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based on work by Kim Foglia AP Biology Chapter 35. Plant Anatomy AP Biology 2005-2006 Basic anatomy root shoot (stem) leaves AP Biology 2005-2006 Expanded anatomy root root tip root hairs shoot (stem) nodes internodes apical buds axillary buds flowers leaves AP Biology 2005-2006 veins 2005-2006 1 based on work by Kim Foglia AP Biology Shoots Shoots consist of stems, leaves & buds Stems nodes = points at which leaves are attached internodes = stem segments between nodes Buds growth of shoot terminal or apical bud = at tip of plant axillary bud = in nodes on stem AP Biology 2005-2006 Modified shoots stolons (strawberries) AP Biology rhizome (ginger) 2005-2006 tuber (potato) bulb (onion) 1 Roots Roots anchor plant in soil, absorb minerals & water, & store food fibrous roots (1) mat of thin roots that spread out monocots tap roots (2) 1 large vertical root also produces many small lateral, or branch roots dicots root hairs (3) increase absorptive surface area AP Biology 2005-2006 2 3 2005-2006 2 based on work by Kim Foglia AP Biology Leaves Function of leaves? photosynthesis energy production CHO production gas exchange transpiration simple vs. compound AP Biology 2005-2006 AP Biology 2005-2006 Stomates Function of stomates? AP Biology 2005-2006 2005-2006 3 based on work by Kim Foglia AP Biology Modified leaves tendrils (peas) AP Biology succulent leaves spines (cacti) 2005-2006 colored leaves (poinsetta) Interdependent systems Both systems depend sugars on the other roots receive sugars & other nutrients from photosynthetic parts shoot system depends on water & minerals absorbed from the soil by roots water AP Biology 2005-2006 Putting it all together Obtaining raw materials sunlight CO2 H2O nutrients leaves = solar collectors stomates = gas exchange uptake from roots uptake from roots AP Biology 2005-2006 2005-2006 4 based on work by Kim Foglia AP Biology Plant tissues Dermal “skin” of plant single layer of tightly packed cells that covers & protects plant Vascular transport materials between roots & shoots xylem & phloem Ground everything else: storage, photosynthetic bulk of plant tissue AP Biology 2005-2006 Plant cell types in tissues AP Biology 2005-2006 Plant cell types in tissues Parenchyma Those would’ve been great names for my kids! “typical” plant cells = least specialized photosynthetic cells, storage cells tissue of leaves, stem, fruit, storage roots Collenchyma unevenly thickened primary walls = support Sclerenchyma AP Biology 2005-2006 very thick, “woody” secondary walls = support rigid cells that can’t elongate dead at functional maturity 2005-2006 5 based on work by Kim Foglia AP Biology Parenchyma Parenchyma cells are relatively unspecialized, thin, flexible & carry out many metabolic functions all types of cells develop from parenchyma AP Biology 2005-2006 Collenchyma Collenchyma cells have thicker primary walls & provide support AP Biology AP Biology 2005-2006 help support without restraining growth remain alive in maturity 2005-2006 the strings in celery stalks are collenchyma 2005-2006 6 based on work by Kim Foglia AP Biology Sclerenchyma Thick, rigid cell wall lignin (wood) cannot elongate mostly dead at maturity Support cells xylem vessels tracheids fibers sclereids rope fibers nutshells seed coats grittiness in pears AP Biology 2005-2006 Vascular tissue Transports materials in roots, stems & leaves Xylem carry water & minerals up from roots tube-shaped dead cells only their walls provide a system of microscopic water pipes Phloem carry nutrients throughout plant tube-shaped living cells sugars (sucrose), amino acids… AP Biology 2005-2006 vessel elements tracheids AP Biology 2005-2006 Xylem dead cells → water-conducting cells of xylem 2005-2006 7 based on work by Kim Foglia AP Biology Xylem Dead at functional maturity Cell elongated into tubes Aaaaah… Structure-Function again! tracheids long, thin cells with tapered ends walls reinforced with lignin = support thinner pits in end walls allows water flow vessel elements wider, shorter, thinner walled & less tapered perforated ends walls allows free water flow AP Biology 2005-2006 Phloem: food-conducting cells sieve tube elements & companion cells AP Biology 2005-2006 Phloem: food-conducting cells sieve tube elements & companion cells AP Biology 2005-2006 2005-2006 8 based on work by Kim Foglia AP Biology Aaaaah… Structure-Function Phloem again! Living cells at functional maturity lack nucleus, ribosomes & vacuole more room: specialized for liquid food (sucrose) transport Cells sieve tubes end walls, sieve plates, have pores to facilitate flow of fluid between cells companion cells nucleated cells connected to the sieve-tube help sieve tubes AP Biology Phloem 2005-2006 sieve plate sieve tubes AP Biology 2005-2006 Vascular tissue in herbaceous stems dicot monocot trees & shrubs AP Biology 2005-2006 grasses & lilies 2005-2006 9 based on work by Kim Foglia AP Biology Root structure: dicot phloem xylem AP Biology 2005-2006 Root structure: monocot AP Biology 2005-2006 Any Questions?? AP Biology 2005-2006 2005-2006 10