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The Carbon Story for Dairy in Tasmania and on-farm actions Rachel Brown, Agricultural Resource Management Project Outcomes • DairyTas Climate Change Mitigation project (small part of a national project run by DairyNSW) • Development of a Climate Change PMP Module • 3 focus dairy farms: Janefield, Rosemount, Ravenscroft • Technical team: Rachel Brown, Duncan Macdonald, Brian Wood, James Curran Soheil Haee (Hydro Tasmania Consulting), Bill Cotching (TIAR) http://www.bom.gov.au/info/climate/change/gallery/9.shtml The Greenhouse Gases • 6 major greenhouse gases listed in the Kyoto Protocol • Other greenhouse gases include: water vapour, ozone and sulphur dioxide GWP Human activities that emit greenhouse gasses Carbon dioxide CO2 1 burning fossil fuels (electricity generation, motor vehicles), biomass burning Methane CH4 21 livestock farming, extraction of fossil fuels, wet rice cultivation, biomass burning, landfill, domestic sewage Nitrous oxide N2O 310 Application of N fertiliser, animal waste, burning vegetation, motor vehicles Hydrofluorocarbons HFCs > 1,300 leakage from refrigeration equipment, aerosols, air conditioners Perfluorocarbons PFCs > 6,500 aluminium production SF6 23,900 leakage from electrical switchgear, magnesium smelting processes, use in semiconductor manufacture Sulphur hexafluoride GWP - Greenhouse gases vary in their ‘potency’ as they have different properties that determine the length of time they stay in the atmosphere and their ability to trap heat. All greenhouse gases are measured in terms of their ‘global warming potential’ (GWP), in units of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2-e). http://www.climatechange.gov.au/inventory/2006/pubs/inventory2006.pdf Cape Grim Baseline Station Carbon Dioxide (ppm) Cape Grim 380 370 360 350 340 330 320 1980 1985 1990 Year 1995 2000 2005 Can you draw a carbon cycle for your farm? Carbon Accounting Carbon Story Excel tool linked (currently) to: • dGAS (dairy) • SheepGas and BeefGas • Black Magic (soil carbon, crop rotations) (RothC modelling) • FullCAM (vegetation) - referenced against forestry models Travel Emissions Comparison Mode of Transport Emissions (tCO2e) Details Plane flight (Launceston to Sunshine Coast rtn) 0.96 t per person 184 t per plane Assume Boeing 737. 200 passengers. Car travel – annual driving in Toyota Yaris 2.1 t per vehicle Assume annual use of 14,600 km (Source ABS) Car travel – annual driving in Toyota Prado 4.0 t per vehicle Assume annual use of 14,600 km (Source ABS) Plane flight (Melbourne/Singapore/ Paris rtn) 10.9 t per person 4,352 t per plane Assume Boeing 747. 400 passengers. Calculations from: www.greenvehicleguide.gov.au www.atmosfair.de Dairy Farms in Context • Emissions from typical Tasmanian dairy farms are less than emissions from a plane flying Melb to Europe return (generalisation) Reduce cow (methane) emissions • Grow and feed high quality pastures (ryegrass etc.) • Use high quality supplements (cereals) • Use good genetics – less animals = less methane Reduce fertiliser (nitrous oxide) emissions • Careful management of fertilisers • Choice of fertilisers Walk through Energy Audits • • • 8 representative farms (3 dairy farms) Significant variation in energy use (see graph) Average 4.0 GJ/ha gross area What does energy cost for farmers? (at Nov 2009 prices) • Total energy bills (electricity + fuel) varied from $35,000 to $156,000 per year, with average being just over $80,000 per year. Electricity bills accounted for an average 64% of the total energy bill or nearly $52,000 per year. • Irrigation accounted for 70-80% of farm energy costs. • The average energy index for irrigated areas was 1,268 kWh/ha ($216/ha) • For those irrigation systems with flow meters installed, energy indices were calculated at between 200 kWh/ML to 500 kWh/ML, or around $35/ML to $85/ML . Variations depended on pump/irrigation sets efficiencies and the Total Dynamic Heads for those pumps. The 3 Dairy Farms • Dairy sheds consumed 20%-30% of total energy • Dairy Shed energy indices of 124 to 205 kWh/cow • Average index of 168 kWh/cow ($29/cow) • Dairy shed energy indices of 0.5 to 0.7 cents per litre of milk • Total energy index of approx 2.5 c/litre milk (inc. irrigation) Energy Use in Dairy Sheds Typical Energy Saving Measures • Irrigation efficiency (right tariff, maximum use of off peak, pump efficiency, low press. systems, variable speed drives etc.) • Heat pumps for hot water heating • Improving Pre-coolers efficiency • Insulation and heat recovery • Variable Speed Drives for vac pumps and milk pumps Energy Self Audit Tool for Tasmanian Farmers • A guide for conducting an energy audit • Includes steps such as establishing an energy history, energy use benchmarks, conducting an energy survey of equipment, setting targets, etc. • Brief description of common energy saving opportunities plus references for further reading • Includes an action plan and checklists www.farmpoint.tas.gov.au Example Energy Action Plan √ Proposed Action Plan ¨ Establish an Energy consumption History for the farm (minimum 2 years of energy history) ¨ Establish annual energy use and energy costs (kWh/Yr, $/Yr) ¨ Develop Energy Benchmark for the farm (e.g. kWh/ha or GJ/ha, kWh/ML water etc.) ¨ Improve instrumentation and metering of main energy users (water flow meter, pressure gauges, smart meters, etc.) ¨ Conduct an Energy Audit (use this self audit tool, and the checklist I Appendix A) ¨ Add an Energy Efficiency Program module to your PMP ¨ Set energy reduction targets for each year (e.g. 15% reduction of total energy costs for 2010/11, or %10 reduction in kWh/ha etc.) ¨ Implement cost effective energy saving measures identified during the audit. ¨ Monitor your progress towards meeting those targets (quarterly, 6-monthly, and annual reviews). ¨ Include energy efficiency requirement in your purchasing policy. ¨ Continually improve energy efficiency. Comments Elliot Research Farm Dairy solar hot water system Contact Darren Cooper, Degree C, P: 03 6431 4511 Offset annual emissions with carbon capture (sequestration) • soils • vegetation 849 t But most carbon is stored in systems at equilibrium (farmers are carbon stewards) 117,665 t Kyoto forest carbon offsets Only revegetation activities which meet the following criteria are eligible: • forest of trees with potential height of at least 2 m & crown cover of at least 20% • patches >0.2 ha & min. width of 10 m • forest established since 1 Jan 1990, on land that was clear of forest at 31 Dec 1989 • established by direct human induced methods, i.e. planting, direct seeding, or human induced promotion of regeneration from natural seed sources • occurring in Australia. There are also other rules around permanence and ownership Conserving existing remnant bush is not currently eligible. Plantations are not eligible. National Carbon Offset Standard 1. Is the National Carbon Offset Standard (NCOS) mandatory? • No, the NCOS is a voluntary standard. The NCOS is intended to provide a benchmark for consumers and businesses to assess claims of carbon neutrality or the credibility of offset products available for sale in the voluntary carbon market. 2. When does the NCOS take effect? • The NCOS will take effect from 1 July 2010. http://www.climatechange.gov.au/government/initiatives/carbon-offset/for-business.aspx National Carbon Offset Standard 13. From which emissions sources can domestic offsets be generated? Under the NCOS, offset projects may be developed within Australia from emissions sources and sinks currently not counted towards Australia’s obligations under the Kyoto Protocol target, such as: • Enhanced forest management (the management of forests established before 1990); • Cropland and grazing land management (net greenhouse gas emissions from soil, including biochar, crops and vegetation on cropland and grazing land); and • Revegetation (establishment of vegetation that does not meet the Kyoto Protocol definitions of afforestation and reforestation). Methodologies for producing offsets from these emissions sources must be proposed and approved under the NCOS before offset projects can be implemented. http://www.climatechange.gov.au/government/initiatives/carbon-offset/for-business.aspx Addressing climate change means putting less burden on the Earth’s resources • • • • • • Improve irrigation, dairy shed and home energy efficiency and save $ Refuse, reduce, reuse, recycle everything you can. Grow and feed high quality pastures (ryegrass etc.) to minimise methane emissions Use good genetics – less animals = less methane Manage your fertiliser use carefully Inform yourself of the science and policy debate surrounding climate change, agriculture, carbon trading and offsets Funding Acknowledgements Funding through NRM North, Tasmanian Government Climate Connect Program and the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry under the Farm Ready Initiative, part of Australia’s Farming Future. Resources available from: www.farmpoint.tas.gov.au Feedback and questions welcome. Contact Rachel Brown Agricultural Resource Management [email protected] P: 0419 528 428