m/1994-0606/business/9406060018_1_ecostarsodium-sulfur-battery-30-month-evaluation Ford Unplugs Electric Vans After 2 Fires], Chicago Tribune (Bloomberg Network News), 6 June 1994 The sulfur in the https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ford Ecostar - History In late 1997, Ford announced a partnership with Daimler-Benz and Ballard Power Systems to introduce car-ready fuel cells,Donald Nauss, [http://articles.latimes.com/1997/dec/16/ne ws/mn-64565 Ford Investing $420 Million for Fuel-Cell-Powered Auto], Los Angeles Times, 16 December 1997 and their experiments with the sodium-sulfur batteries ended. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ford Ecostar - Description 1 The Ecostar's chassis was based on the Escort Van produced by Ford's Halewood Body Assembly factory outside Liverpool. This was essentially a European Ford_Escort_(Europe)#Ford Escort Mark V (1990–1992)|Escort Mk V with a raised cargo area forming a 2-door panel van. Fully equipped, it weighed . https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ford Ecostar - Description 1 A significant portion of that weight was its sodium-sulfur battery, which stored 37kWh. Using the Federal Urban Driving Schedule, this gave the Ecostar a range of . The sodium-sulfur technology was invented by Ford in the 1960s, but the battery for the Ecostar was built by ABB Group in Heidelberg, Germany. In order for the battery to work, it had to be maintained at a temperature of , which keeps the https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ford Ecostar - Description To avoid heat loss, and to insulate the cabin from its heat, the battery was stored inside a double-walled stainless steel vacuum bottle. This allowed it to stay warm overnight, and keep its temperature constant even during cold weather, when traditional batteries are less responsive. The container was mounted below the floor plan of the cargo area, which gave the vehicle a low center of gravity that give 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ford Ecostar - Description The battery powered a three-phase electric motor located under the hood in the area normally used for the gasoline engine. The motor delivered only 75hp, low for a vehicle of this size, but up to 143foot-pounds of torque, numbers typical of a much more powerful gasoline engine. This was better torque than the Ford Escort GT, for instance, whose 1.8 litre four- 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ford Ecostar - Description One drawback of the sodium-sulfur battery is its relatively slow discharge rates, which limited the amount of power that could be drawn from the battery during acceleration. Drivers described it as sedate, while Ford estimated its 0-60mph (0-100km/h) acceleration at about 16.5seconds. While slow by car standards, this is similar to other small European 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ford Ecostar - Description While cruising the motor used only 8kW to maintain speed,Ronald Jurgen, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=MpS NZCOSy6MCpg=SA33-PA21 Automotive Electronics Handbook], pg 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Value network - Business web and ecosystem development 1 Resource deployment, delivery, market innovation, knowledge sharing, and time-to-market advantage are dependent on the quality, coherence, and vitality of the relevant value networks, business webs and business ecosystems.Tapscott, D., Ticol, D., Lowy, A. Digital Capital, Harnessing the Power of Business Webs. Harvard Business School Press. May 2000 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Tropics - Tropical ecosystems 1 Some examples of important biodiversity and/or high endemism ecosystems are: El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico, Costa Rican and Nicaraguan rainforests, Brazilian and Venezuelan Amazon Rainforest territories, Madagascar dry deciduous forests, Waterberg Biosphere of South Africa and eastern Madagascar rainforests https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Tropics - Tropical ecosystems 1 In biogeography, the tropics are divided into Paleotropics (Africa, Asia and Australia) and Neotropics (Caribbean, Central America, and South America). Together, they are sometimes referred to as the Pantropic. The Neotropical region should not be confused with the ecozone of the same name; in the Old World, there is no such ambiguity, as the Paleotropics correspond to the Afrotropical, Indomalayan, and partly the Australasian and Oceanic ecozones. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human ecosystem 'Human ecosystems' are complex system|complex cybernetic systems that are increasingly being used by ecological anthropologists and other scholars to examine the ecological aspects of human communities in a way that integrates multiple factors as economics, socio-political organization, psychological factors, and physical factors related to the 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human ecosystem - Further reading * Basso, Keith 1996 “Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language among the Western Apache.” Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human ecosystem - Further reading * Douglas, Mary 1999 “Implicit Meanings: Selected Essays in Anthropology.” London and New York: Routledge, Taylor Francis Group. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Human ecosystem - Further reading 1 * Nadasdy, Paul 2003 “Hunters and Bureaucrats: Power, Knowledge, and Aboriginal-State Relations in the Southwest Yukon.” Vancouver and Toronto: UBC Press. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Rich Communication Services - Ecosystem accreditation Accreditation is currently available to mobile network operators, hosted solution providers, RCS client manufacturers, RCS secondary client manufacturers, and API-based RCS products. The list of currently accredited operators and products, including details of their level of accreditation (e.g. provisional or full, joyn Hot Fixes or joyn Blackbird), is maintained on the GSMA website http://www.gsma.com/futurecommunicatio ns/rcs/interoperability-andtesting/accreditation/. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nematode - Soil ecosystems 1 90 percent of nematodes reside in the top 15cm of soil. Nematodes do not decompose organic matter, but, instead, are parasitic and free-living organisms that feed on living material. Nematodes can effectively regulate bacterial population and community composition - they may eat up to 5,000 bacteria per minute. Also, Nematodes can play an important role in the Nitrogen cycle by way of nitrogen https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem 1 NEPs face high pressure from old new rivals and a stronger, more consolidated customer base. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem - Growing importance Application software|software applications has led to the entry of new players: IT solution providers like System integrators and other ISVs. (For some NEPs, SIs are being considered as competitors for selected network services i.e. application, services and control layers of the network) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem 1 - In the area of managed and hosted services, NEPs are likely to face competition from new players like Google due to lower entry barriers https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem 1 'Bargaining Power of Suppliers:' https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem - Increasing standardization and commoditization of network components leads to more competition among component suppliers, thus lowering their bargaining position. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem 1 - Overcapacities have led to lower bargaining power of Semiconductor suppliers https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem - As more standardized networks components are expected to be used for NGNs, a shift in the current supplier structure may balance the bargaining between suppliers and NEPs 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem 1 - Consolidation among communication service providers due to convergence leads to greater dependence on a few large clients, which means higher bargaining strength of customers https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem 1 - Due to pressures on their profitability, service providers are increasingly looking at lowering their operating costs and capital expenditures (lowering cost per subscriber), and this is putting pressures on NEPs margins. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem 1 - Enterprises increasingly demand end-to-end principle|end-to-end solutions through a single vendor for their Unified Communication needs https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem 'Threat of Substitution:' 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Network Equipment Provider - Power balance in the NEP ecosystem 1 - Increasing use of standardized network components (COTS) compared to more proprietary equipment https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Consultative Status - ECOSOC Roster 1 The primary form of Roster Status, for NGOs with a focus on one or two of the areas of competence of ECOSOC. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Cloudera - Ecosystem Technology, software, and services providers for the Cloudera distribution of Apache Hadoop include: 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Cloudera - Ecosystem 1 *Ubuntu (Operating System)|Ubuntu https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Cloudera - Ecosystem 1 *Zuna Infotech https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Btrieve - Pervasive PSQL Ecosystem 1 Pervasive now offers a number of add-on products which extend the basic features of the PSQL DBMS. The latest versions of each of the products, AuditMaster v7, Backup Agent v3, and DataExchange v4, were released in December 2010. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Btrieve - Pervasive PSQL Ecosystem 1 *Pervasive AuditMaster provides real-time auditing of all database interactions, whether Btrieve or SQL. Logs of data events can be queried to track changes to sensitive data. Alerts can also be created to notify the appropriate personnel or launch the associated process. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Btrieve - Pervasive PSQL Ecosystem *Pervasive Backup Agent manages PSQL's continuous operations mode and allows backup software to reliably copy online databases. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Btrieve - Pervasive PSQL Ecosystem 1 *Pervasive DataExchange provides data synchronization and replication between two or more PSQL engines, ensuring that critical data is always available. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html HP3000 - HP's exit from the 3000 ecosystem After the enterprise computing market shifted toward commodity Unix systems from a wide range of vendors—systems which HP had also been promoting—in November 2001 Hewlett-Packard announced that a period it called the end-of-life (product)|end-of-life for the HP 3000 would wrap up at the end of 2006, and that no new systems would be sold by 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Howard T. Odum - Ecosystem simulation 1 In this vein, Odum can be understood as extending the analogical models|dynamical analogies which establish the analogies between electrical, mechanical, acoustical, magnetic and electronic systems, to include ecological systems.Odum stated: In trying to solve the ecosystem, one compares it to an electrical system, for which the synthetic knowledge is much greater, and also one https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Howard T. Odum - Ecosystem simulation Odum used an analog of electrical energy networks to model the energy flow pathways of ecosystems.(Golley, p 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Howard T. Odum - Ecosystem simulation Electron flow in the electrical network represented the flow of material (e.g. carbon) in the ecosystem, charge in a capacitor was analogous to storage of a material, and the model was scaled to the ecosystem of interest by adjusting the size of electrical component.Kangas 2004, p.102. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Howard T. Odum - Ecosystem ecology and systems ecology 1 Hagen, the maximum power principle, and the stability principle could be easily translated into the language of homeostasis and cybernetics systems.(Hagen 1992, pp.130, 131) Hagen claims that the feedback loops in ecosystems, were, for Odum, analogous to the kinds of feedback loops diagrammed in electronic circuits and cybernetic systems (Ibid.) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html International Risk Governance Council - United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) granted Special Consultative Status to IRGC On July 27, 2012, the ECOSOC granted Special Consultative status to IRGC. The Consultative status enables IRGC to actively engage with ECOSOC and its subsidiary bodies, as well as with the United Nations Secretariat, programmes, funds and agencies, including opportunities to consult with Member States and the United Nations system at large. Consultative status also enables the Council or one of its bodies to seek expert information or advice from IRGC on a subject matter relevant to IRGC’s work. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Jolla - Ecosystem 1 The first element of the ecosystem is the Jolla Harbour, which is devoted for submitting and managing applications at the Jolla Store. Consumers are able to install available software directly from their Jolla smartphones. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Jolla - Ecosystem 1 Software can be submitted on a free basis, utilizing either the Sailfish OS or Android OS applications. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Jolla - Ecosystem 1 Currently, the Jolla Harbour and Jolla Store support only free applications. Future plans are to develop payment processing capabilities. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Jolla - Ecosystem For developers and software enthusiasts, sailfish.org collects and publishes here an online compendium of knowledge, links and instructions on: 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Jolla - Ecosystem * guides on how to port MeeGo 1.2 Harmattan applications for both the Nokia N9 and the Sailfish operating system. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Jolla - Ecosystem * application porting tutorials and examples (QtQuick QML applications, the Flickr application Qt 5, SDL / OpenGL ES applications) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Jolla - Ecosystem 1 * Qt Quick Components map to Sailfish Silica https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Protestant - Pentecostalism 1 Pentecostalism swept through much of the Holiness movement, and eventually spawned hundreds of new denominations in the United States https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Bishop - Pentecostal Church of God 1 In 2002, the general convention of the Pentecostal Church of God came to a consensus to change the title of their overseer from General Superintendent to Bishop. The change was brought on because internationally, the term Bishop is more commonly related to religious leaders than the previous title. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Bishop - Pentecostal Church of God The title Bishop is used for both the General (International leader) and the district (state) leaders. The title is sometimes used in conjunction with the previous thus becoming General (District) Superintendent/Bishop. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Knowledge ecosystem 1 The idea of a 'knowledge ecosystem' is an approach to knowledge management which claims to foster the dynamic evolution of knowledge interactions between entities to improve DecisionMaking|decision-making and innovation through improved evolutionary networks of collaboration. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Knowledge ecosystem Paul Shrivastava (1998) [ http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/shrivast/K nowledgeEcology.html Knowledge Ecology: Knowledge Ecosystems for Business Education and Training] 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Knowledge ecosystem [ http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.c fm?abstract_id=984600 Knowledge Ecosystems: A Theoretical Lens for Organizations Confronting Hyperturbulent Environments] 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Knowledge ecosystem 1 In contrast to purely directive management efforts that attempt either to manage or direct outcomes, knowledge ecosystems espouse that knowledge strategy|strategies should focus more on enabling self-organization in response to changing environments. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Knowledge ecosystem 1 Jae-Suk Yang, Seungbyung Chae, Wooseop Kwak, Sun-Bin Kim, and In-mook Kim (2009). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Knowledge ecosystem 1 The suitability between knowledge and problems confronted defines the degree of fitness of a knowledge ecosystem. Articles discussing such ecological approaches typically incorporate elements of complex adaptive systems theory. Known implementation considerations of knowledge ecosystem include the Canadian Government. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Knowledge ecosystem William F. Birdsall et al. (2005). [ http://www.carlabrc.ca/projects/kdstudy/public_htm l/2005/chapter7.pdf Chapter 7: Towards an Integrated Knowledge Ecosystem: A Research Strategy] 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Knowledge ecosystem 1 in Towards an Integrated Knowledge Ecosystem: A Canadian Research Strategy, A Report Submitted to the Canadian Association of Research Libraries https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Knowledge ecosystem - Key Elements 1 Multiple layers and levels of systems may be integrated to form a complete ecosystem https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Knowledge ecosystem - Key Elements Paul Shrivastava. [ http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/shr ivast/KnowledgeEcology.html Knowledge Ecology: Knowledge Ecosystems for Business Education and Training]. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Knowledge ecosystem - Key Elements 1 Homa Bahrami,J. Stuart Evans (2005). [ http://www.springerlink.com/content/j6478 760q7066588/ The Research Laboratory: Silicon Valley's Knowledge Ecosystem], in [ http://books.google.com/books?id=OlFUP UIcHoMC Super-Flexibility for Knowledge Enterprises]. Springer https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Knowledge ecosystem - Key Elements Manzalini, A. Stavdas, A. (2008). [ http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeab s_all.jsp?arnumber=4545635 A Service and Knowledge Ecosystem for Telco3.0-Web3.0 Applications] 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Knowledge ecosystem - Key Elements 1 Communications between computers and among humans permit knowledge ecosystems to be interactive and responsive within the wider community and within its subsystems. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Knowledge ecosystem - Key Elements 1 Bray, David A., Croxson, Karen, Dutton, William H. and Konsynski, Benn, Sermo (2008). [ http://ssrn.com/abstract=1016483 Sermo: A Community-Based, Knowledge Ecosystem]. Oll Distributed Problem-Solving Networks Conference, February 2008 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Knowledge ecosystem - Key Elements 1 Organizational knowledge resides in a complex network of individuals, systems and procedures both inside and outside the organization. This network is established in the form of social and technological relationships. The relationships reflect vital interests and mutual histories. The elements of the network are dependent on each other for https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Knowledge ecosystem - Key Elements Shrivastava, Paul (1998). [ http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/cus tom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_ nfpb=true_ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_ 0=ED427735ERICExtSearch_SearchType _0=noaccno=ED427735 Implementing Socrates Knowledge Management System for Education and Training] 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Knowledge ecosystem - Key Elements In the case of business education knowledge ecosystem these engines and agents include, researchers, faculty or trainers, WWW information resources, corporate and industry data bases, and software systems for accomplishing specific strategic tasks. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Knowledge ecosystem - Key Elements 1 Organizational knowledge is converted into economic value through processes that involve action https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pacifism - Pentecostal churches The major organisation for Pentecostal Christians who believe in pacifism is the PCPF, the Pentecostal Charismatic Peace Fellowship. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pacifism - Pentecostal churches The United Pentecostal Church, the largest Apostolic/Oneness Pentecostalism|Oneness denomination, takes an official stand of conscientious objection: its Articles of Faith read, We are constrained to declare against participating in combatant service in war, armed insurrection.. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Doctor of the Church - Pentecostalism It is common to find ministers from the Pentecostalism|Pentecostal, Baptist and Non-denominational church|Independent churches with the honorary title Doctor conferred upon them by their church seminaries. Some ministers may also be referred to as Doctor in their churches in recognition of their academic degree from their seminary. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Environmental stewardship - Resilience-based ecosystem stewardship 1 Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Entrepreneurship ecosystem The 'Entrepreneurship Ecosystem' refers to the elements – individuals, organizations or institutions – outside the individual entrepreneur that are conducive to, or inhibitive of, the choice of a person to become an entrepreneur, or the probabilities of his or her success following launch 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Entrepreneurship ecosystem Similarly, the formation of these ecosystems suggests that governments or societal leaders who want to foster more entrepreneurship as part of economic policy must strengthen several such elements simultaneously. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Entrepreneurship ecosystem 1 This network is described as the entrepreneurship ecosystem https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Entrepreneurship ecosystem * Is tailored around its own unique environment – it does not seek to be something it isn’t, like the “next Silicon Valley” 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Entrepreneurship ecosystem 1 * Operates in an environment with reduced bureaucratic obstacles in which government policies support the unique needs of entrepreneurs and tolerate failed ventures https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Entrepreneurship ecosystem * Actively encourages and invites financiers to participate in new ventures, but access to money isn’t without barriers for those planning new business ventures 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Entrepreneurship ecosystem 1 * Is relatively free from, or is able to change, cultural biases against failure or operating a business https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Entrepreneurship ecosystem * Promotes successes, which in turn attract new ventures 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Entrepreneurship ecosystem * Often is supported by dialogue among various of the entrepreneurship stakeholders 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Entrepreneurship ecosystem 1 Retrieved 9 December, 2010.] founded the Babson Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Project (BEEP) in 2009,[http://www.thestreet.com/story /10775042/babson-collegeentrepreneurship-ecosystem-projectestablished.html Babson College Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Project Established Retrieved 4 June, 2010.] through its subsidiary Babson Global. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Entrepreneurship ecosystem - Related Content 'University-based Entrepreneurship Ecosystem' – In academic settings, entrepreneurship ecosystems commonly refer to programs within a university that focus on the development of entrepreneurs and/or the commercialization of technology or intellectual property developed at the university level.[http://www.technologyreview.com/art 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Entrepreneurship ecosystem - Related Content 1 'Business cluster' – A business cluster is a geographic concentration of interconnected businesses, suppliers, and associated institutions in a particular field https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake Tahoe - Ecosystem changes Since the 1960s, the Lake's food web and zooplankton populations have undergone major changes 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake Tahoe - Ecosystem changes 1 In June 2007, the Angora Fire burned approximately throughout the South Lake Tahoe area. While the impact of ash on the lake's ecosystem is predicted to be minimal, the impact of potential future erosion is not yet known. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html California Floristic Province - Endemic species and ecosystems 1 The hotspot presents a higher level of endemism in plants than in animals. Of the 7,031 vascular plants (species, subspecies or varieties) found in the hotspot, 2,153 taxa (in 25 genera) are endemic, meaning they are found nowhere else.Hickman, J.C. (Ed.), 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Appendix I, Pg. 1315. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html California Floristic Province - Endemic species and ecosystems The six largest plant families in California by number of species (40% of all species of vascular plants) are: 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html California Floristic Province - Endemic species and ecosystems 1 * Scrophulariaceae https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html California Floristic Province - Endemic species and ecosystems 1 Other ecosystems include Artemisia tridentata|sagebrush steppes, opuntia|prickly pear shrublands, coastal sage scrub, chaparral, juniper pine|juniper-pine woodland, montane forest|upper montane-subalpine forests, alpine plant|alpine forests, riparian forests, Cupressaceae|cypress forests, mixed evergreen forests, and Douglas fir|Douglas fir forests, coastal dunes, mudflats and salt marshes. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem engineer 1 Positive and negative effects of organisms as physical ecosystem engineers https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem engineer *Autogenic engineers modify the environment by modifying themselves. As trees grow, their trunks and branches create habitats for other living things. In the tropics, lianas connect trees, which allow many animals to travel exclusively through the forest canopy. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem engineer 1 Functional Groups of Ecosystem Engineers: A Proposed Classification with Comments on Current Issues https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Eco-socialists - 1990s onwards - Engagement with the anti-globalization movement and The Ecosocialist Manifesto 1 David Pepper (Eco-socialist)|David Pepper also released his important work, Ecosocialism: From Deep Ecology to Social Justice, in 1994, which critiques the current approach of many within Green politics, particularly Deep ecology|deep ecologists.Pepper, D., Ecosocialism: From Deep Ecology to Social Justice, 1994 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Eco-socialists - 1990s onwards - Engagement with the anti-globalization movement and The Ecosocialist Manifesto In 2001, Joel Kovel, a Social science|social scientist, Psychiatry|psychiatrist and former candidate for the Green Party (United States)|Green Party of the United States (GPUS) President of the United States|Presidential nomination in 2000, and Michael Löwy, an Anthropology|anthropologist and member of the Reunified Fourth International (a 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Eco-socialists - 1990s onwards - Engagement with the anti-globalization movement and The Ecosocialist Manifesto In October 2007, the International Ecosocialist Network was founded in Paris.[http://www.indymedia.org.uk/ en/2007/10/383067.html UK Indymedia - Ecosocialist International Founded] 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Eco-socialists - Ecosocialist International Network (EIN) and other international eco-socialist organisations EIN held its second international conference in January 2009, in association with the next World Social Forum in Brazil.[http://www.ecosocialistnetwork.org Ecosocialist International Network Website] The conference released The Belem Ecosocialist Declaration.http://www.ecosocialistnetwork .org/ 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Eco-socialists - Ecosocialist International Network (EIN) and other international ecosocialist organisations 1 Capitalist Ecoside: how do we get from here to there?][http://www.praxiscenter.ru Praxis Research and Education Center Website] https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Cambrian explosion - Ecosystem engineering Evolving organisms inevitably change the environment they evolve in 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Genocides in history - Decossackization During the Russian Civil War the Bolsheviks engaged in a genocidal campaign against the Don Cossacks. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Genocides in history - Decossackization 1 * Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, JeanLouis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stéphane Courtois. The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Harvard University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-674-07608-7 pp.8–9 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Genocides in history - Decossackization 1 * The most reliable estimates indicate that out of a population of three million, between 300,000 and 500,000 were killed or deported in 1919–20. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Environmental assets - Ecosystems An ecosystem (also called as environment) is a natural unit consisting of all plants, animals and micro-organisms (biotic component|biotic factors) in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical (abiotic) factors of the environment. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Environmental assets - Ecosystems 1 Eugene Odum, one of the founders of the science of ecology, stated: Any unit that includes all of the organisms (ie: the community) in a given area interacting with the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure, biotic diversity, and material cycles (i.e.: exchange of materials between living and https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Environmental assets - Ecosystems This is not universally the case and there is no proven relationship between the species diversity of an ecosystem and its ability to provide goods and services on a sustainable level. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosophy 1 Confusion as to the meaning (suggesting that such a meaning should be singular and exact) of ecosophy is primarily the consequence of it being used to designate different and often contradictory (though conceptually related) concepts by the Norwegians|Norwegian father of deep ecology, Arne Næss, and French postMarxist philosopher and psychoanalyst Félix Guattari. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosophy - Næss's definition of Nature contrasts with the alternative (and more anthropocentric) construction of ecosophy outlined by Guattari. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosophy - Næss's definition 1 The term ecological wisdom, synonymous with ecosophy, was introduced by Næss in 1973 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosophy - Félix Guattari 1 Ecosophy also refers to a field of practice introduced by psychoanalyst, poststructuralist philosopher and political activist Félix Guattari. In part Guattari's use of the term demarcates what he observes as the necessity for the proponents of social liberation whose struggles in the 20th century were dominated by the paradigm of social revolution and Marxism to embed their https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosophy - Félix Guattari Guattari holds that traditional environmentalist perspectives obscure the complexity of the relationship between humans and their natural environment through its maintenance of the dualistic separation of human (cultural) and nonhuman (natural) systems; he envisions ecosophy as a new field with a monistic and pluralistic approach to 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosophy - Félix Guattari 1 Guattari's concept of the three interacting and interdependent ecologies of mind, society, and environment stems from the outline of the three ecologies presented in Steps to an Ecology of Mind, a collection of writings by cyberneticist Gregory Bateson. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Danube Delta - Main ecosystems 1 Musura Gulf, north of Sulina, and Saint George Gulf are considered the most representative for this type of ecosystem. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Danube Delta - Main ecosystems 1 Situated on major migratory routes, and providing adequate conditions for nesting and hatching, the Danube Delta is a magnet for birds from six major eco-regions of the world, including the Mongolian, Arctic and Siberian https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Danube Delta - Ecosystems of running water 1 It comprises the Danube arms, as well as a series of more important streamlets and channels. It is an environment rich in plankton, worms, mollusca, ephemerides, Larva|grubs, spongiae, with numerous species of fish, such as the carp, pike perch, sheat fish, and freshwater sturgeons (sterlet, Vyza and Danube mackerel). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Danube Delta - Ecosystem of stagnant water 1 Includes the lakes, to which various ponds, streamlets and channels are added https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Danube Delta - Ecosystems of marshy and flooding areas 1 This type of ecosystem is noted for the variety and large populations of birds, some of them very rare https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Danube Delta - River banks and levees ecosystems The firm land of the delta used to be covered with large groves of willow trees, cut almost entirely and replaced with Canadian poplars 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Eco-tourism - Efforts to preserve ecosystems at risk Some of the world's most exceptional biodiversity is located in the Galapagos Islands 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html New Testament - United Pentecostals Retrieved 15 April 2013.[http://www.onenesspentecostal .com/inspiration.htm The Nature of Inspiration] - Jason Dulle www.onenesspentecostalism.com 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nutrient cycle - Ecosystem engineers 1 Ecosystem engineers can influence nutrient cycling efficiency rates through their actions. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nutrient cycle - Ecosystem engineers The earthworm is employed in this process and the production of the ecosystem depends on their capability to create feedback loops in the recycling process. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nutrient cycle - Ecosystem engineers 1 Shellfish are also ecosystem engineers because they: 1) Filter suspended particles from the water column; 2) Remove excess nutrients from coastal bays through denitrification; 3) Serve as natural coastal buffers, absorbing wave energy and reducing erosion from boat wakes, sea level rise and storms; 4) Provide nursery habitat for fish that are valuable to coastal economies. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nutrient cycle - Recycling in novel ecosystems 1 An endless stream of technological waste accumulates in different spatial configurations across the planet and turns into a predator in our soils, our streams, and our oceans https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nutrient cycle - Recycling in novel ecosystems 1 In contrast and over extensive lengths of time (billions of years) ecosystems have maintained a consistent balance with primary production|production roughly equaling Ecosystem respiration|respiratory Consumers (food chain)|consumption rates https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Nutrient cycle - Recycling in novel ecosystems 1 The effect of synthetic materials, such as nanoparticles and microplastics, on ecological recycling systems is listed as one of the major concerns for ecosystem in this century. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Organic material - Natural ecosystem functions Organic matter is present throughout the ecosystem 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem The 'Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem' ('DECE LLC') is a consortium of major Hollywood studios, consumer electronics manufacturers and retailers, Networking hardware|network hardware vendors, systems integrators and Digital Rights Management (DRM) vendors 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem 1 The Walt Disney Company|Disney and Apple Inc.|Apple are not members. Disney had been developing its own Keychest, which was never launched while Apple had added movie storage to its iCloud service. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem 1 DECE's proposed digital locker system is now known as UltraViolet (system)|UltraViolet. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem On October 21, 2009, The Walt Disney Company announced their development of a competing service called Keychest. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem - Members 1 *Fox Entertainment Group https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem - Members 1 *Huawei Technologies https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem - Members 1 *Marvell Semiconductor https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem - Members 1 *Paramount Pictures https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Digital Entertainment Content Ecosystem - Members 1 *Samsung Electronics https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem based fisheries 'Fisheries management' draws on fisheries science in order to find ways to protect fishery resources so Sustainable fishery|sustainable exploitation is possible 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem based fisheries - History 1 Fisheries have been explicitly managed in some places for hundreds of years https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem based fisheries - History 1 The fishing banks were divided into areas belonging to the nearest fishing base on land and further subdivided into fields where the boats were allowed to fish https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem based fisheries - History Governmental resource protectionbased fisheries management is a relatively new idea, first developed for North European fisheries after the first Overfishing Conference held in London in 1936. In 1957 British fisheries researchers Ray Beverton and Sidney Holt published a seminal work on North Sea commercial fisheries dynamics. In the 1960s the work became the 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem based fisheries - History After some years away from the field of fisheries management, Beverton criticized his earlier work in a paper given at the first World Fisheries Congress in Athens in 1992. The Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations expressed his concerns, including the way his and Sidney Holt's work had been misinterpreted and misused by fishery biologists and managers during the previous 30 years. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem based fisheries - History A report by Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles' International Sustainability Unit, the New Yorkbased Environmental Defense Fund and 50in10 published in July 2014 estimated global fisheries were adding $270 billion a year to global GDP, but by full implementation of sustainable fishing, that figure could rise by as much as $50 billion. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem based fisheries - International objectives Fisheries objectives need to be expressed in concrete management rules 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem based fisheries - International objectives 1 International agreements are required in order to regulate fisheries in international waters. The desire for agreement on this and other maritime issues led to three conferences on the Law of the Sea, and ultimately to the treaty known as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Concepts such as exclusive economic zones (EEZ, extending from a nation's coasts) allocate https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem based fisheries - International objectives Other situations need additional intergovernmental coordination. For example, in the Mediterranean Sea and other relatively narrow bodies of water, EEZ of are irrelevant. International waters beyond from shore require explicit agreements. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem based fisheries - International objectives 1 Straddling stocks|Straddling fish stocks, which Fish migration|migrate through more than one EEZ also present challenges. Here sovereign responsibility must be agreed with neighbouring coastal states and fishing entities. Usually this is done through the medium of a regional organisation set up for the purpose of Straddling Fish Stocks Agreement|coordinating the management of that stock. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem based fisheries - International objectives 1 UNCLOS does not prescribe precisely how fisheries confined only to international waters should be managed. Several new fisheries (such as high seas bottom trawling fisheries) are not (yet) subject to international agreement across their entire range. In November 2004 the UN General Assembly issued a resolution on Fisheries that prepared for further development of international fisheries management law. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Liturgical year - Ordinary Time, Time after Pentecost, Time after Trinity, or Kingdomtide 1 The Sundays resume their numbering at the point that will make the Sunday before Advent the thirty-fourth, omitting any weeks for which there is no room (present-day form of the Roman Rite) or are numbered as Sundays after Pentecost (pre-1970 Roman Rite, Eastern Orthodoxy and some Protestants) or as Sundays after Trinity (some Protestants) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Liturgical year - Ordinary Time, Time after Pentecost, Time after Trinity, or Kingdomtide 1 Feasts during this season include: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Liturgical year - Ordinary Time, Time after Pentecost, Time after Trinity, or Kingdomtide 1 * Trinity Sunday, the first Sunday after Pentecost. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Liturgical year - Ordinary Time, Time after Pentecost, Time after Trinity, or Kingdomtide 1 * Corpus Christi (feast)|Corpus Christi (Roman Rite and some Anglican and Lutheran traditions), Thursday of the second week after Pentecost, often celebrated on the following Sunday. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Liturgical year - Ordinary Time, Time after Pentecost, Time after Trinity, or Kingdomtide * Solemnity of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (Roman Rite), Friday in the third week after Pentecost. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Liturgical year - Ordinary Time, Time after Pentecost, Time after Trinity, or Kingdomtide 1 * Feast of Christ the King, last Sunday before Advent (Roman Rite, Lutherans, Anglicans) or last Sunday in October (1925-1969 form of the Roman Rite). https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Liturgical year - Ordinary Time, Time after Pentecost, Time after Trinity, or Kingdomtide 1 In the final few weeks of Ordinary Time, many churches direct attention to the coming of the Kingdom of God, thus ending the liturgical year with an eschatology|eschatological theme that is one of the predominant themes of the season of Advent that began the liturgical year. For instance, in the pre-1970 form of the Roman Rite, the Gospel of the Last Sunday is and in the later form of that rite https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Liturgical year - Ordinary Time, Time after Pentecost, Time after Trinity, or Kingdomtide 1 While the Roman Rite adopts no special designation for this final part of Ordinary Time, some denominations do, and may also change the liturgical colour https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Detritus - Aquatic ecosystems 1 In contrast to land ecosystems, dead materials and excreta in aquatic ecosystems do not settle immediately, and the finer the particles involved are, the longer they tend to take. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Detritus - Terrestrial ecosystems 1 Detritus occurs in a variety of terrestrial habitats including forest, chaparral and grassland https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Veracruz - Ecosystems 1 Various types of forest cover the state, but evergreen tropical forest dominate. The state’s ecoregion is of great importance for many plant and animal species. It is a center of plant endemism and has two separate endemic bird areas. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Veracruz - Ecosystems 1 The northern part of the state as well as the higher mountain areas, are convergence zones between lowland evergreen tropical forests and more temperate flora and fauna https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Veracruz - Ecosystems 1 Veracruz has been described as having one of the richest varieties of wildlife in the western hemisphere https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Veracruz - Ecosystems 1 Only 20% of Veracruz’s original ecosystem remains, with 64% transformed by human exploitation https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Veracruz - Ecosystems 1 The state has 31 environmentally protected areas in 21 different municipalities https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Veracruz - Ecosystems 1 Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano National Marine Park|The Veracruz Reef System is also considered to be a national park and is mostly off the coast of Veracruz city, Boca del Río, Veracruz|Boca del Río and Alvarado, Veracruz|Alvarado. The area includes coral reefs, seaweed beds and other marine vegetation, covering an area of . There are seventeen reefs in total, some of which jut above the surface to form small islands. This system links with the reef systesm of Campeche and Yucatán . https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate Change Science Program - Thresholds in ecosystems (SAP 4.2) 1 USGS released Thresholds of Climate Change in Ecosystems[http://www.climatescience. gov/Library/sap/sap4-2/default.php CCSP, 2009] Thresholds of Climate Change in Ecosystems (Fagre D.B., and C.W. Charles, lead authors) U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior, Washington D.C., USA. 156 pp. (SAP 4.2) on January 16, 2009. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate Change Science Program - Thresholds in ecosystems (SAP 4.2) Ecosystems that already face stressors other than climate change, will almost certainly reach their threshold for abrupt change sooner. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate Change Science Program - Adaptation options for climate-sensitive ecosystems and resources (SAP 4.4) 1 EPA released Preliminary Review of Adaptation Options for ClimateSensitive Ecosystems and Resources[http://www.climatescienc e.gov/Library/sap/sap44/default.php CCSP, 2008] Preliminary review of adaptation options for climate-sensitive ecosystems and resources https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate Change Science Program - Adaptation options for climate-sensitive ecosystems and resources (SAP 4.4) 1 area to understand what strategies will increase the resilience of each ecosystem. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Climate Change Science Program - Adaptation options for climate-sensitive ecosystems and resources (SAP 4.4) EPA also concluded that the nation's ability to adapt to climate change will depend on a variety of factors including recognizing the barriers to implementing new strategies, expanding collaboration among ecosystem managers, creatively re-examining program goals and authorities, and being flexible in setting priorities and managing for change. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Restoration ecology - Ecosystem function Since, these ecosystem functions are emergent properties of the Systems theory|system as a whole, monitoring and Natural resource management|management are crucial for the long-term stability of an ecosystem. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Restoration ecology - Ecosystem restoration 1 According to the Society for Ecological Restoration, ecosystem restoration is the return of a damaged ecological system to a stable, healthy, and sustainable state, often together with associated ecosystem services. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism 1 The term Pentecostal is derived from Pentecost, the Greek language|Greek name for the Jewish Feast of Weeks https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism 1 For this reason, some Pentecostals also use the term Apostolic or Full Gospel|full gospel to describe their movement. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism 1 Comprising over 700 denominations and a large number of independent churches, there is no central authority governing Pentecostalism; however, many denominations are affiliated with the Pentecostal World Fellowship. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism Together, Charismatic Christianity|Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity numbers over 500 million adherents. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Beliefs 1 The term foursquare refers to the four fundamental beliefs of Pentecostalism: Jesus saves according to John 3:16; baptizes with the Holy Spirit according to Acts 2:4; heals bodily according to Epistle of James|James 5:15; and is coming again to receive those who are saved according to 1 Thessalonians 4:16–17.Dayton 1980, p https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Salvation The fundamental requirement of Pentecostalism is that one be Born again (Christianity)|born again.Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Salvation 1 Pentecostals believe in both a literal heaven and hell, the former for those who have accepted God's gift of salvation and the latter for those who have rejected it.Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Salvation For a more detailed explanation of Oneness Pentecostal beliefs, see below in the Statistics and denominations section of this article. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Baptism with the Holy Spirit To avoid confusion when studying Pentecostal beliefs, it should be noted that Pentecostals identify three distinct uses of the word baptism in the New Testament: 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Baptism with the Holy Spirit *'Baptism into the body of Christ': This refers to salvation. Every believer in Christ is made a part of his body, the Church, through baptism. The Holy Spirit is the agent, and the body of Christ is the medium.Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, pp. 281-282. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Baptism with the Holy Spirit 1 *'Water baptism': Symbolic of dying to the world and living in Christ, water baptism is an outward symbol of that which has already been accomplished by the Holy Spirit, namely baptism into the body of Christ.Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p. 282. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Baptism with the Holy Spirit 1 *'Baptism with the Holy Spirit': This is an empowering experience distinct from baptism into the body of Christ. In this baptism, Christ is the agent and the Holy Spirit is the medium. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Baptism with the Holy Spirit Pentecostals define it as a definite experience occurring after salvation whereby the Holy Spirit comes upon the believer to Anoint#Pentecostal churches|anoint and empower him or her for special service.Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Baptism with the Holy Spirit 1 The main purpose of the experience is to grant power for Christian service https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Baptism with the Holy Spirit 1 There are Pentecostal believers who have claimed to receive their baptism with the Holy Spirit while being water baptized.Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Baptism with the Holy Spirit 1 For Pentecostals, there is no prescribed manner in which a believer will be filled with the Spirit https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Baptism with the Holy Spirit It is most prominent among white Pentecostal denominations in the United States; elsewhere, beliefs are more varied.Macchia 2006, p.37.Poloma 2010, p 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Baptism with the Holy Spirit 1 While the baptism with the Holy Spirit is a definite experience in a believer's life, Pentecostals view it as just the beginning of living a Spirit-filled life. Pentecostal teaching stresses the importance of continually being filled with the Spirit. There is only one baptism with the Spirit, but there should be many infillings with the Spirit throughout the believer's life.Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p. 327-329. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Divine healing 1 In the book In Pursuit of Wholeness: Experiencing God's Salvation for the Total Person, Pentecostal writer and Church historian Wilfred Graves, Jr https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Divine healing For Pentecostals, spiritual and physical healing serves as a reminder and testimony to Christ's future return when his people will be completely delivered from all the consequences of the fall.Purdy in Horton 1994, pp 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Divine healing 1 Pentecostals look to scriptures such as James 5:13–16 for direction regarding healing prayer.Purdy in Horton 1994, pp https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Divine healing 1 This practice is described by Duffield and Van Cleave in Foundations of Pentecostal Theology: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Divine healing For example, doctors in the United Kingdom reported that a minority of Pentecostal HIV patients was encouraged to stop taking their medicines and parents were told to stop giving medicine to their children, trends that placed lives at risk.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk23729684 HIV patients told by Pentecostal pastors 'to rely on God'][http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health23734584 'Pentecostal pastor told me water would cure my HIV'] 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Eschatology 1 Many, if not the majority, of Pentecostals are Premillennial dispensationalism|premillennial dispensationalists believing in a pretribulation rapture.Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Spiritual gifts 1 Pentecostals see in the biblical writings of Paul an emphasis on having both character and power, exercising the gifts in love. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Spiritual gifts For example, in a Pentecostal church service, the gift of tongues might be exercised followed by the operation of the gift of interpretation. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Spiritual gifts 1 While Pentecostals believe in the current operation of all the spiritual gifts within the church, their teaching on some of these gifts has generated more controversy and interest than others https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Vocal gifts 1 Pentecostals believe that prophecy is the vocal gift of preference, a view derived from 1 Corinthians 14 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Word of wisdom and word of knowledge The word of knowledge is often defined as the ability of one person to know what God is currently doing or intends to do in the life of another person.The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, s.v 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Prophecy 1 Pentecostal theologians Duffield and van Cleave described the gift of prophecy in the following manner: Normally, in the operation of the gift of prophecy, the Spirit heavily anoints the believer to speak forth to the body not premeditated words, but words the Spirit supplies spontaneously in order to uplift and encourage, incite to faithful obedience and service, and to https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Prophecy 1 Any Spirit-filled Christian, according to Pentecostal theology, has the potential, as with all the gifts, to prophesy. Sometimes, prophecy can overlap with preaching where great unpremeditated truth or application is provided by the Spirit, or where special revelation is given beforehand in prayer and is empowered in the delivery.Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Prophecy 1 Because prophecies are subject to the judgement and discernment of other Christians, most Pentecostals teach that prophetic utterances should never be spoken in the grammatical person|first person (e.g https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Tongues and interpretation According to Pentecostal theology, the language spoken (1) may be an unlearned human language, such as the Bible claims happened on the Day of Pentecost, or (2) it might be of heavenly (angelic) origin 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Tongues and interpretation From [http://www.biblegateway.com/passa ge/?search=Romans%208:2627version=NIV Romans 8:26-27], Pentecostals believe that the Spirit Intercession|intercedes for believers through tongues; in other words, when a believer prays in an unknown tongue, the Holy Spirit is supernaturally directing the 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Tongues and interpretation There is a division among Pentecostals on the relationship between the gifts of tongues and prophecy.Aker, Benny C 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Tongues and interpretation 1 Rather, as the word interpretation implies, Pentecostals expect only an accurate explanation of the utterance's meaning.Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Tongues and interpretation 1 Besides the gift of tongues, Pentecostals may also use glossolalia as a form of praise and worship in corporate settings. Pentecostals in a church service may pray aloud in tongues while others pray simultaneously in the common language of the gathered Christians.Poloma 1989, p. 83. This use of glossolalia is seen as an acceptable form of prayer and therefore requires no interpretation. Congregations https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Tongues and interpretation Speaking in tongues is not universal among Pentecostal Christians. In 2006, a 10-country survey by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life found that 49 percent of Pentecostals in the United States, 50 percent in Brazil, 41 percent in South Africa, and 54 percent in India said they never speak or pray in tongues. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Power gifts 1 The gifts of power are distinct from the vocal gifts in that they do not involve utterance https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Worship The final and fifth value was a commitment to biblical authority, and many of the distinctive practices of Pentecostals are derived from a Biblical literalism|literal reading of scripture. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Worship The phrase Quench not the Spirit, derived from 1 Thessalonians 5:19, is used commonly and captures the thought behind Pentecostal spontaneity.Duffield and Van Cleave 1983, p 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Worship 1 Pentecostal musical and liturgical practice have also played an influential role in shaping contemporary worship trends, with Pentecostal churches such as Hillsong Church being the leading producers of congregational music.Evans 2006, p https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Worship In some Pentecostal churches, these spontaneous expressions are primarily found in revival meetings or special prayer meetings, being rare or non-existent in the main services. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Ordinances Many Christians call these sacraments, but this term is not generally used by Pentecostals and certain other Protestants as they do not see ordinances as imparting grace 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Ordinances For more information on Oneness Pentecostal baptismal beliefs, see the following section on Statistics and denominations. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Ordinances 1 Other Pentecostals do not consider it an ordinance; however, they may still recognize spiritual value in the practice.For the Assemblies of God USA's position on ordinances, see Article 6 of its Assemblies of God Statement of Fundamental Truths|Statement of Fundamental Truths which only lists water baptism and holy communion. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Statistics and denominations 1 There are 740 recognized Pentecostal denominations,The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, s.v https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Statistics and denominations Holiness Pentecostal denominations include the Church of God in Christ, Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee), and the International Pentecostal Holiness Church.Rybarczyk in Patterson and Rybarczyk 2007, p 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Statistics and denominations These Finished Work Pentecostals (also known as Baptistic or Reformed Pentecostals because many converts were originally drawn from Baptist and Presbyterian backgrounds) teach that a person is initially sanctified at the moment of conversion 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Statistics and denominations The 1904-1905 Welsh Revival laid the foundation for British Pentecostalism and especially for a distinct family of denominations known as Apostolic Pentecostalism (not to be confused with Oneness Pentecostalism). These Pentecostals are led by a hierarchy of living apostles, prophets, and other charismatic offices. Apostolic Pentecostals are found worldwide in 30 denominations, 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Statistics and denominations Some of these churches may be doctrinally identical to the various Pentecostal denominations, while others may adopt beliefs and practices that differ considerably from classical Pentecostalism, such as Word of Faith teachings or Kingdom Now Theology|Kingdom Now theology 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Background 1 Curtis Ward proposes the existence of an unbroken Pentecostal lineage from the early church to the present, with glossolalia and gifts following.Johnson, William, The Church Through the Ages, Bethesda Books, 2003 However, early Pentecostals considered the movement a latter day restoration of the church's apostolic power, and most historians of Pentecostalism write that the movement https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Background 1 The earliest Pentecostals understood their movement historically within the framework of a Latter Rain motif—a modified version of dispensationalism in which the return to prominence of the charismata within the church was a sign of the imminence of Christ's Second Coming. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Background 1 Edward Irving's Catholic Apostolic Church also shared many characteristics later found in the Pentecostal revival. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Background Pentecostalism's Wesleyan-holiness heritage distinguishes it from the rest of Evangelicalism, which has roots in Christian Fundamentalism.Randall Herbert Balmer 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Early revivals: 1900–29 Charles Fox Parham, an independent holiness evangelist who believed strongly in divine healing, was an important figure to the emergence of Pentecostalism as a distinct Christian movement 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Early revivals: 1900–29 1 At about the same time that Parham was spreading his doctrine of initial evidence in the Midwestern United States, news of the 1904-1905 Welsh Revival|Welsh Revival of 1904-1905 ignited intense speculation among radical evangelicals around the world and particularly in the United States of a coming move of the Spirit which would renew the entire Christian https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Early revivals: 1900–29 1 Moody's revivals, the beginning of the widespread Pentecostal movement in the United States is generally considered to have begun with Seymour's Azusa Street Revival.Blumhofer 1989, The Assemblies of God vol https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Early revivals: 1900–29 Though it never entirely disappeared, interracial worship within Pentecostalism would not reemerge as a widespread practice until after the Civil Rights Movement.Synan, The HolinessPentecostal Tradition, 167-186. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Early revivals: 1900–29 1 The subsiding of the early Pentecostal movement allowed a socially more conservative approach to women to settle in, and, as a result, female participation was channeled into more supportive and traditionally accepted roles https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Early revivals: 1900–29 The majority of early Pentecostal denominations taught pacifism and adopted military service articles that advocated conscientious objection.Paul Alexander. Peace to War: Shifting Allegiances in the Assemblies of God (Telford, PA: Cascadia, 2009). Jay Beaman, Pentecostal Pacifism (Eugene, OR: Wipf Stock, 2009) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Spread and opposition 1 Early Pentecostals saw themselves as outsiders from mainstream society, dedicated solely to preparing the way for Christ’s return.Blumhofer 1993, pp https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Spread and opposition 1 Cashwell (the Apostle of Pentecost to the Southern United States|South), whose evangelistic work led three Southeastern United States|Southeastern holiness denominations into the new movement.Synan 1997, pp https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Spread and opposition 1 Other important converts of Barratt were German minister Jonathan Paul who founded the first German Pentecostal denomination (the Mülheim Association of Free Churches and Evangelical Communities|Mülheim Association) and Lewi Pethrus, the Swedish Baptist minister who founded the Swedish Pentecostal movement.Synan 1997, pp https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Spread and opposition 1 As a result of this missionary zeal, practically all Pentecostal denominations today trace their historical roots to the Azusa Street Revival.Synan 1997, p https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Spread and opposition Simpson believed that Pentecostal tongues speaking was a legitimate manifestation of the Holy Spirit, but he did not believe it was a necessary evidence of Spirit baptism 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Early controversies After 1911, most new Pentecostal denominations would adhere to Finished Work sanctification.Synan 1997, pp 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Early controversies 1 Thus, the creation of the Assemblies of God marked an official end of Pentecostal doctrinal unity and racial integration.Synan 1997, p https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Early controversies Ewart and those who adopted his belief called themselves oneness or Jesus' Name Pentecostals, but their opponents called them Jesus Only.Synan 1997, p 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Early controversies 1 This church later merged with another group forming the United Pentecostal Church International.Synan 1997, pp https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - 1930-59 1 Pentecostal denominations also began to interact with each other both on national levels and international levels through the Pentecostal World Fellowship, which was founded in 1947. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - 1930-59 1 However, Pentecostal denominations were critical of the movement and condemned many of its practices as unscriptural https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - 1930-59 1 The Latter Rain and the Healing Revival influenced many leaders of the charismatic movement of the 1960s and 1970s.The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, s.v https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - 1960-present 1 The global renewal movements manifest many of these tensions as inherent characteristics of Pentecostalism and as representative of the character of global Christianity. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Forerunners 1 * Latter Rain (1880s movement)|Richard Green Spurling father (1810-1891) and son (1857-1935) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Leaders 1 * Joseph Ayo Babalola (1904–59) Oke – Ooye, Ilesa revivalist in 1930, and spiritual founder of Christ Apostolic Church https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Leaders 1 * William M. Branham (1909–65) Healing evangelist of the mid20th century https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Leaders 1 * David Yonggi Cho – Senior pastor and founder of the Yoido Full Gospel Church (Assemblies of God) in Seoul, Korea, the world's largest congregation https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Leaders 1 * Margaret Court – Tennis champion in the 1960s/70s and founder of Victory Life Centre in Perth, Australia; become a pastor in 1991 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Leaders 1 * Donald Gee (1891-1966) early Pentecostal bible teacher in United Kingdom; the apostle of balance https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Leaders 1 * Rex Humbard (1919–2007) The first major TV evangelist (1950s–70s), and at one time had the largest TV audience of an evangelist in the U.S. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Leaders * George Jeffreys (pastor)|George Jeffreys (1889–1962) Founder of the Elim Foursquare Gospel Alliance and the Bible-Pattern Church Fellowship (UK) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Leaders 1 * Kathryn Kuhlman (1907–76) Evangelist who brought Pentecostalism into the mainstream denominations https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Leaders * Gerald Archie Mangun (1919–2010) American evangelist, pastor, who built one of the largest churches within the United Pentecostal Church International 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Leaders 1 * Charles Harrison Mason (1866–1961) The Founder of the Church of God In Christ https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Leaders 1 * Aimee Semple McPherson (1890–1944) Evangelist, pastor, and organizer of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Leaders * David du Plessis (1905–87) SouthAfrican Pentecostal church leader, one of the founders of the Charismatic movement 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Leaders 1 * William J. Seymour (1870–1922) Azusa Street Mission founder (Azusa Street Revival) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Leaders * Ambrose Jessup Tomlinson|Ambrose Jessup (AJ) Tomlinson (1865-1943) leader of Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)|Church of God movement from 1903 until 1923, and of a minority grouping (now called Church of God of Prophecy) from 1923 until his death in 1943 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Leaders 1 * Pat Robertson – TV evangelist, founder of the Christian Broadcasting Network (in 1961) https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Leaders 1 * Bishop Ida Robinson (1891–1946) Founder of the Mount Sinai Holy Church of America https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Leaders 1 * Jimmy Swaggart – TV evangelist, pastor, musician https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Pentecostalism - Leaders * 'Charles G. Scott' - General Bishop of the Pentecostal Church of God Evangelism|Evangelist 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Ecosystem diversity 1 'Ecosystem diversity' refers to the diversity of a place at the level of ecosystems. The term differs from biodiversity, which refers to variation in species rather than ecosystems. Ecosystem diversity can also refer to the variety of ecosystems present in a biosphere, the variety of species and ecological processes that occur in different physical settings. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Consumers (food chain) - Importance to the ecosystem Consumers dominate most of a food chain. Consumers have important roles to play within an ecosystem such as balancing the food chain by keeping animal populations at a reasonable number. Without proper balance, an ecosystem can collapse and cause the decline of all affected species. This will lead to a severely effected ecosystem, and a nonfunctional consumer web 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Eutrophication - Terrestrial ecosystems 1 Terrestrial ecosystems are subject to similarly adverse impacts from eutrophication.APIS (2005) [http://www.apis.ac.uk/overview/iss ues/overview_eutrophication.htm Air Pollution Information System] https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Eutrophication - Terrestrial ecosystems 1 Saturated terrestrial ecosystems then can contribute both inorganic and organic nitrogen to freshwater, coastal, and marine eutrophication, where nitrogen is also typically a Limiting factor|limiting nutrient.Hornung M., Sutton M.A https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem The ecosystem of a lake includes Biotic component|biotic (living) plants, animals and micro-organisms, as well as abiotic (nonliving) physical and chemical interactions. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem Lake ecosystems are a prime examples of lentic ecosystems. Lentic refers to standing or relatively still water, from the Latin lentus, which means sluggish. Lentic waters range from ponds to lakes to wetlands, and much of this article applies to lentic ecosystems in general. Lentic ecosystems can be compared with lotic ecosystems, which involve 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem 1 Lentic systems are diverse, ranging from a small, temporary rainwater pool a few inches deep to Lake Baikal, which has a maximum depth of 1740 m https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Light Light provides the solar energy required to drive the process of photosynthesis, the major energy source of lentic systems (Brönmark and Hansson 2005) 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Temperature 1 Temperature is an important abiotic factor in lentic ecosystems because most of the biota are poikilotherm|poikilothermic, where internal body temperatures are defined by the surrounding system https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Temperature 1 Temperature regimes are very different in large lakes (Fig https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Wind 1 In exposed systems, wind can create turbulent, spiral-formed surface currents called Langmuir circulations (Fig https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Chemistry 1 Oxygen is essential for organismal Respiration (physiology)|respiration https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Chemistry 1 Phosphorus is important for all organisms because it is a component of DNA and RNA and is involved in cell metabolism as a component of ATP and ADP https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Bacteria 1 The vast majority of bacteria in lakes and ponds obtain their energy by decomposing vegetation and animal matter https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Bacteria 1 The decomposition of organic materials can continue in the benthic and profundal zones if the matter falls through the water column before being completely digested by the pelagic bacteria. Bacteria are found in the greatest abundance here in sediments, where they are typically 2-1000 times more prevalent than in the water column. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Primary producers 1 Lentic systems gain most of their energy from photosynthesis performed by aquatic plants and algae https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Invertebrates 1 These organisms are mostly found in the areas of macrophyte growth, where the richest resources, highly oxygenated water, and warmest portion of the ecosystem are found https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Invertebrates Very few invertebrates are able to inhabit the cold, dark, and oxygen poor profundal zone. Those that can are often red in color due to the presence of large amounts of hemoglobin, which greatly increases the amount of oxygen carried to cells. Because the concentration of oxygen within this zone is low, most species construct tunnels or borrows in which they can hide and make the minimum movements necessary to circulate water through, drawing oxygen to them without expending much energy. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Fish and other vertebrates 1 Fish have a range of physiological tolerances that are dependent upon which species they belong to https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Fish and other vertebrates Other vertebrate taxa inhabit lentic systems as well. These include amphibians (e.g. salamanders and frogs), reptiles (e.g. snakes, turtles, and alligators), and a large number of waterfowl species. Most of these vertebrates spend part of their time in terrestrial habitats and thus are not directly affected by abiotic factors in the lake or pond. Many fish species are important as consumers and as prey species to the larger vertebrates 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Benthic Invertebrates 1 Benthic invertebrates, due to their high level of species richness, have many methods of prey capture https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Fish Fish size, mobility, and sensory capabilities allow them to exploit a broad prey base, covering multiple zonation regions 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Lentic food webs 1 As noted in the previous sections, the lentic biota are linked in complex web of trophic relationships https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Local species richness 1 The biodiversity of a lentic system increases with the surface area of the lake or pond https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG model Phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in lake systems undergo seasonal succession in relation to nutrient availability, predation, and competition. Sommer et al. described these patterns as part of the Plankton Ecology Group (Plankton Ecology Group model|PEG) model, with 24 statements constructed from the analysis of numerous systems. The following includes a subset of these 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG model 1 1. Increased nutrient and light availability result in rapid phytoplankton growth towards the end of winter. The dominant species, such as diatoms, are small and have quick growth capabilities. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG model 1 2. These plankton are consumed by zooplankton, which become the dominant plankton taxa. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG model 3. A clear water phase occurs, as phytoplankton populations become depleted due to increased predation by growing numbers of zooplankton. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG model 1 4. Zooplankton abundance declines as a result of decreased phytoplankton prey and increased predation by juvenile fishes. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG model 1 5. With increased nutrient availability and decreased predation from zooplankton, a diverse phytoplankton community develops. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG model 6. As the summer continues, nutrients become depleted in a predictable order: phosphorus, silica, and then nitrogen. The abundance of various phytoplankton species varies in relation to their biological need for these nutrients. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG model 1 7. Small-sized zooplankton become the dominant type of zooplankton because they are less vulnerable to fish predation. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG model 1 8. Predation by fishes is reduced due to lower temperatures and zooplankton of all sizes increase in number. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG model 1 9. Cold temperatures and decreased light availability result in lower rates of primary production and decreased phytoplankton populations. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG model 1 10. Reproduction in zooplankton decreases due to lower temperatures and less prey. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Succession patterns in plankton communities – the PEG model 1 The PEG model presents an idealized version of this succession pattern, while natural systems are known for their variation. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Latitudinal patterns 1 There is a well-documented global pattern that correlates decreasing plant and animal diversity with increasing latitude, that is to say, there are fewer species as one moves towards the poles https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Lake creation 1 Lakes can be formed in a variety of ways, but the most common are discussed briefly below https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Natural extinction 1 All lakes and ponds receive sediment inputs https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Acidification Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are naturally released from volcanoes, organic compounds in the soil, wetlands, and marine systems, but the majority of these compounds come from the combustion of coal, oil, gasoline, and the smelting of ores containing sulfur 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Eutrophication 1 Eutrophication|Eutrophic systems contain a high concentration of phosphorus (~30+µg/L), nitrogen (~1500+µg/L), or both https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Lake ecosystem - Invasive species 1 Invasive species have been introduced to lentic systems through both purposeful events (e.g https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism 1 For a list of denominations in this movement, see List of Christian denominations#Oneness Pentecostalism|List of Christian denominations. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism 1 Oneness Pentecostalism derives its distinctive name from its teaching on the Godhead (Christianity)|Godhead, which is popularly referred to as the Oneness doctrine https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism They also tend to emphasize strict holiness standards in dress, grooming and other areas of personal conduct that are not necessarily shared by other Pentecostal groups, at least not to the degree that is generally found in Oneness churches. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - The Oneness doctrine of God Oneness Pentecostals claim to hold to strict Biblical Monotheism, the belief that God is uni-personal, one single divine eternal person, although manifesting Himself in various modes or faces, in given contexts, for various reasons, on different occasions, and in various times in history 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - Characteristics of God Norris, PhD,I Am: A Oneness Pentecostal Perspective., Word Aflame Publishers, 2009, ISBN 978-1-56722730-7 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - Characteristics of God It rejects the view that any person can obtain the status of God whether by works or by grace, maintaining that Jesus Christ did not obtain his status, but rather that he is the one, eternal God himself manifested in the flesh according to the Oneness Pentecostal interpretation of 1 Timothy 3:16, as is rendered in the King James Version. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - Characteristics of God 1 Unlike Arianism|Arians, who present the Son as a subordinate being to the Father, both Oneness and Trinitarians seek to establish an Ontology|ontological oneness (union) between the Father and Son https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - Characteristics of God The difference being that Oneness Pentecostals still maintain that the Father and Son are not actually distinct persons, but rather are distinct modes or manifestations. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - Characteristics of God Oneness Pentecostals reject the Trinity doctrine of distinct co-equal and co-eternal persons in one triune Godhead as an un-Biblical distortion or an extra-Biblical invention, which dilutes true Biblical Monotheism, and also, in a sense, limits God. Oneness believers say that God can operate using an unlimited number of manifestations, not just three. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - Characteristics of God 1 The Oneness position on the Trinity places them at odds with the members of most other Christian churches, some of whom have accused Oneness Pentecostals of being Modalism|Modalists and derided them as cultists.See, for instance, [http://www.altupc.com/altupc/articles/agclarif. htm Clarification from the Assemblies of God], for an incident in which that denomination apologized to the UPCI, a major Oneness organization, for a publication of theirs that openly called Oneness Pentecostalism a cult https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit 1 Oneness teaching asserts that God is a singular spirit who is one person, not three divine persons, individuals or minds. God the Father|Father, Son of God|Son and Holy Ghost (a.k.a. Holy Spirit) are merely titles reflecting the different personal manifestations of the One True God in the universe. When Oneness believers speak of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, they see https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit 1 'Son of God': God incarnate in human flesh; Son refers to either the humanity and the deity of Jesus together, or to the humanity alone, but never to the deity aloneSee under The Son in Biblical Terminology in Chapter 5 of David Bernard [http://ourworld.compuserve.com/ho mepages/pentecostal/One-Top.htm The Oneness of God]. Retrieved on https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit 1 Oneness teachers often quote a phrase used by early pioneers of the movement – God was manifested as the Father in creation, the Son in redemption, and the Holy Ghost in emanation. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit 1 Oneness theology sees that when the one personal and omnipresent God manifests or reveals himself, it is in a personal way. Oneness theology sees the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit as one transcendent, personal, omnipresent God manifesting himself in three personal and distinct manifestations or forms to redeem and sanctify sinful and lost humanity, and also that all the https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit This does not imply two persons any more than the numerous scriptural references to a man and his spirit or soul (such as in Luke 12:19) imply two persons existing within one body.See under The Lord God and His Spirit, in Chapter 7 of David Bernard, [http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepag es/pentecostal/One-Top.htm The Oneness of God]. 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit 1 The ambiguity of the term person has been noted by both Oneness and Trinitarian proponents as a source of conflict.Daniel Segraves, http://danielsegraves.blogspot.com/200 9_01_01_archive.html, OnenessTrinitarian Pentecostal Dialogue This issue is addressed by Trinitarian scholar and Christian apologist Alister McGrath: https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit 1 [http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/pentec ostal/One-Top.htm The Oneness of God], Chapter 5. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit 1 Oneness Pentecostals believe that the title Son only applied to Christ when he became flesh on earth, but that Christ was the Logos or Mind of the Father prior to his being made human, and not a separate person. In this theology, the Father embodies the divine attributes of the godhead and the Son embodies the human aspects. They believe that Jesus and the Father are one essential person, though operating as different modes. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - Father, Son, and Holy Spirit 1 Oneness apologist W. L. Vincent writes The argument against the Son being his own Father is a red herring. It should be evident that Oneness theology acknowledges a clear distinction between the Father and Son – in fact this has never been disputed by any Christological view that I am aware of.See under heading The Son in Bernard, David K. [http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages /pentecostal/One-Top.htm The Oneness of God], Chapter 6. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - Scripture 1 Oneness Pentecostalism subscribes to the common Protestant doctrine of Sola Scriptura https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - The Word 1 Oneness Theology holds that the Word in John 1:1 was the invisible God, or the Mind of God, being expressed to his creatures: first the angels, then man https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - The Word Oneness theology is similar to historical Modalism or Sabellianism, although it cannot be exactly characterized as such.David Bernard, [http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepag es/pentecostal/One-Top.htm The Oneness of God], Chapter 10 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - The name of Jesus Oneness theology places special emphasis on the name of Jesus Christ,Zecharaiah 14:9, John 14:13-14, Colossians 3:17, Isaiah 52:6, Acts 3:6, 16, 4:7-12 17-18, 30, Philippians 2:9-11, James 5:14 and affirms that the name of Jesus Christ, which means Jehovah is Savior, is a divine revelation as to the person of Christ.Matthew 1:21, Acts 3:16, 4:12, 10:43, 15:14-17, 22:16, 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - The name of Jesus 1 Oneness believers insist that while they do indeed believe in baptism only in the name of Jesus Christ (in accordance with how all water baptisms in the Book of Acts were performed)http://biblehub.com/acts/238.htmhttp://biblehub.com/acts/812.htmhttp://biblehub.com/acts/816.htmhttp://biblehub.com/acts/10-48.htm http://biblehub.com/acts/19-5.htm– as opposed to the traditional Trinitarian baptism – to describe them as Jesus-Only Pentecostals implies a denial of the Father and Holy Spirit – a contention they vehemently reject https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - Accusations of Modalism and Arianism David Bernard, the General Superintendent of the United Pentecostal Church, or the UPC, a leading spokesman of Oneness Pentecostalism, of teaching Arianism 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - Oneness soteriology 31-35.See Chapter 12: Are there exceptions? in David Bernard, [http://web.archive.org/web/2009031 8090455/http://ourworld.compuserve. com/homepages/pentecostal/NewTop.htm The New Birth] 1 https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - Oneness soteriology 1 * water baptism in the name of Jesus Christ https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - Oneness soteriology 1 * baptism in the Holy Spirit with the evidence of speaking in tongues https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html Oneness Pentecostalism - Oneness soteriology 1 Oneness Pentecostals generally accept that these are minimal requirements of conversion. https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html For More Information, Visit: • https://store.theartofservice.co m/itil-2011-foundationcomplete-certification-kitfourth-edition-study-guideebook-and-online-course.html The Art of Service https://store.theartofservice.com