Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Student notes part 6
Document related concepts
Transcript
Metabolism Julie Gall Susan Kolibaba Nathan Perkins Which Came First? • Heterotrophic or autotrophic? • Autotrophic is Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the primary builder of the organisms on Earth. http://www.field‐studies‐council.org/urbaneco/urbaneco/introduction/feeding.htm Julie Gall Autotrophic Metabolism • Autotrophic is photosynthesis: – Plants, algae, and some bacteria are autotrophs – also known as self‐feeders. They use sunlight to assemble inorganic precursors, mainly carbon dioxide and water, into the array of organic macromolecules of which they are made. This process is called photosynthesis. – Use of the free energy of light or, in a few organisms, the energy of chemical reactions. – Autotrophs use both photosynthesis and chemosynthesis to make their food and respiration to break it down. http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/Metabolism.html Julie Gall Process of Photosynthesis http://thusagricola.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/2008/10/23/c810x21overview.jpg Julie Gall Heterotrophic Metabolism • Heterotrophic is what people are: – We get our energy from organic molecules taken in from our surroundings – food. Although heterotrophs may feed partially or exclusively on other heterotrophs, all the food molecules come ultimately from autotrophs. – Ability to break complex molecules down into simpler substances; they use the energy from this chemical breakdown for life processes. Heterotrophs use a process called cellular respiration to gather energy from their food. http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/Metabolism.html Julie Gall Heterotrophic Process http://www.sugar.ca/english/images/tradealliances/food_chain.jpg Julie Gall ATP–Adenosine Triphosphate • ATP is a multifunctional nucleotide used in cells as a coenzyme. • ATP works in intracellular in energy transport, moving energy from one part of a cell to another for metabolism. • ATP is produced by photoposphorylation (photosynthesis) and cellular respiration. • Photosynthesis makes the ATP needed for the anabolic reactions in the cell. • ATP is formed when a phosphate molecule is added to ADP during photosynthesis or cellular respiration. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate Nathan Perkins ATP Molecular Composition http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate Nathan Perkins Fermentation • Process of deriving energy from the oxidation of organic compounds. • Pyruvite is metabolized into various compounds. • Important in anaerobic conditions when there is no oxidative phosphorylation to maintain ATP production by glycolysis. Nathan Perkins Fermentation • Homolactic fermentation – the production of lactic acid from Pyruvite • Alcoholic fermentation – the conversion of pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide • Heterolactic fermentation – the production of lactic acid as well as other acids and alcohols http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(biochemistry) Nathan Perkins Fermentation • Examples of Fermentation: – Yeast – anaerobic breakdown of sugars into ethanol – Mammals – convert pyruvite into lactic acid in muscles http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(biochemistry) Nathan Perkins Fermentation http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellrespiration/glycolysis/section3.rhtml Nathan Perkins, Julie Gall Nitrogen Fixation • Why is this important? – Nitrogen fixation is a mechanism for life. – It is taken from the atmosphere to make it accessible for use by plants, people, etc. – Nitrogen fixation makes Nitrogen available in soil and water. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation Susan Kolibaba Nitrogen Fixation • Nitrogen Fixation is a natural process, either biological or abiotic. • It is the way that Nitrogen is converted from the atmosphere into ammonia. • It is essential to life because fixed Nitrogen is required to biosynthesize the basic building blocks of life. • Microorganisms that fix nitrogen are called diazotrophs. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation Susan Kolibaba Biological Processes • Nucleotides and Amino acids are basic building blocks for life. • We need Nucleotides to make DNA and RNA. • We need amino acids to make proteins. • Who uses nitrogen fixation? – Many prokaryotes including; bacteria, actinobacteria and some anaerobic bacteria. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation Susan Kolibaba Nitrogen Cycle http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation Susan Kolibaba
