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Civil War PASS Review Comparing the North and South Sectionalism – The differences in the North and the South caused sectionalism. Sectionalism is a loyalty to a section or part of the country rather than the whole country. Mason Dixon Line – The boundary between the North and the South located on the border between Maryland and Pennsylvania. Geographic features Views on slavery Economy Population growth Location in relation to the Mason Dixon Line Education The North The South Rocky soil, much shorter growing season. Natural harbors, abundance of lumber, and swift flowing rivers provided water power for the factories Emancipated their slaves in response to the Declaration of Independence, not dependent on slave labor. Believed in a free labor system. Shipbuilding and commerce, no cash crops, factories were built Population grew more quickly due to the industrial revolution and immigration. Majority of the people still lived on farms. North of the Mason Dixon Line A well established tradition because of the early Puritan insistence. The type and amount of varied depending on gender and social class. Fertile soil, temperate climate, abundance of rivers for the transportation of products to market. Believed in a slave labor system. Dependence on slavery intensified after the invention of the cotton gin. Cash crops, agricultural region, large plantations Geographic isolation – most people lived on farms and in small towns. Small population South of the Mason Dixon Line Access to education was a social and racial privilege not open to everyone. Little opportunity for public education. Abolitionist Notes William Lloyd Garrison Sojourner Truth Started an abolitionist newspaper called The Liberator. Spoke out strongly against slavery. Escaped Slavery Became a preacher Made speeches against slavery. Frederick Douglas Harriet Tubman Escaped slavery Made speeches against slavery. Escaped slavery Conductor on the Underground RR Rescued over 300 slaves in 19 trips Harriet Beecher Stowe John Brown Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin Which exposed the cruelties of slavery and changed many people’s minds. Believed in using force and violence to fight against slavery. Instigator of violence in Kansas leading to “Bleeding Kansas” Led a group to attempt stealing guns from a U.S. armory for a slave revolt. Caught, convicted and hanged. Important Key Battles/Events of the Civil War Fort Sumter Federal troops were surrounded at Fort Sumter in the middle of Charleston Harbor. Union troops were ordered to surrender by the Confederates. Union troops would not. Jefferson Davis ordered Confederate troops to fire on the fort. Civil War begins. Bull Run Early on in the battle, the fighting went in the Union’s favor. Some Confederate soldiers began to turn back, but one general told his men to hold their place. Because the general and his men stood ‘like a stone wall’, he became known as Thomas ‘Stonewall’ Jackson. Union soldiers retreated. Battle of Gettysburg This fight was the turning point of the Civil War because the Confederate Army was so severely wounded that they never again had the military strength to attempt an invasion of the North. Gettysburg Address Four months after the Battle of Gettysburg, President Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address to dedicate part of the battlefield as a National Cemetery to honor the men who had been killed in battle. It was a two minute speech. Lincoln said that his intention was to preserve the Union and democracy and that “government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth”. Emancipation Proclamation An order issued by President Lincoln that freed the slaves in all the states that had left the Union. It did not free the slaves that were living in the states that were still loyal to the United States. The Confederate states did not recognize the authority of the President of the U.S., so they did not obey his order. Slaves were freed only as the Union army liberated them. However, the proclamation made the war one to liberate slaves. Battle of Vicksburg Union forces began a blockade of the city of Vicksburg. They bombarded Vicksburg with cannon fire by land and sea for 48 days. Finally, the Southerners surrendered Vicksburg. The Confederacy was cut in two. Surrender at Appomattox After four years of fighting, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in Virginia. Leaders in the Civil War Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis Abraham Lincoln was the sixteenth President of the United States. Lincoln was against the expansion of slavery to the territories, but he was not an abolitionist. Abraham Lincoln wanted to preserve the Union. In 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation that said all slaves in the Confederate states are to be free. He honored all the soldiers who lost their lives in the war in the Gettysburg address. Lincoln was assassinated shortly after the surrender at Appomattox Courthouse. Jefferson Davis was the President of the Confederate States of America and also commander-in-chief of the Confederate Army. Jefferson Davis had little power because the Confederate states believed in states’ rights. Ulysses S. Grant Robert E. Lee Ulysses S. Grant was a general in the Union Army. Grant won the Battle of Vicksburg that split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. Ulysses S. Grant started the new strategy of total war. He accepted the surrender of Confederate troops under Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Courthouse. Robert E. Lee was a leader in the Confederate Army. Robert E. Lee found it difficult to choose sides in the war because he was loyal to his country, but did not want to fight against his friends and family. Lee surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse. African Americans in the war: African Americans fought for the North. They were not allowed to be soldiers at first. Once they were allowed to be soldiers, they were not paid the same as white soldiers. They served as cooks, spies, and soldiers. Women: Women served as cooks, nurses, spies, and even soldiers. Many women ran their family businesses while their husbands were fighting. Clara Barton was a nurse who started the Red Cross. 4-6.6 Explain the impact of the Civil War on the nation, including its effects on the physical environment and on the people – soldiers, women, African Americans, and the civilian population as a whole. Physical Environment People North Affected very little South The South was devastated. -Young men fought -Soldiers endured a long and difficult war -Men were injured and many died Economy *Growth of businesses and factories. *Government printed paper money that retained its value after the war. Social Effects - women Women served as nurses or workers in factories during the war. Others rolled bandages or knitted socks at home to send to the soldiers. -Some ran away from the plantations -Others worked the fields and waited -Some joined the Union army -Looked for loved ones sold away -Simply left because they had their freedom -Few freedmen went to the North -Some returned to their old plantations where many found work as sharecroppers. -Sought an education Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction was lenient because he wanted the country to be reunited as quickly and painlessly as possible. His assassination caused a disruption in the rebuilding of the nation. Social Effects – AfricanAmericans Political Effects *Large plantation owners lost a large portion of their wealth as well as their labor force. *Confederate paper money was worthless after the war. Women were left to manage their families and continue operating the farms and plantations. They also served as nurses.